The Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) is an open System-on-Chip bus protocol for highperformance buses to communicate with low-power devices. In the AMBA Advanced High Performance bus (AHB) a system bus is used to connect a processor, a DSP, and high-performance memory controllers where as the AMBA Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) is used to connect (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) UART. It also contains a Bridge, which connects the AHB and APB buses. Bridges are standard bus-to-bus interfaces that allow IPs connected to different buses to communicate with each other in a standardized way. So AHB2APB bridge is designed, implemented using VERILOG tool and tested using Verilog testbench and is reported in this paper. A synthesizable RTL code of a complex interface bridge between AHB and APB is developed and known as AHB2APB Bridge. The simulated AHB2APB Bridge results are promising and can be further tested for its verstality by writing a verification program using UVM in future.
VLSI DESIGN OF AMBA BASED AHB2APB BRIDGEVLSICS Design
The Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) is an open System-on-Chip bus protocol for highperformance
buses to communicate with low-power devices. In the AMBA Advanced High Performance bus (AHB) a system bus is used to connect a processor, a DSP, and high-performance memory controllers where as the AMBA Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) is used to connect (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) UART. It also contains a Bridge, which connects the AHB and APB buses. Bridges are standard bus-to-bus interfaces that allow IPs connected to different buses to communicate with each other in a standardized way. So AHB2APB bridge is designed, implemented using VERILOG tool and tested using Verilog testbench and is reported in this paper. A synthesizable RTL code of a complex interface
bridge between AHB and APB is developed and known as AHB2APB Bridge. The simulated AHB2APB Bridge results are promising and can be further tested for its verstality by writing a verification program using UVM in future.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Design and Implementation of Axi-Apb Bridge based on Amba 4.0ijsrd.com
ARM introduced the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) 4.0 specifications in March 2010, which includes Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI) 4.0. AMBA bus protocol has become the de facto standard SoC bus. That means more and more existing IPs must be able to communicate with AMBA 4.0 bus. Based on AMBA 4.0 bus, we designed an Intellectual Property (IP) core of Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) bridge, which translates the AXI4.0-lite transactions into APB 4.0 transactions. The bridge provides an interface between the high-performance AXI bus and low-power APB domain.
This document describes a proposed Direct Memory Access controller (DMAC) architecture that is compliant with the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) specification. The DMAC uses AMBA High-Performance Bus (AHB) and Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) standards. It contains an AHB slave, APB master, and APB master module to allow parallel operations on the AHB and APB buses. The DMAC supports multi-channel operations, channel chaining, and uses an arbitration mechanism to prioritize channel access. It utilizes dual clock domains with an asynchronous FIFO and pulse synchronization for communications between domains.
The document describes the Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI) which is a high-performance interface used in system-on-chip (SoC) designs. AXI supports separate address/control and data phases to improve performance. It allows burst-based transactions where only the start address is issued and multiple outstanding addresses can be in flight simultaneously. AXI includes features like different burst types, cache support, protection units, error handling, and unaligned transfers to enhance system performance.
Design and Implementation of SOC Bus Based on AMBA 4.0ijsrd.com
ARM introduced the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) 4.0 specifications in March 2010, which includes Advanced extensible Interface (AXI) 4.0. AMBA bus protocol has become the de facto standard SoC bus. That means more and more existing IPs must be able to communicate with AMBA 4.0 bus. Based on AMBA 4.0 bus, we designed an Intellectual Property (IP) core of Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) Bridge, which translates the AXI4.0-lite transactions into APB 4.0 transactions. The bridge provides an interface between the high-performance AXI bus and low-power APB domain.
The document discusses the Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI) bus. AXI is a high-performance interface that supports high clock frequencies and burst transactions. It separates address/control and data phases and allows for multiple outstanding addresses. AXI consists of five channels for read/write address, data, and responses. It provides benefits like increased throughput and flexibility over older interfaces. Some limitations are burst size constraints and overhead from separate channels.
This document describes the design of an AMBA AHB compliant memory controller. The memory controller is designed to improve system performance by reducing memory access time, which has been a bottleneck. It consists of an AHB slave interface, configuration interface, and external memory interface. The AHB slave interface converts AHB transfers to the internal protocol. The external memory interface controls memory access timing. The configuration interface updates timing parameters through registers. Asynchronous FIFO is used between clock domains to buffer data. Read and write operations with zero wait states are shown working with ROM and RAM respectively. The memory controller supports multiple memory types, complies with AHB, and allows programmable timing registers to improve system performance.
VLSI DESIGN OF AMBA BASED AHB2APB BRIDGEVLSICS Design
The Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) is an open System-on-Chip bus protocol for highperformance
buses to communicate with low-power devices. In the AMBA Advanced High Performance bus (AHB) a system bus is used to connect a processor, a DSP, and high-performance memory controllers where as the AMBA Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) is used to connect (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) UART. It also contains a Bridge, which connects the AHB and APB buses. Bridges are standard bus-to-bus interfaces that allow IPs connected to different buses to communicate with each other in a standardized way. So AHB2APB bridge is designed, implemented using VERILOG tool and tested using Verilog testbench and is reported in this paper. A synthesizable RTL code of a complex interface
bridge between AHB and APB is developed and known as AHB2APB Bridge. The simulated AHB2APB Bridge results are promising and can be further tested for its verstality by writing a verification program using UVM in future.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Design and Implementation of Axi-Apb Bridge based on Amba 4.0ijsrd.com
ARM introduced the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) 4.0 specifications in March 2010, which includes Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI) 4.0. AMBA bus protocol has become the de facto standard SoC bus. That means more and more existing IPs must be able to communicate with AMBA 4.0 bus. Based on AMBA 4.0 bus, we designed an Intellectual Property (IP) core of Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) bridge, which translates the AXI4.0-lite transactions into APB 4.0 transactions. The bridge provides an interface between the high-performance AXI bus and low-power APB domain.
This document describes a proposed Direct Memory Access controller (DMAC) architecture that is compliant with the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) specification. The DMAC uses AMBA High-Performance Bus (AHB) and Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) standards. It contains an AHB slave, APB master, and APB master module to allow parallel operations on the AHB and APB buses. The DMAC supports multi-channel operations, channel chaining, and uses an arbitration mechanism to prioritize channel access. It utilizes dual clock domains with an asynchronous FIFO and pulse synchronization for communications between domains.
The document describes the Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI) which is a high-performance interface used in system-on-chip (SoC) designs. AXI supports separate address/control and data phases to improve performance. It allows burst-based transactions where only the start address is issued and multiple outstanding addresses can be in flight simultaneously. AXI includes features like different burst types, cache support, protection units, error handling, and unaligned transfers to enhance system performance.
Design and Implementation of SOC Bus Based on AMBA 4.0ijsrd.com
ARM introduced the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) 4.0 specifications in March 2010, which includes Advanced extensible Interface (AXI) 4.0. AMBA bus protocol has become the de facto standard SoC bus. That means more and more existing IPs must be able to communicate with AMBA 4.0 bus. Based on AMBA 4.0 bus, we designed an Intellectual Property (IP) core of Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) Bridge, which translates the AXI4.0-lite transactions into APB 4.0 transactions. The bridge provides an interface between the high-performance AXI bus and low-power APB domain.
