5. SPARTA Ito ay lungsodestadosatimognabahagingpeninsulanggresya. Ito ay kilalasatawagnaPeloponnesus napinaninirahanngmga Dorian naninunongmga Spartan. Nabubuhaysapamamagitanngpagsasaka. Anglumalakingpopulasyonang nag-udyoksakanilaupangmakakuhangmaraminglupain Sinimulannilaangpananakopnoong 500 BK nangmahulogang halos buongpulong Peloponnesus Kinalimutanng Sparta angkomersyo at industriya, sining, panitikan at pilosopiya
6. PAGSASANAY NG SPARTAN Angbagongsilangnasanggol ay sinusuringisangkomite. Pinapatayangsanggolkapagmahina. Inihuhulogsabangin. Pinapasoksaisangespesyalnapagsasanaysagulangnapito. Nananatilingkasapi hanggang18. Angmgababae ay nananatilisabahayngunitangmgalalaki ay nakatirasamga barracks. Sinasanayangmgalalakiupangmagingmahusaynamgamandirigma. Sinasanaysapalakasan at pakikidigma, sinanaysilangmagtiissahirap at huwagmagreklamo.
7. pagsasanay Nagsisimulaangpormalnapagsasanaysaedadna 18 2 taonupangmakumpletoangpagsasanay Sa gulangna 20 silaytumitirasa barracks o dormitoryosakampo. Angmgalalakingito ay nagingmiyembrongAsembleyasagulangna 30 Hindi pinahihintulutanmag-asawa so loobng 10 taon. Naglilingkodsamilitarhanggangsagulangna 60
11. Ginawangmgahelots angmganasakopmulasa Peloponnesus Hindi malayaangmga helots Maaaringmagkapamilya, ngunithindimaaaringiwananangmgalupangsakahan. Noong 6th Century B.C. higitnamasmaramiangpopulasyonng helots kumparasamgamamamayang Spartan. 10=1
12. Lahatngmga Spartans ay pantay-pantay Hinikayatangsimplengpamumuhayngmga Spartan upanghindimagkaroonngpagitanangmayayaman at mahihirap. Ipinagbawalangmgaalahas, magagarbongkasuotan, luho at pagmamay-aringmgayaman.
13. Angmgababae ay nag-aasawasagulangna 18 o 20 ngunitnamumuhayngmalayosaasawa. Angmgalalaki ay nakatirasamga barracks hanggangsagulangna 30 kung saanmaaarinasilangmagtayongpamilya. Angmgababae ay kailangangmagingmalusogupangmanganalkngmalusognasanggol.
14. Pamahalaanng Sparta May 2 hari Pinamumunuanang Spartan Army at angkabuuanng Sparta Angpagiginghari ay namamana Gerousia Binubuongkonsehong 28 tao Lahatng 60 taonpataas ay kasapi Nagpapanukalangmgabatas Asembleyangmga Spartans Lahatnglalakingnasahustonggulang ay kasapi Maaaringbumotosamgabatas Pinamumunuanng 5 kasapingephors King Leonidas
16. pamahalaan athens sparta Demokratikonglungsod- estado Asembleya-pinakamakapangyarihansalahat. Binubuongkalalakihang 18 patanda. Konsehong 500-namamahala saestado 10 heneral-mgamambabatas at administrador Militarismonglungsod-estado Asembleya- may kauntingkapangyarihan Konsehongmatatanda-namamahalasaestado, may kakayahanggumawangmgabatas
17. Pamahalaan athens Delian League liga o samahanngmgalungsodestado sparta Peloponnesian League itinatagng Sparta
18. REFORMS OF SOLON Abolished practice of enslaving a person for unpaid debts and freed all persons enslaved for that reason Abolished all feudal obligations that commoners owed the aristocracy Widened political participation Broke monopoly aristocrats had over Council of Athens, elected positions, and Assembly of Athens Allowed all citizens regardless of wealth to serve in Assembly Opened up position of archon and seat in Council of Athens to wealthy hoplites Created new 400 member body which acted as Supreme Court Established right of any citizen to bring a case to court
19. REFORMS BACKFIRE A LITTLE Solon’s reforms went long way towards opening up Athenian society and government to a greater number of people But they did not immediately end the turmoil that plagued the city Athens did prosper Rapid population growth, geographic expansion, various public works projects But Solon’s reforms increased infighting by multiplying the number of factions struggling for control Even resulted in several dictatorships (tyrannies)
20. REFORMS OF CLEISTHENES Cleisthenes kept promise to demos Population of city and region divided into ten tribes Each included people from all walks of life Each elected representatives to the Council, elected generals and public officials, and jurors to Supreme Court Cleisthenes permanently broke power of old aristocracy and established the foundation for democracy
21. ARCHAIC GREECE At beginning of period, most of the Aegean world was divided into independent principalities Had simple social structures with nobility on top and everyone else below By 500 BC, principalities had been transformed into city-states Aristocracy reduced to just one faction of many Aristocratic value system subsided in favor of a new one based on service to the community and the law
22. POETS Old value system of aristocracy was based on fighting and an obsession with honor But the new city-state, with its commercial and business activities, had little use for a bunch of jealous, warring aristocrats with their inflated sense of honor Required instead justice, established by law according to rational and regular procedures Poets at the forefront of attack on old aristocratic value system Example: Archilocus Argued old aristocratic and heroic values were out of touch with the times Silly and counter to the need for law and order
