An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) converts an analog signal into a digital signal. It allows analog signals from the physical world to be processed digitally. Common types of ADCs include dual slope, successive approximation, flash, and delta-sigma converters. Digital-to-analog converters (DACs) perform the opposite conversion, taking a digital signal and outputting an analog voltage or current. Examples of DAC usage include audio signal generation and electric motor speed control. The document discusses improving the performance of high-speed, high-resolution ADCs and DACs through open-loop circuitry and time-interleaving techniques.

3.  An electronic integrated circuit which transforms
a signal from analog (continuous) to digital
(discrete) form.
 Analog signals are directly measurable
quantities.
 Digital signals only have two states. For digital
computer, we refer to binary states, 0 and 1.

4.  Microprocessors can only perform complex
processing on digitized signals.
 When signals are in digital form they are less
susceptible to the deleterious effects of additive
noise.
 ADC Provides a link between the analog world of
transducers and the digital world of signal
processing and data handling.

5.  ADC are used virtually everywhere where an
analog signal has to be processed, stored, or
transported in digital form.
 Some examples of ADC usage are digital volt
meters, cell phone, thermocouples, and digital
oscilloscope.
 Microcontrollers commonly use 8, 10, 12, or 16
bit ADCs, our micro controller uses an 8 or 10 bit
ADC.

6.  Dual Slope A/D Converter
 Successive Approximation A/D Converter
 Flash A/D Converter
 Delta-Sigma A/D Converter
 Other
Voltage-to-frequency, staircase ramp or single
slope, charge balancing or redistribution, switched
capacitor, tracking, and synchro or resolver

8.  The general smart concept was narrowed down
to a specific goal: to improve the performance of
a high-speed, high-resolution ADC in terms of
the speed/power/accuracy trade-off.
 Two key-factors were investigated that have the
potential to enable high-performance AD
converters for high-speed/high-resolution
applications, namely:
 Open-loop circuitry.
 Time-interleaving.

10.  In electronics, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC
or D-to-A) is a device that converts a digital
(usually binary) code to an analog signal
(current, voltage, or electric charge). An analog-
to-digital converter (ADC) performs the reverse
operation. Signals are easily stored and
transmitted in digital form, but a DAC is needed
for the signal to be recognized by human senses
or other non-digital systems.
 A common use of digital-to-analog converters is
generation of audio signals from digital
information in music players.

11.  A simplified functional diagram of an 8-bit DAC

12.  The pulse-width modulator, the simplest DAC type.
 A stable current or voltage is switched into a low-
pass analog filter with a duration determined by the
digital input code.
 This technique is often used for electric motor speed
control, but has many other applications as well.

13.  Resolution:
 Maximum sampling rate
 Monotonicity:
 THD+N :
 Dynamic range:

15.  The smart concept was applied to DA converters
with as aim to minimize the analog area as much
as possible, and to use digital processing
instead to solve the related accuracy problem.