The document discusses the Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI) bus. AXI is a high-performance interface that supports high clock frequencies and burst transactions. It separates address/control and data phases and allows for multiple outstanding addresses. AXI consists of five channels for read/write address, data, and responses. It provides benefits like increased throughput and flexibility over older interfaces. Some limitations are burst size constraints and overhead from separate channels.
This document describes the design of an AMBA AHB compliant memory controller. The memory controller is designed to improve system performance by reducing memory access time, which has been a bottleneck. It consists of an AHB slave interface, configuration interface, and external memory interface. The AHB slave interface converts AHB transfers to the internal protocol. The external memory interface controls memory access timing. The configuration interface updates timing parameters through registers. Asynchronous FIFO is used between clock domains to buffer data. Read and write operations with zero wait states are shown working with ROM and RAM respectively. The memory controller supports multiple memory types, complies with AHB, and allows programmable timing registers to improve system performance.
This document summarizes the approval of a seminar titled "Implementation of Advance High performance Bus using verilog" presented by Nirav Desai for the degree of Master of Technology. It lists the examiners and is signed by the supervisor, head of department, and includes the date and place.
The next sections include a declaration signed by Nirav Desai about original work and adherence to academic honesty. An acknowledgment section thanks the seminar guide and head of department for their support and guidance.
The abstract provides a high-level overview, stating that the purpose is to propose a scheme to implement an AMBA bus protocol specification using Verilog. It will cover bus basics, AMBA bus
Design and Implementation of AMBA ASB APB BridgeManu BN
The 32 bit AMBA ASB APB Bridge provides an interface between the Advanced System Bus (ASB) and the Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB). It inserts wait states for a burst of read or write transfers when the ASB must wait for the APB. The bridge is designed to respond to transaction requests from the currently enabled ASB master. The ASB transactions are converted into APB transactions. APB peripherals do not need a clock input as the APB access is timed with a strobe signal generated by the ASB to APB bridge interface. The AMBA ASB APB Bridge is modeled using Verilog HDL and validated on SPARTAN 3E and the results are visualized on ChipScope Pro.
The design is also published in IEEE Xplore Link:
http://ieeeexplore.info/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6825442&queryText%3Dmanu+b.n
This document discusses the Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) which is part of the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA). It provides three key points:
1. The APB is optimized for low power consumption and reduced complexity by interfacing with low bandwidth peripherals. It uses a single clock edge to simplify timing analysis.
2. The APB bridge acts as the bus master, latching the address and controlling data transfer direction. It generates control signals to select the peripheral and indicate the transfer type (read/write).
3. APB peripherals use a simple interface, latching write data on the clock edge or enable signal. Reads return data when the peripheral is selected and transfer is
The document describes conventions and signals used in the AMBA 3 APB protocol specification version 1.0. It summarizes write and read transfer procedures, including optional wait states using the PREADY signal. Error responses are also described. The operating states of the APB include IDLE, SETUP, and ACCESS states. PREADY controls exiting the ACCESS state.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology that proposes a design for an efficient AXI2.0 to APB bridge. It begins with introductions to the AXI2.0 and APB protocols. It then describes the proposed bridge design, which uses asynchronous FIFOs to connect the different clock domains and resolve protocol mismatches. The design is implemented in VHDL and synthesized on a Xilinx Virtex 4 FPGA. Simulation results and the synthesis report are presented, showing the bridge utilizes a small amount of device resources.
IRJET - Design of AMBA based AHB2APB Protocol for Efficient Utilization of AH...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of an AHB2APB bridge to efficiently connect the Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB) and Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) in an AMBA-based system on chip (SoC) design. The AHB2APB bridge interfaces the two buses by buffering addresses and controlling the flow of data and control signals between the AHB and APB. Behavioral simulations were performed to verify the functionality of the bridge during single read/write, burst read/write, and back-to-back operations. The results indicate the bridge efficiently implements the AHB to APB protocol with low resource utilization on an Artix-7 FPGA board.
Design And Verification of AMBA APB ProtocolIJERA Editor
Advanced microcontroller bus architecture (AMBA) is a well established open specification for the proper management of functional blocks comprising system-on-chips (SOCs). A Memory Controller is designed to cater to this problem. This design presents an intellectual property (IP) for inter-Advanced peripheral bus (APB) protocol. The Memory Controller is a digital circuit which manages the flow of data going to and from the main memory. It can be a separate chip or can be integrated into the system chipset. This paper revolves around building an Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) compliant Memory Controller as an Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB) slave. The work involved is of APB Protocol and its slave Verification. The whole design is captured using VHDL, simulated with ModelSim and configured to a FPGA target device belonging to the Virtex4 family using Xilinx.
The AXI protocol specification describes an advanced bus architecture with burst-based transactions using separate address/control and data phases over independent channels. It supports features like out-of-order transaction completion, exclusive access for atomic operations, cache coherency, and a low power interface. The AXI protocol is commonly used in System-on-Chip designs for high performance embedded processors and peripherals.
The AMBA specification defines standards for on-chip communication in microcontrollers. It includes three bus standards: Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB) for high bandwidth communication, Advanced System Bus (ASB) and Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) for lower bandwidth peripherals. The objectives are to facilitate right-first-time development, be technology independent, encourage modular design, and minimize infrastructure. A typical system has the CPU and memory on the high-performance AHB, with peripherals on the lower-bandwidth APB, connected via a bridge.
Advance Microcontroller Bus Architecture(AMBA).
this is a advance bus architecture. it is defined by ARM.
all the content is taken from http://infocenter.arm.com/ website.
Design and verification environment for amba axi protocol for soc integrationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI), which is a third generation interface specification that is targeted at high performance systems. AXI uses separate address/control and data phases to improve performance. It supports burst transactions where only the start address is issued and multiple outstanding addresses can be in flight simultaneously. AXI consists of five channels to separate read and write operations. Simulation results showed that AXI provides higher throughput than older AMBA interfaces, though older interfaces may have lower latency in some cases. AXI's standardization and flexibility make it useful for integrating IP cores.
Verification of amba axi bus protocol implementing incr and wrap burst using ...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper describes the development of verification environment for AMBA AXI (Advanced Extensible Interface) protocol using
System Verilog. AXI supports high performance, high-frequency system designs. It is an On-Chip communication protocol. It is
suitable for high-bandwidth and high frequency designs with minimal delays. It provides flexibility in the implementation of
interconnect architectures and avoid use of complex bridges. It is backward-compatible with existing AHB and APB interfaces.
The key features of the AXI protocol are that it consists of separate address, control and data phases. It support unaligned data
transfers using byte strobes. It requires only start address to be issued in a burst-based transaction. It has separate read and write
data channels that provide low-cost Direct Memory Access (DMA). This paper is aimed at the verification of various burst type
transaction (INCR and WRAP) of the AXI bus protocol and the Verification Environment is built using System Verilog coding[1].