23. CHANGES IN RELIGION Gods reflected aristocratic values in Homer’s poems Obsessed with fighting, killing, and performing heroic feats During the Archaic Ages, gods became more interested in justice Urged men to be content with their lot in life To go against this was now considered hubris Insolence against the gods Religion modified during Archaic Age to reinforce new value system and discourage the old
24. SUMMARY Mutually-reinforcing cycle Growth of business and trade undermined the aristocratic monopoly over society Decline of aristocracy was accompanied by a parallel decline in their value system Helped by propaganda attacks by poets and a gradual shift in religious emphasis Decline of aristocratic value system was paralleled by the rise of a new value system based on law, order, and stability Encouraged further business growth and prosperity Sped up the decline of the aristocracy Provided good environment for development of literature and beginning of philosophic and scientific speculation
25. GREEK POLITICAL CULTURE In Greek polis, the state was society Two were completely integrated with each other Power was not delegated to a permanent group of legislators, judges and bureaucrats Citizens were expected to play an immediate and direct role in legislation, the judiciary, and executive policy-making Fundamental principle of most Greek city-sates that officials should be constantly changed Giving almost everyone a chance to actively running the polis
26. PRIVATE SPHERE/PUBLIC SPHERE No “diffusion of loyalty” No chance for citizen to develop non-state loyalties Only one state religion No non-state cultural associations All art was public and all cultural events were state affairs Nothing in the Greek polis existed to distract the citizen from his loyalty to the state Private sphere linked tightly to the state, focusing everyone’s absolute loyalty to that institution
27. POLITICAL ASSUMPTIONS Taken for granted that all important questions regarding policy-making, legislation, and judiciary was the concern of all citizens Professionals did not dominate government Power was not dissipated among a multitude of specialized departments and institutions Rested fully in the hands of the people
28. CITIZENSHIP All city-states restricted who could become a citizen General tendency in Archaic Age was towards less restrictivness Citizens only made up part of total population Rest were foreigners, slaves, and freedmen
29. SLAVES AND FREEDMEN Slaves played crucial role in economy of all city-states of ancient Greece And in Sparta, they were the economy Freedmen worked as craftsmen, small farmers, small retail merchants But they worked for themselves, not for others To work for someone else on a regular basis was the mark of a slave Essential characteristic of a freedman was economic independence No matter how low-level or demeaning the work they did
30. FREEDMEN Freedmen often very poor Did not view themselves as oppressed working class Complaints directed against the rich Especially wealthy creditors Slogans concerned lack of political participation or the elimination of debts Saw themselves as independent businessmen Wanted recognition of their status and relief from the costs of doing business Never formed any kind of alliance with slaves to overcome their mutual exploitation Because they say themselves as inherently better than slaves
31. GREEK FAMILY Archaic Greeks viewed family as immortal Founded in mythical days and would continue forever Male head of family therefore had to work to ensure this immortality By expanding its economic base, performing religious rituals, worshipping ancestors, having children Family without children was not considered a family at all Family heads under great pressure to keep their families going by having children
32. MARRIAGE Marriage was a carefully considered, regulated step Were prearranged Couple became engaged as children after long negotiations between parents It was understood that love would develop after marriage Not before
33. GREEK WOMEN Greeks attached immense importance to chastity of citizen women It was of utmost importance that legitimacy of offspring not be questions on the grounds of a pre-marital or extra-marital affair Took every precaution to segregate women from men Even set aside a part of the house for exclusive use of women Adultery considered a serious crime that threatened foundation of the state Not just a private matter
34. CITIZEN AND SLAVE WOMEN Women had no political role Charged with running households and nothing else Slave women and freedman women had more freedom Since they were not considered important enough to worry about No one cared if their families remained intact or not Could pretty well do what they wanted in their private lives
35. FINAL POINT Neither male nor female citizens enjoyed a high degree of freedom (in the modern sense of the term) Greek ideas of freedom implied conformity to community standards of behavior Community needs defined the roles of men and women and restricted the freedom of both Male family heads had little choice over who and when he should marry, whether to have children, etc. Law and custom demanded that he subordinate his own needs and desires to those of his family and the community at large In exchange, men and women enjoyed a strong and stimulating community life A trade off between liberty and security, with security receiving the most emphasis
