This document provides information on vitamins D and K. It discusses that vitamin D is a fat-soluble steroid hormone important for bone health by aiding calcium absorption. Vitamin D exists in multiple forms, with D3 being the predominant form in supplements. The document also details the biosynthesis and mechanism of action of vitamin D. Regarding vitamin K, it states the daily requirement and notes that it is commonly included in multivitamins and available separately, with different forms including K1, K2 MK-4, and MK-7.

1. VITAMIN D & K

2. INTRODUCTION- Vitamin D
■ Vitamin-D is a fat soluble vitamin
■ It is a sterol and contains steroid nucleus
(Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring)
■ It functions like a hormone

3. Vitamin D1
Vitamin D4

4. DAILY
REQUIREMEN
T OFVITAMIN
D

5. CHEMISTRYOFVITAMIN D
■ Vitamin D is a generic term and indicates a molecule of the general structure having
for rings A, B, C, and D with differing side chain structures.
■ The A, B, C, and D ring structure is derived from the
cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring structure for steroids.
■ Technically vitamin D is classified as a seco-steroid. Seco-steroids are those in which
one of the rings has been broken; in vitamin D, the 9,10carbon-carbon bond of ring B is
broken, and it is indicated by the inclusion of "9,10-seco"in the official nomenclature.
■ Vitamin D (calciferol) is named according to the revised rules of the International
Union ofPure andApplied Chemists (IUPAC).Because vitamin D is derived from a
steroid, the structure retains its numbering from the parent compound cholesterol.

6. BIOSYNTHESIS

7. MECHANISMOF ACTION

12. Functions ofVitamin D
■ Bone development
– Calcium absorption (small intestine)
– Calcium resorption (bone and kidney)
– Maintain blood calcium levels
– Phosphorus absorption (small intestine)
■ Hormone
– Regulation of gene expression
– Cell growth

13. Vitamin D Supplements
■ A total of 258 vitamin D formulations are available in the Indian market.
■ Vitamin D is commonly available in two forms: Vitamin D2
(ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol).
■ Only two preparations contain vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). More than
99.9% of the preparations contain vitamin D3 in the form of alfacalcidiol
(25 hydroxycholecalciferol), calcitriol (1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol) or
cholecalciferol (inactive vitamin D).
■ Most of the preparations contain calcitriol (n=120,46.5%) or alfacacidiol
(n=111;43.02%). Approximately 10% of preparations contain
cholecalciferol (n=27, 10.5%

14. INTRODUCTION- Vitamin K

15. DAILY
REQUIREMEN
T OFVITAMIN
K

26. Vitamin K Supplements
■ Vitamin K is present in most multivitamin/multimineral supplements,
typically at values less than 75% of the daily value. It is also available in
dietary supplements containing only vitamin K or vitamin K combined
with a few other nutrients, frequently calcium, magnesium, and/or
vitamin D.
■ Several forms of vitamin K are used in dietary supplements, including
vitamin K1 as phylloquinone or phytonadione (a synthetic form of
vitamin K1) and vitamin K2 as MK-4 or MK-7.
■ One study found that both phytonadione and MK-7 supplements are
well absorbed, but MK-7 has a longer half-life.