Keywords: AMBA AXI, INCR, Wrap Burst, System Verilog
Design and Implementation of AMBA ASB apb bridgeManu BN
This document summarizes the implementation of an AMBA ASB APB bridge using Verilog HDL. It describes the key components modeled: an arbiter to determine bus access, a decoder to select bus slaves, the APB bridge interface between the ASB and APB, a reset controller, and a remap and pause controller. Finite state machines are used to control the operation of the arbiter, decoder, APB bridge, and reset controller. The bridge allows higher performance blocks like processors to connect to the ASB while lower performance peripherals connect to the lower power APB.
The Amba AXI protocol enables high-bandwidth and low-latency interconnect between IP blocks through separate address/control and data channels that support burst-based transactions, out-of-order completion, and register slices for high-frequency operation. It uses two-way handshaking on channels and supports various burst types including incrementing, wrapping, and fixed bursts through start addresses and calculated transfer addresses.
The document describes the AXI (Advanced eXtensible Interface) bus specification. AXI uses separate address/control and data phases with 5 independent channels - read address, write address, read data, write data, and write response. It supports burst-based transactions and out-of-order transaction completion. Register slices can be inserted to increase latency and maximize frequency. AXI defines signals for address, data, strobes, IDs, valid/ready handshaking and more to enable flexible on-chip interconnects.
Iaetsd asynchronous data transactions on so c using fifoIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes using an asynchronous FIFO to enable data transactions between an AXI4.0 bus and an APB4.0 bus on a system-on-chip (SoC). AXI4.0 is a high-performance bus while APB4.0 is lower power. An asynchronous FIFO can interface between the two buses without complex handshaking. It uses write and read pointers as well as empty and full flags to transmit data between the buses asynchronously. The design is modeled in Verilog HDL and simulation results are shown for read and write operations between AXI4.0 and APB4.0 via the asynchronous FIFO.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Area Efficient VHDL implementation of AHB arbiter IPIRJET Journal
This document presents the design and implementation of an area efficient AHB arbiter IP core in VHDL. The proposed arbiter can handle bus requests from 16 masters and grant access to the bus using a round-robin priority scheme. It was synthesized using Xilinx tools and achieved a maximum frequency of 319.519MHz while utilizing 1273 slices, representing a 5.5% improvement in area over previous designs. The arbiter supports features required by the AMBA specification such as split transactions and error handling. Simulation results confirmed the correct arbitration behavior and priority shifting between multiple concurrent requests.
AXI is an on-chip, point to point communication protocol. It is used as a high-performance bus in various IP or SoC Systems. It is used for connecting high-performance processors with memory.
VLSI DESIGN OF AMBA BASED AHB2APB BRIDGEVLSICS Design
The Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) is an open System-on-Chip bus protocol for highperformance buses to communicate with low-power devices. In the AMBA Advanced High Performance bus (AHB) a system bus is used to connect a processor, a DSP, and high-performance memory controllers where as the AMBA Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) is used to connect (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) UART. It also contains a Bridge, which connects the AHB and APB buses. Bridges are standard bus-to-bus interfaces that allow IPs connected to different buses to communicate with each other in a standardized way. So AHB2APB bridge is designed, implemented using VERILOG tool and tested using Verilog testbench and is reported in this paper. A synthesizable RTL code of a complex interface
bridge between AHB and APB is developed and known as AHB2APB Bridge. The simulated AHB2APB Bridge results are promising and can be further tested for its verstality by writing a verification program using UVM in future.
The document describes the AHB to APB bridge which is used to bridge communication between low bandwidth peripherals on the APB bus and high bandwidth devices on the AHB bus. The AHB to APB bridge acts as an AHB slave and provides an interface between the high-speed AHB and low-power APB. It buffers address, controls and data from the AHB and drives the APB peripherals, returning data and response signals to the AHB. The bridge performs data transfer from AHB to APB for write cycles and from APB to AHB for read cycles.
This document summarizes the approval of a seminar titled "Implementation of Advance High performance Bus using verilog" presented by Nirav Desai for the degree of Master of Technology. It lists the examiners and is signed by the supervisor, head of department, and includes the date and place.
The next sections include a declaration signed by Nirav Desai about original work and adherence to academic honesty. An acknowledgment section thanks the seminar guide and head of department for their support and guidance.
The abstract provides a high-level overview, stating that the purpose is to propose a scheme to implement an AMBA bus protocol specification using Verilog. It will cover bus basics, AMBA bus
Design and Implementation of AMBA ASB APB BridgeManu BN
The 32 bit AMBA ASB APB Bridge provides an interface between the Advanced System Bus (ASB) and the Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB). It inserts wait states for a burst of read or write transfers when the ASB must wait for the APB. The bridge is designed to respond to transaction requests from the currently enabled ASB master. The ASB transactions are converted into APB transactions. APB peripherals do not need a clock input as the APB access is timed with a strobe signal generated by the ASB to APB bridge interface. The AMBA ASB APB Bridge is modeled using Verilog HDL and validated on SPARTAN 3E and the results are visualized on ChipScope Pro.
The design is also published in IEEE Xplore Link:
http://ieeeexplore.info/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6825442&queryText%3Dmanu+b.n
This document discusses the Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) which is part of the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA). It provides three key points:
1. The APB is optimized for low power consumption and reduced complexity by interfacing with low bandwidth peripherals. It uses a single clock edge to simplify timing analysis.
2. The APB bridge acts as the bus master, latching the address and controlling data transfer direction. It generates control signals to select the peripheral and indicate the transfer type (read/write).
3. APB peripherals use a simple interface, latching write data on the clock edge or enable signal. Reads return data when the peripheral is selected and transfer is
The document describes conventions and signals used in the AMBA 3 APB protocol specification version 1.0. It summarizes write and read transfer procedures, including optional wait states using the PREADY signal. Error responses are also described. The operating states of the APB include IDLE, SETUP, and ACCESS states. PREADY controls exiting the ACCESS state.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology that proposes a design for an efficient AXI2.0 to APB bridge. It begins with introductions to the AXI2.0 and APB protocols. It then describes the proposed bridge design, which uses asynchronous FIFOs to connect the different clock domains and resolve protocol mismatches. The design is implemented in VHDL and synthesized on a Xilinx Virtex 4 FPGA. Simulation results and the synthesis report are presented, showing the bridge utilizes a small amount of device resources.
IRJET - Design of AMBA based AHB2APB Protocol for Efficient Utilization of AH...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of an AHB2APB bridge to efficiently connect the Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB) and Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) in an AMBA-based system on chip (SoC) design. The AHB2APB bridge interfaces the two buses by buffering addresses and controlling the flow of data and control signals between the AHB and APB. Behavioral simulations were performed to verify the functionality of the bridge during single read/write, burst read/write, and back-to-back operations. The results indicate the bridge efficiently implements the AHB to APB protocol with low resource utilization on an Artix-7 FPGA board.
