Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) allows users to make voice calls using an Internet connection instead of a regular phone line. VoIP converts analog voice signals into digital data that can be sent over the Internet or IP networks. This involves sampling the analog voice, encoding it using codecs into data packets with headers, transmitting the packets over the network, then decoding and reconstructing the analog voice at the destination. Common standards like H.323 are used to facilitate VoIP calls and ensure quality of service over IP networks.

1. (VOIP)
ANAND NADAR
ROLL NO:26

2.  •Voice Over Internet Protocol is the assembling of
voice into IP data. This data can then be
transmitted over an IP network to an addressable (
IP address) destination
 •Voice calls look like data calls
 •Packet switched is data that is can be routed
through different routes on a network to reach a
destination
 •Circuit switched is a connection where a physical
path is dedicated between two end points

3.  •Analog voice is received by a CODEC (coder /
de-coder)
 •Once sampled and matched with the codebook
the voice is now presented as data
 •Some codebooks are of different sizes and have a
different fidelity
 •These codebooks are “recommended standards”
that copies voice samples into different sizes

4.  •Once voice is sampled and replaced by code the voice
can then be formed into data and transported.
 •The usual transport method uses the IP (Internet
Protocol) standard.
 •IP uses many layers associated with the OSI model to
form, control, administer, and transport data.
 •Most VoIP calls use a recommended standard that
covers voice, video and data over IP networks. This
standard is called H.323
 •H.323 encompasses many sub-standards that control
setup, signaling, transport and terminations

5. 
 Voice
CODEC
Compress
Create Packet
Add Headers
Network
ANALOG
DIGITAL

6. Digital
Analog Voice
Network
Process header
Decompress
CODEC

7.  Is there a difference between making a local
call and a long distance call?
 Some VOIP providers offer their services for
free, normally only calls to other subscribers to
the service. Your VOIP provider may permit
you to select an area code different from the
area which you live. It also means that people
who call you may incur long distance charges
depending on their area code and service.

8.  Depending upon your service, you might be
limited only to other subscribers to the service,
or you may be able to call anyone who has a
telephone number-including local, long
distance, mobile , and international numbers. If
you are calling someone who has a regular
analog phone, that person does not need any
special equipment to talk to you.
 Some VOIP services may allow you to speak
with more than one person at a time.

9.  Cost savings- The most attractive feature of
VOIP is its cost-saving potential.
 When we move away from pubic switched
telephone networks, long distance phone calls
become inexpensive.
 Instead of being processed across conventional
commercial telecommunication line
configurations, voice traffic travels on the
Internet or over private data network lines.

10.  The legacy phone system mainly provides
voice and fax service even though limited
video service is possible. However, the demand
of users is much higher than that, as shown in
today’s rich media communications through
the Internet.
 People check out friend’s presence, send
instant messages, make voice or video calls,
transfer images, and so on.

11.  Most VOIP service providers provide a user
control interface, typically a web GUI, to their
customers so that they can change features,
options, and services dynamically.
 The users log in to the web GUI and change
call forwarding number, speed dial, presence
information, black/white list, music-on-hold
option, anonymous call block, and so on.

12.  The legacy phone system assigns a phone
number with a dedicated line, so you generally
cannot move your home phone to another
place if you want to use the same number.
 It is a common hassle to call the phone
company and ask for a phone number update
when moving to a new house.
 Many businesspeople today bring their IP
phones or soft phones when travelling, and use
the same numbers everywhere.

13.  The context of mobility here includes service
mobility as well.
 Whenever we change the phone, the same
services could be available, such as call
features, voicemail access, call logs, security
features, service features, service policy and so
on.

14.  Complicated service and network architecture-
 Integrated rich media services(such as voice,
video, and fax)make it difficult to design the
service and network architecture because many
different types of devices for each service are
involved, as well as different protocols and
characteristics of each media.
 It also causes various errors and makes it
harder to troubleshoot and isolate them.

15.  Voice and video streams flow over an IP
network as real-time packets, passing through
multiple networks and devices(such as
switches, routers, firewalls, and media
gateways).
 Therefore, ensuring QoS is very difficult and
costs lots of time and resources to meet the
users expectations.

16.  Legacy home phones continue to work even
during a power outage because the phone line
supplies 48 volts constantly.
 However, VOIP phones use regular data
network lines that do not provide power in
most cases, which means you cannot use VOIP
phones during power outages.