Design And Verification of AMBA APB ProtocolIJERA Editor
Advanced microcontroller bus architecture (AMBA) is a well established open specification for the proper management of functional blocks comprising system-on-chips (SOCs). A Memory Controller is designed to cater to this problem. This design presents an intellectual property (IP) for inter-Advanced peripheral bus (APB) protocol. The Memory Controller is a digital circuit which manages the flow of data going to and from the main memory. It can be a separate chip or can be integrated into the system chipset. This paper revolves around building an Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) compliant Memory Controller as an Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB) slave. The work involved is of APB Protocol and its slave Verification. The whole design is captured using VHDL, simulated with ModelSim and configured to a FPGA target device belonging to the Virtex4 family using Xilinx.
The AXI protocol specification describes an advanced bus architecture with burst-based transactions using separate address/control and data phases over independent channels. It supports features like out-of-order transaction completion, exclusive access for atomic operations, cache coherency, and a low power interface. The AXI protocol is commonly used in System-on-Chip designs for high performance embedded processors and peripherals.
The AMBA specification defines standards for on-chip communication in microcontrollers. It includes three bus standards: Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB) for high bandwidth communication, Advanced System Bus (ASB) and Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) for lower bandwidth peripherals. The objectives are to facilitate right-first-time development, be technology independent, encourage modular design, and minimize infrastructure. A typical system has the CPU and memory on the high-performance AHB, with peripherals on the lower-bandwidth APB, connected via a bridge.
Advance Microcontroller Bus Architecture(AMBA).
this is a advance bus architecture. it is defined by ARM.
all the content is taken from http://infocenter.arm.com/ website.
Design and verification environment for amba axi protocol for soc integrationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI), which is a third generation interface specification that is targeted at high performance systems. AXI uses separate address/control and data phases to improve performance. It supports burst transactions where only the start address is issued and multiple outstanding addresses can be in flight simultaneously. AXI consists of five channels to separate read and write operations. Simulation results showed that AXI provides higher throughput than older AMBA interfaces, though older interfaces may have lower latency in some cases. AXI's standardization and flexibility make it useful for integrating IP cores.
Verification of amba axi bus protocol implementing incr and wrap burst using ...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper describes the development of verification environment for AMBA AXI (Advanced Extensible Interface) protocol using
System Verilog. AXI supports high performance, high-frequency system designs. It is an On-Chip communication protocol. It is
suitable for high-bandwidth and high frequency designs with minimal delays. It provides flexibility in the implementation of
interconnect architectures and avoid use of complex bridges. It is backward-compatible with existing AHB and APB interfaces.
The key features of the AXI protocol are that it consists of separate address, control and data phases. It support unaligned data
transfers using byte strobes. It requires only start address to be issued in a burst-based transaction. It has separate read and write
data channels that provide low-cost Direct Memory Access (DMA). This paper is aimed at the verification of various burst type
transaction (INCR and WRAP) of the AXI bus protocol and the Verification Environment is built using System Verilog coding[1].
Keywords: AMBA AXI, INCR, Wrap Burst, System Verilog
Design and Implementation of AMBA ASB apb bridgeManu BN
This document summarizes the implementation of an AMBA ASB APB bridge using Verilog HDL. It describes the key components modeled: an arbiter to determine bus access, a decoder to select bus slaves, the APB bridge interface between the ASB and APB, a reset controller, and a remap and pause controller. Finite state machines are used to control the operation of the arbiter, decoder, APB bridge, and reset controller. The bridge allows higher performance blocks like processors to connect to the ASB while lower performance peripherals connect to the lower power APB.
The Amba AXI protocol enables high-bandwidth and low-latency interconnect between IP blocks through separate address/control and data channels that support burst-based transactions, out-of-order completion, and register slices for high-frequency operation. It uses two-way handshaking on channels and supports various burst types including incrementing, wrapping, and fixed bursts through start addresses and calculated transfer addresses.
The document describes the AXI (Advanced eXtensible Interface) bus specification. AXI uses separate address/control and data phases with 5 independent channels - read address, write address, read data, write data, and write response. It supports burst-based transactions and out-of-order transaction completion. Register slices can be inserted to increase latency and maximize frequency. AXI defines signals for address, data, strobes, IDs, valid/ready handshaking and more to enable flexible on-chip interconnects.
Iaetsd asynchronous data transactions on so c using fifoIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes using an asynchronous FIFO to enable data transactions between an AXI4.0 bus and an APB4.0 bus on a system-on-chip (SoC). AXI4.0 is a high-performance bus while APB4.0 is lower power. An asynchronous FIFO can interface between the two buses without complex handshaking. It uses write and read pointers as well as empty and full flags to transmit data between the buses asynchronously. The design is modeled in Verilog HDL and simulation results are shown for read and write operations between AXI4.0 and APB4.0 via the asynchronous FIFO.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Area Efficient VHDL implementation of AHB arbiter IPIRJET Journal
This document presents the design and implementation of an area efficient AHB arbiter IP core in VHDL. The proposed arbiter can handle bus requests from 16 masters and grant access to the bus using a round-robin priority scheme. It was synthesized using Xilinx tools and achieved a maximum frequency of 319.519MHz while utilizing 1273 slices, representing a 5.5% improvement in area over previous designs. The arbiter supports features required by the AMBA specification such as split transactions and error handling. Simulation results confirmed the correct arbitration behavior and priority shifting between multiple concurrent requests.
AXI is an on-chip, point to point communication protocol. It is used as a high-performance bus in various IP or SoC Systems. It is used for connecting high-performance processors with memory.
VLSI DESIGN OF AMBA BASED AHB2APB BRIDGEVLSICS Design
The Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) is an open System-on-Chip bus protocol for highperformance buses to communicate with low-power devices. In the AMBA Advanced High Performance bus (AHB) a system bus is used to connect a processor, a DSP, and high-performance memory controllers where as the AMBA Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) is used to connect (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) UART. It also contains a Bridge, which connects the AHB and APB buses. Bridges are standard bus-to-bus interfaces that allow IPs connected to different buses to communicate with each other in a standardized way. So AHB2APB bridge is designed, implemented using VERILOG tool and tested using Verilog testbench and is reported in this paper. A synthesizable RTL code of a complex interface
bridge between AHB and APB is developed and known as AHB2APB Bridge. The simulated AHB2APB Bridge results are promising and can be further tested for its verstality by writing a verification program using UVM in future.
The document describes the AHB to APB bridge which is used to bridge communication between low bandwidth peripherals on the APB bus and high bandwidth devices on the AHB bus. The AHB to APB bridge acts as an AHB slave and provides an interface between the high-speed AHB and low-power APB. It buffers address, controls and data from the AHB and drives the APB peripherals, returning data and response signals to the AHB. The bridge performs data transfer from AHB to APB for write cycles and from APB to AHB for read cycles.
Design and Analysis of Xilinx Verified AMBA Bridge for SoC Systemsidescitation
ARM introduced the Advanced Microcontroller Bus
Architecture (AMBA) 4.0 and its specifications define five
buses/interfaces: Advanced eXtensible Interface Bus (AXI),
Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB), Advanced System Bus
(ASB), Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) and Advanced Trace
Bus (ATB). That means more and more existing Intellectual
Property (IP) must be able to communicate with AMBA4.0
bus. This paper presents an IP core design of APB Bridge, to
provide interface between AXI-Lite bus and APB bus operating
at different frequencies. The maximum operating frequency
of the module is 168.464MHz. Test cases are run to perform
multiple read and write operations. Synthesis and Simulation
is done using Xilinx ISE and Modelsim.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a synthesizable checker for the AMBA AXI protocol. The AXI protocol is commonly used for on-chip communication in system-on-chip (SoC) designs. The proposed checker contains 44 rules to verify AXI protocol compliance and was implemented using Verilog. Simulation results showed the checker design requires 70.7K gate counts and has a critical path of 4.13 ns, allowing it to operate at 242 MHz. The checker is intended to improve SoC integration by verifying correct protocol usage and helping debug communication issues.
The PCI Local Bus is a bus having features like high performance, 32-bit or 64- bit bus with multiplexed address and data lines. The AHB of AMBA (Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture) is also for high-performance, high clock frequency system modules. In SoC design the AMBA AHB acts like the high-performance system backbone bus. The function of AHB-PCI Bridge is to map various control signals and address spaces from one bus into those of another bus. This paper presented the AHBPCI bridge designing.
IRJET- Design and Verification of APB Protocol by using System Verilog and Un...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and verification of an AMBA APB protocol using System Verilog and Universal Verification Methodology (UVM). It begins with an introduction to AMBA and the APB bus protocol. The APB design is created in Verilog and consists of an APB bridge/master and APB slaves. The design is then verified using System Verilog and UVM testbenches. Simulation waveforms and UVM reports show the data written by the master is correctly read by the slave, indicating the APB protocol is functioning as intended.
An On-Chip Bus Tracer Analyzer With Amba AHB For Real Time Tracing With Lossl...IJERA Editor
The Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) widely used as the on-chip bus in System-on-a-chip (SoC) designs. The important aspect of a SoC is not only which components or blocks it houses, but also how they are interconnected. AMBA is a solution for the blocks to interface with each other. The biggest challenge in SoC design is in validating and testing the system. AHB Bus Tracer is a significant infrastructure that is needed to monitor the on chip-bus signals, which is vital for debugging and performance analysis and also optimizing the SOC. Basically on chip signals are difficult to observe since they are deeply embedded in a SoC and no sufficient I/O pins are required to access those signals. Therefore, we embed a bus tracer in SoC to capture the bus signals and store them. The AMBA AHB should be used to which are high bandwidth and require the high performance of a pipelined bus interface. Performance can be improved at high-frequency operation. Performance is independent of the mark-space ratio of the clock. No special considerations are required for automatic test insertion. Our aim in this project is to Design the AHB- protocol with bus tracer. For real-time tracing, we should reduce the trace size as much as possible without reducing the original data.SYS-HMRBT supports tracing after/before an event triggering, named post-triggering trace/pre-triggering trace, respectively. SYS-HMRBT runs at 500 MHz and costs 42 K gates in TSMC 0.13- m technology, indicating that it is capable of real time tracing and is very small in modern SoCs.The experimental results show that trace compression ratio reduced by 96.32%. Finally this approach was designed successfully along with MODEL SIM and synthesis using Xilinx ISE. The SoC can be verified in field-programmable gate array.
This document describes the implementation of an Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB) protocol using an FPGA. It provides an overview of the AHB protocol which allows for communication between multiple bus masters and slaves. The AHB protocol supports features like split transactions, burst transfers, and arbitration. The document implements an AHB system with three masters and four slaves on an FPGA. It presents waveform results showing the arbiter prioritizing requests from multiple masters and handling the transfer of data between masters and slaves using the AHB protocol. In conclusion, the AHB protocol implemented on an FPGA provides benefits like avoiding deadlocks, minimizing lost resources, and adding flexibility.
IRJET - Analysis of Different Arbitration Algorithms for Amba Ahb Bus Protoco...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes and compares different arbitration algorithms for the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) Advanced High-Performance Bus (AHB) protocol used in System on Chip (SoC) designs. It describes the AMBA specification and AHB bus. It then examines three arbitration algorithms - static fixed priority, round robin, and modified round robin. Simulation results show the modified round robin algorithm provides the fastest response time to bus requests while using more logic than the other methods. Overall, the modified round robin algorithm is concluded to be the most efficient approach for handling multiple concurrent bus requests in terms of speed and performance.
The document discusses various on-chip bus architectures used for system-on-chip designs. It describes buses such as AMBA, CoreConnect, STBus, Wishbone and others. For each bus, it provides details on the bus hierarchy, protocols, and how they enable connection and data transfer between functional blocks in a system-on-chip.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document describes the design and implementation of a CAN bus controller to enable reliable communication between nodes using the CAN protocol. It discusses the motivation for using CAN in embedded systems and provides details on the controller's architecture, which includes modules for CAN, APB interface, and interrupts. It also covers the controller's design flow from learning CAN and APB specifications to simulation, synthesis, and layout. The controller was synthesized at 100MHz with low area and power.
Diagnostic Access of AMBA-AHB Communication Protocolsidescitation
In this paper a diagnostic access of AMBA AHB communication protocols is
designed and implemented. AMBA AHB communication protocols are designed using
master slave topology. A core is designed for implementation of communication protocols
between master and slave device to perform efficient write operation. The process involves
design and implementation of a master unit and a slave unit. Further a test bench is
designed to simulate the communication between master and slave. A synthesis report of the
process is generated using VHDL and XILINX. The process is configured for Address and
Data bus of 32 bit width. The designed AMBA AHB communication protocol between
master and single slave supports technology independent data transfer between high band
width and high clock frequency multiprocessors and multi-CPU based embedded systems
like arm processors and low bandwidth peripherals like IC based processors, standard
macro cells, flash memory etc. The features required for high performance, high clock
frequency systems including burst transfers, single clock edge operations, non–tristate
implementation and wider data bus configuration are implemented in the design.
A Review On AMBA AHB Lite Protocol And Verification Using UVM MethodologyTodd Turner
This document provides an overview of the AMBA protocol and discusses the AMBA AHB-Lite protocol and verification using the UVM methodology. It classifies the different types of AMBA protocols and describes their features and specifications. It then discusses the AMBA AHB-Lite protocol in more detail, describing its operation and features as a high performance bus with one master and multiple slaves. Finally, it describes the need for verification, the evolution of verification techniques, and the advantages of the Universal Verification Methodology (UVM) over conventional verification methods.
This document describes the design and implementation of diagnostic access for AMBA AHB communication protocols between a master and slave device. A core was designed using a master-slave topology to perform efficient write operations. The process involved designing master and slave units and a test bench to simulate communication. VHDL and XILINX were used to generate a synthesis report. The 32-bit address and data bus protocol supports high-bandwidth communication between processors and low-bandwidth peripherals. Features like burst transfers and wider data buses were implemented to support high performance systems.
The Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) specification defines interfaces for connecting processor and peripherals. It aims to standardize connections to enable modular system design. The Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) is defined by AMBA for simple peripherals like timers and I/O. It uses few signals for non-pipelined transfers in two cycles to reduce power and complexity.
The Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) is a low-cost, low-power interface defined by ARM for connecting peripherals to processors. It provides an unpipelined bus with signals that only transition on the rising edge of the clock. Peripherals on the APB can extend transfers using the PREADY signal. The APB supports both read and write transfers, and peripherals can indicate transfer errors using the PSLVERR signal.
Highly -increasing requirement for mobile and several electronic devices want the use of VLSI circuits which are highly power efficient. The most primitive arithmetic operation in processors is addition and the adder is the most highly used arithmetic component of the processor. Carry Select Adder (CSA) is one of the fastest adders and the structure of the CSA shows that there is a possibility for increasing its efficiency by reducing the power dissipation and area in the CSA. This research paper presents power and delay analysis of various adders and proposed a 32-bit CSA that is implemented using variable size of the combination of adders, thus the proposed Carry select Adder (CSA) which has minimum Delay, and less power consumption hence improving the efficiency and speed of the Carry Select Adder.
A Proficient Recognition Method for ML-AHB Bus MatrixIRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed method for a flexible arbiter for an ML-AHB bus matrix that can support three priority policies: fixed priority, round robin, and dynamic priority. The proposed self-annoyed arbiter can select the appropriate arbitration method based on priority level notifications and transfer length requests from masters to maximize overall performance. It reduces area overhead and increases throughput compared to other arbitration schemes.
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1. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.9, No.3, June 2018
DOI: 10.5121/vlsic.2018.9302 19
VLSI DESIGN OF AMBA BASED AHB2APB
BRIDGE
Aparna Kharade1
and V. Jayashree2
1
Department of Electronics, D.K.T.E. Ichalkaranji, Maharashtra, India
2
D.K.T.E.Ichalkaranji, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
ABSTRACT
The Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) is an open System-on-Chip bus protocol for high-
performance buses to communicate with low-power devices. In the AMBA Advanced High Performance bus
(AHB) a system bus is used to connect a processor, a DSP, and high-performance memory controllers
where as the AMBA Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) is used to connect (Universal Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter) UART. It also contains a Bridge, which connects the AHB and APB buses. Bridges are
standard bus-to-bus interfaces that allow IPs connected to different buses to communicate with each other
in a standardized way. So AHB2APB bridge is designed, implemented using VERILOG tool and tested
using Verilog testbench and is reported in this paper. A synthesizable RTL code of a complex interface
bridge between AHB and APB is developed and known as AHB2APB Bridge. The simulated AHB2APB
Bridge results are promising and can be further tested for its verstality by writing a verification program
using UVM in future.
KEYWORDS
AMBA; AHB2APB; SOC; VERILOG; XILINX;
1. INTRODUCTION
The AMBA is used as interconnection standard for system on chip (SOC) design for
semiconductor industries. AMBA interconnection standard support for high speed, bandwidth and
pipelined data transfer by using rich sets of bus signals. Number of ARM Partners and IP provider
adopted this standard because of their successful implementation in Application Specification
Integrated Circuit (ASIC) design. In some cases, if AHB side peripherals wants to communicate
with APB side peripherals, in between bridge is required for proper communication. Jaehoon
Song et al. have reported an efficient testable design technique for an SoC with an on/off-chip bus
bridge for the on-chip advanced high-performance bus and off-chip peripheral-component
interconnect bus [1]. The author Krishna Sekar designed and reported FLEXBUS, a new
architecture that can efficiently adapt the logical connectivity of the communication architecture
and the components connected to it [2]. The bus bridge to interface Open Core Protocol (OCP) to
AHB protocols which play a vital role in SoC application to avoid application failure in case of
malfunctioning. Initially these basic protocols are modeled separately using VHDL and are
simulated [3]. Their simulation results show that the communication between AXI 4.0 and
APB4.0 through the bridge is appropriate. All of the commands and data are successfully
transferred from AXI 4.0 to APB4.0 protocol by the bridge and reduced loss of data or control
information was found by Kalluri Usha and T. Ashok Kumar [4]. The Advanced Microcontroller
Bus Architecture (AMBA) is an on-chip bus architecture used to strengthen the reusability of IP
core and widely used interconnection standard for system on chip (SOC) [5]. Taking literature
review into consideration and to ensure less data loss between AHB to APB or APB to AHB data
2. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.9, No.3, June 2018
20
transfers along with reduced in power consumption, in this paper AMBA based AHB2APB
Bridge which is required to bridge the communication gap between low bandwidth peripherals on
APB with the high bandwidth ARM Processors and/or other high-speed devices on AHB is
reported.
Organization of this Implementation of AHB2APB Bridge is as follows. Section II describes the
theoretical background on implemented AHB2APB Bridge where as section III describes the
methodology adopted with Operation of handshaking signal. Results and observations are
reported in section IV. Conclusion and future scope is explained in section V.
2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF AHB2APB BRIDGE
The bridge is designed either by using asynchronous FIFO or by using handshaking signals. Here
in this project we used handshaking signals for reducing data loss. In AMBA different bus bridge,
protocols such as, ASB2APB, AHB2APB and AXI to APB can be used. The AHB to APB bridge
is an AHB slave, providing an interface between the high-speed AHB and the low-power APB.
Read and write transfers on the AHB are converted into equivalent transfers on the APB. As the
APB is not pipelined, wait states are added during transfers to and from the APB when the AHB
is required to wait for the APB. It is required to bridge the communication gap between low
bandwidth peripherals on APB with the high bandwidth ARM Processors and/or other high-speed
devices on AHB. This ensures that there is no data loss between AHB to APB or APB to AHB
data transfers. AHB2APB interfaces AHB and APB. It buffers address, controls and data from
the AHB, drives the APB peripherals and return data along with response signal to the AHB. The
AHB2APB interface is designed to operate when AHB and APB clocks have the any combination
of frequency and phase. TheAHB2APB performs transfer of data from AHB to APB for write
cycle and APB to AHB for Read cycle. Interface between AMBA high performance bus (AHB)
and AMBA peripheral bus (APB). It provides latching of address, controls and data signals for
APB peripherals.
3. METHODOLOGY OF IMPLEMENTATION
Figure 1.Architecture of AHB2APB Bridge
3.1 ARCHITECTURE OF AHB2APB BRIDGE
Architecture of AHB2APB is as shown in Fig 1. The AHB is a pipelined bus, designed for high
performance and high bandwidth operations. It can support up to 16 bus masters and slaves. The
3. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.9, No.3, June 2018
21
address bus can be up to 32 bits wide and the data bus can be up to 128 bit wide. Architecture of
AHB2APB bridge shown in Figure 1 includes three modules viz.; bridge top, AHB slave
interface and APB controller which are explained further.
BRIDGE TOP: It includes two basic modules first is AHB slave interface and second is APB
controller. Instantiation of these modules into main bridge top and connection is made through
signal flow which is mentioned in the port list of sub module of both AHB interface and APB
controller.
AHB SLAVE INTERFACE: This module includes the logic required to implement TSELx that is
used to select peripheral memory map, valid and pipelined address, data and control channel as
well as all the input and output signals which defines the module for further instantiation and
connection of this module.
APB CONTROLLER: It is the heart of the design this module is useful for taking the decision
which is required for proper operation of design according to present state, next state logic and
output logic the coding is performed.
3.2 OPERATION OF HANDSHAKING SIGNAL
The generation of all APB output signals is based on the status of the transfer state machine and
A standard AHB slave interface consists three outputs are explained further
THE APB OUTPUT SIGNAL GENERATION
The generation of all APB output signals is based on the status of the transfer state machine:
PENABLE is only set HIGH during one of three enable states, in the last cycle of an APB
transfer. A register is used to generate this output from the next state of the transfer state
machine.
PSELx outputs are decoded from the current transfer address. They are only valid during the
read, write and enable states, and are all driven LOW at all other times so that no peripherals are
selected when no transfers are being performed.
PADDR is a registered version of the currently selected address input (HADDR or the address
register) and only changes when the read and write states are entered at the start of the APB
transfer.
PWRITE is set HIGH during a write transfer, and only changes when a new APB transfer is
started. A register is used to generate this output from the next state of the transfer state machine.
AHB OUTPUT SIGNAL GENERATION
A standard AHB slave interface consists of the following three outputs HRDATA, PRDATA and
HREADY Yout.
HRDATA is directly driven with the current value of PRDATA. APB slaves only drive read data
during the enable phase of the APB transfer, with PRDATA set LOW at all other times, so bus
clash is avoided on HRDATA (assuming OR bus connections for both the AHB and APB read
data buses).
4. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.9, No.3, June 2018
22
HREADYout is driven with a registered signal to improve the output timing. Wait states are
inserted by the APB bridge during the ST_READ and ST_WRITEP states, and during the
ST_WENABLEP state when the next transfer to be performed is a read. HRESP is continuously
held LOW, as the APB bridge does not generate SPLIT, RETRY or ERROR responses.
The architecture of AHB2APB Bridge shown in Figure.1. is implemented in Verilog and is tested
for functionality simulation is carried out in UVM Environment
3.3 VERILOG CODING STEPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF AHB2APB BRIDGE
3.3.1 STEPS TO IMPLEMENT BRIDGE TOP
a. Define the AHB2APB bridge top consisting of 9 input signals are HTRANS, HADDR,
HWDATA, HREADYin, HWRITE, HCLK, HRESETn, PRDATA, HSIZE, HRESP and 8 output
signals are PENABLE, HREADYout, PWRITE, PWDATA, PADDR, HRADATA, PSELX,
HRESP.
b. Instantiate AHB interface module in top using order-based instantiation.
c. Instantiate FSM controller module in top based on order-based instantiation. The Syntax for
module instantiation is; module name user defined name (portlist).
3.3.2 STEPS TO IMPLEMENT AHB INTERFACE
a. Define the AHB interface module consisting of 8 input signals from that reference signal
HCLK, reset signal HRESET, handshaking signal HWRITE, HREADYin, address signal
HADDR, Data signal HWDATA, internal Handshaking signals HSIZE, HTRANS and and 8
output signals are handshaking signals VALID, HWRITEreg, TSELx, transmission address
signals TADDR1, TADDR2, transmission data signals TPWDATA1, TPWDATA2,
PSIZEreg.
b. Implement the logic for TSELx, valid and pipelining of signals by using different always
blocks includes conditional statements.
c. End the AHB interface module by using verilog command end module. The Syntax for
module instantiation: module name user defined name (portlist)
3.3.3 STEPS TO IMPLEMENT APB CONTROLLER
a. Define the Top APB module consisting of 13 input signals viz.; reference signal HCLK,
reset signal HRESETn, handshaking signal VALID, TSELx, Transmition addresses
signals,,TPADDR1, TPADDR2, Transmission data signals, TPWDATA1, TPWDATA2,
HWRITEreg, HRDATA, PRDATA, HWRITE, HSIZE, and 7 output signals viz.; control
signals PENABLE, PSELx,slave address signal PADDR, Transmission data signal
PWDATA, HRDATA, PWRITE, Response signal HRESP
b. Define FSM states as a parameter by using inbuilt verilog function parameter.
c. Write the present, next state, output logic according state diagram by using three different
procedural blocks.
3.4 FLOWCHART AND LOGIC IMPLEMENTATION
Bridge top: Includes two basic modules first one is AHB slave interface and second one
is APB controller shown in Figure 2. verification of AHB interface is performed by using
5. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.9, No.3, June 2018
23
FSM controller states. Lastly bridge is verified by using test bench which is written in
Verilog environment.
Fig2.Flowchart of Bridge Top
3.4.1AHB SLAVE INTERFACE:
In this, three decisions with respect to
i) Peripheral Memory map and Tselx signal
ii) Valid
iii) Pipelining of signals are taken as these are required to operate bridge correctly
and those are presented further. Flowchart of implementation is shown in figure 3.
i. PERIPHERAL MEMORY MAP AND TSELX SIGNAL: According to Tselx signal controller
operates bridge in particular area where user wants to workout. This signal is given to the
APB controller and status of Telx w.r.to range of address is explained in Table 1. In
accordance with Haddr and peripheral memory map is shown in Table 2. There are four
regions in the peripheral memory map namely Interrupt controller, counter and timers,
remap and pause and undefined.
Table 1. Status of Tselx [2:0] signal
.
Table 2. Address range of peripheral memory map
6. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.9, No.3, June 2018
24
ii. VALID SIGNAL: This signal is useful for indicating that valid data is coming from master
to slave and it is high during non-sequential and sequential operation and for Idle and busy
signal mentioned in table III. This valid is goes low that means no valid transfer is remaining. It
is implemented using the procedural always block and implemented using if else statement and
using conditional operator by using that the address range according to peripheral memory map
is explained in Table 3.
Table 3. Status of VALID signal
Figure 3.Flowchart of AHB Slave Interface
i. PIPELINING OF SIGNALS: By using Procedural always block and non-blocking assignment
(<=) the signal data channel, address channel as well as control signals i.e. H write are
delayed by two clock cycles and it is given to the APB Interface.
3.4.2 APB CONTROLLER:
As per the protocol specification of AMBA, the state diagram is as shown in Figure 4. and state
table of APB controller shown in Table 4 are used. This logic implemented in APB controller is
7. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.9, No.3, June 2018
25
as shown in Fig.5. The states are defined as per the control signal coming to the input. There are
three main logics for implementation of the APB controller according to Present state logic, Next
state logic and Output logic.
Figure 4. State diagram of APB controller
The state diagram of APB controller is explained in AHB2APB bridge protocol specification
which is provided by ARM.
3.4.2.1 ST_IDLE
During this state the APB buses and PWRITE are driven with the last values they had, and PSEL
and PENABLE lines are driven LOW.
When Present state, ST_IDLE
i. If valid is asserted and Hwrite is asserted, then next state is ST_WWAIT.
ii. If valid is asserted and Hwrite is desserted then next state is ST_READ.
iii. If valid is deasserted then next state is ST_IDLE.
3.4.2.2 ST_WWAIT
This state is needed due to the pipelined structure of AHB transfers, to allow the AHB side of the
write transfer to complete so that the write data becomes available on HWDATA. The APB write
transfer is then started in the next clock cycle.
When Present state ST_WWAIT
i. If valid is asserted and Hwrite is asserted, then next state is ST_WRITEP.
ii. If valid is de-asserted, then next state is ST_WRITE.
3.4.2.3 ST_WRITEP
During this state the address is decoded and driven onto PADDR, the relevant PSEL line is driven
HIGH, and PWRITE is driven HIGH. A wait state is always inserted, as there must only ever be
one pending transfer between the currently performed APB transfer and the currently driven AHB
transfer.
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When Present state ST_WRITEP:
i. Unconditional jump to ST_WENABLEP
3.4.2.4 ST_WENABLEP
A wait state is inserted if the pending transfer is a read because, when a read follows a write, an
extra wait state must be inserted to allow the write transfer to complete on the APB before the
read is started.
Figure 5.Flowchart of APB Controller
when Present state ST_WENABLEP:
i. If valid is de-asserted and Hwritereg is asserted, then next state is ST_WRITE.
ii. If Hwritereg is de-asserted, then next state is ST_READ.
3.4.2.5. ST_WENABLE
During this state the PENABLE output is driven HIGH, enabling the current APB transfer. All
other APB outputs remain the same as the previous cycle.
When Present state ST_WENABLE:
i. If valid is de-asserted, then next state is ST_IDLE.
ii. If valid is asserted and Hwrite is de-asserted, then next state is ST_READ.
iii. If valid is asserted and Hwrite is de-asserted, then next state is ST_WWAIT.
3.4.2.6. ST_RENABLE
During this state the PENABLE output is driven HIGH, enabling the current APB transfer. All
other APB outputs remain the same as the previous cycle.
When Present state ST_RENABLE:
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i. If valid is de-asserted, then next state is ST_IDLE.
ii. If valid is asserted and Hwrite is de-asserted, then next state is ST_READ.
iii. If valid is asserted and Hwrite is de-asserted, then next state is ST_WWAIT.
3.4.2.7. ST_READ: During this state the address is decoded and driven onto PADDR, the
relevant PSEL line is driven HIGH, and PWRITE is driven LOW. A wait state is always inserted
to ensure that the data phase of the current AHB transfer does not complete until the APB read
data has been driven onto HRDATA
When Present state ST_READ:
i. Unconditional jump then next state is ST_READ
3.4.2.8. ST_WRITE: During this state the address is decoded and driven onto PADDR, the
relevant PSEL line is driven HIGH, and PWRITE is driven HIGH.
When Present state ST_WRITE:
i. If valid is de-asserted then next state is ST_WENABLE.
ii. If valid is asserted and then next state is ST_WENABLEP
Table 4. State Table of APB Controller
4. RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS
There are 11 signals coming from AHB2APB bridge and are given to the AHB Master and 6
signals are coming from the AHB2APB bridge which are given to the APB Interface. These
signals are as shown in RTL schematic results of Figure 6.
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Figure 6. RTL Schematic of AHB2APB Bridge
The enhanced RTL schematic of Fig. 7 shows the AHB slave interface and APB controller inside
the AHB2APB Bridge top which is as per the Standard Design.
Figure 7. Enhanced RTL Schematic of AHB2APB Bridge
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Figure 8.Enhanced RTL Schematic of AHB2APB Bridge
Gate level schematic of AHB2APB bridge showing detailed components view of AHB slave
interface and APB controller has been shown in Figure.8. It consists of flipflops, basic gates and
decoders etc.
For implementation of AHB2APB bridge, project settings of Family-Spartan 6, device-
XC6SLX4, package-TQG144, speed grade -3 etc. are used.
Figure 9.Verification Result of AHB2APB Bridge using Verilog TB
By driving the different Hburst and Hsize the obtained result has shown the Hwdata of AHB
Master is arriving to the Pwdata of APB slave and Prdata of APB Slave is arriving to Hrdata
of AHB Master so no data loss is as shown in figure 9. Pclk is not used by the APB
peripherals only when they are communicating through AHB-APB bridge because Penable is
used as a strobe signal by the APB peripherals hence they are low power peripheral device.
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5. CONCLUSION
We have implemented AHB2APB Bridge successfully by using Verilog tool and simulated the
implemented design in Xilinx ISE environment. Testing of this bridge was done by using
Universal verification Methodology Environment using an industrial standard Aldec Riviera-Pro
simulator. Here we are using master clock, Hclk alone with Penable which will help for reducing
the power consumption. Implementation of AHB2APB Bridge for multi master and multi slave is
one of the future scope.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards Prof.Dr. Mrs.V.Jayashree Professor in
Electronics Engineering of DKTE Society's Textile & Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji (An
Autonomous Institute) , who has been my supervisor. She has been my philosopher, mentor and
guide. She provided me with many helpful suggestions, important advice and constant
encouragement in this work.
REFERENCES
[1] Jaehoon Song, Student member, IEEE et al.,” An Efficient SOC Test Technique by Reusing On/Off-
Chip Bus Bridge”. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-I: Regular Papers, Vol. 56, No.3,
March 2009.
[2] Krishna Sekar, Member, IEEE et al.” Dynamically Configurable Bus Topologies for High-
Performance On-Chip Communication”. IEEE transactions on very large-scale integration (Vlsi)
systems, vol. 16, no. 10, October 2008.
[3] G. Geetha Reddy et al.,” Implementation of bus bridge between AHB and OCP”. Global Journal of
Advanced Engineering Technologies, Vol 1, Issue4-2012 ISSN: 2277-6370.
[4] Kalluri Usha and T. Ashok Kumar,” AXI To Apb Interface Design Using Verilog”. IOSR Journal of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 8, Issue 5 (Nov. - Dec.
2013), pg. 01-09.
[5] Vani.R.M and Merope,” Design of AMBA based AHB2APB bridge” IJCSNS international journal of
computer science and network security, vol.10, no.11, November 2010
[6] Priyanka M Shettar1, Ashwin Kumar “Verification IP of AMBA AXI V1.0 Using UVM”. IOSR
Journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSR-JVSP) Volume 6, Issue 3, Ver. II (May -Jun. 2016),
pg. 54-58.
AUTHORS
Aparna Ramesh Kharade is currently pursuing Mtech in electronics from
Shivaji University Kolhapur.completing the project in DKTE Society’s Textile
&Enginnering Institute She obtained her bachelor’s degree in Electronics from
Shivaji University, Kolhapur. She obtained her diploma in Medical Electronics
from Government Polytechnic Miraj. Her research interests are VLSI based SOC
design and verification.