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Vitamin D is one of the most important vitamins required by the human body for maintaining blood calcium levels which in turn is required for bone strength. it is produced by human skin when it is exposed to sunlight. Its levels decrease in patients suffering from end-stage renal or kidney diseases.
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FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS A & D
This document discusses vitamins A and D. It begins by defining vitamins and categorizing them as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamin A exists in active and provitamin forms, with beta-carotene being the most common provitamin converted to vitamin A in the body. Sources of vitamin A include liver, fish, eggs and brightly colored vegetables. Vitamin D is formed from sunlight exposure and found in dietary sources. Both vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues, playing important roles in vision, immune function, bone growth and calcium regulation. Deficiencies can result in night blindness and rickets, while toxicity of vitamin D can cause hypercalcemia.
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS A & D
This document discusses vitamins A and D. It begins by defining vitamins and categorizing them as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamin A exists in active and provitamin forms, with beta-carotene being the most common provitamin converted to vitamin A in the body. Sources of vitamin A include liver, fish, eggs and brightly colored vegetables. Vitamin D is activated through sunlight exposure and involved in calcium regulation and bone formation. Deficiencies of vitamins A and D can lead to night blindness, infections and rickets/osteomalacia, while toxicity of vitamin D is associated with hypercalcemia.
Fat Soluble Vitamins..pptx
Vitamins are organic compounds that occur naturally in small amounts in foods. They are required for normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction. There are two types of vitamins - fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (C, B vitamins). Vitamin deficiencies can occur due to reduced intake, impaired absorption, metabolism or increased losses. The major vitamins, their functions, dietary sources, and deficiency diseases are described.
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This document provides information on vitamins A and D. It begins with definitions of vitamins and classifications of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins. For vitamin A, it describes the two forms it occurs in foods, its sources, digestion and absorption, functions, deficiency, and laboratory tests. For vitamin D, it discusses activation in the body through hydroxylation, absorption and transport, regulation of action to maintain calcium levels, recommended intake, deficiency diseases, and toxicity at high levels.
Vitamine -E & K.pptx
This document summarizes key information about vitamin E and vitamin K. It discusses their chemical structures, dietary sources, recommended daily allowances, functions, deficiency symptoms, and role in coagulation. Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that protects cell membranes from lipid peroxidation. Vitamin K is required for blood coagulation as it activates coagulation factors in the liver through a carboxylation reaction. A deficiency in vitamin K can lead to a bleeding disorder called hemorrhagic disease seen in newborns who have low vitamin K levels.
Fat soluble vitamins
This document discusses the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their sources, absorption, functions, deficiencies, and toxicity. The key points are:
1) Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues and excess intake can be harmful unlike water-soluble vitamins.
2) Vitamin A supports vision, immune function, and cell growth. Too much can cause birth defects and liver damage.
3) Vitamin D aids calcium absorption and bone formation. The body produces it from sunlight but it is also found in foods. Deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia.
4) Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cells. Def
Vitamins
Vitamin A has an important role in vision. It exists in multiple forms including retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. Retinal is involved in the visual cycle which allows rhodopsin in the eye to regenerate light sensitivity. Vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness and damage to surface tissues like the cornea. Both deficiency and toxicity of vitamin A can impact health. It is important for cell differentiation and growth.
Vitamins
Vitamins are essential organic components found in many foods that facilitate energy-yielding metabolic functions. There are two types of vitamins - fat soluble vitamins like A, D, E and K which can accumulate in fat tissue and cause toxicity at high doses, and water soluble vitamins like the B vitamins and vitamin C which are more easily destroyed during food processing. Minerals are also essential nutrients divided into major minerals needed in larger quantities like calcium, phosphorus and sodium, and trace minerals needed in smaller amounts like iron, zinc and selenium which support bone health, blood health, fluid balance and energy metabolism. Herbal supplements contain plant-derived compounds that may provide health benefits such as aloe vera for wound healing, cranberry for ur
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FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS A & D
This document discusses vitamins A and D. It begins by defining vitamins and categorizing them as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamin A exists in active and provitamin forms, with beta-carotene being the most common provitamin converted to vitamin A in the body. Sources of vitamin A include liver, fish, eggs and brightly colored vegetables. Vitamin D is formed from sunlight exposure and found in dietary sources. Both vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues, playing important roles in vision, immune function, bone growth and calcium regulation. Deficiencies can result in night blindness and rickets, while toxicity of vitamin D can cause hypercalcemia.
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS A & D
This document discusses vitamins A and D. It begins by defining vitamins and categorizing them as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamin A exists in active and provitamin forms, with beta-carotene being the most common provitamin converted to vitamin A in the body. Sources of vitamin A include liver, fish, eggs and brightly colored vegetables. Vitamin D is activated through sunlight exposure and involved in calcium regulation and bone formation. Deficiencies of vitamins A and D can lead to night blindness, infections and rickets/osteomalacia, while toxicity of vitamin D is associated with hypercalcemia.
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Vitamins are organic compounds that occur naturally in small amounts in foods. They are required for normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction. There are two types of vitamins - fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (C, B vitamins). Vitamin deficiencies can occur due to reduced intake, impaired absorption, metabolism or increased losses. The major vitamins, their functions, dietary sources, and deficiency diseases are described.
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This document summarizes key information about vitamin E and vitamin K. It discusses their chemical structures, dietary sources, recommended daily allowances, functions, deficiency symptoms, and role in coagulation. Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that protects cell membranes from lipid peroxidation. Vitamin K is required for blood coagulation as it activates coagulation factors in the liver through a carboxylation reaction. A deficiency in vitamin K can lead to a bleeding disorder called hemorrhagic disease seen in newborns who have low vitamin K levels.
Fat soluble vitamins
This document discusses the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their sources, absorption, functions, deficiencies, and toxicity. The key points are:
1) Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues and excess intake can be harmful unlike water-soluble vitamins.
2) Vitamin A supports vision, immune function, and cell growth. Too much can cause birth defects and liver damage.
3) Vitamin D aids calcium absorption and bone formation. The body produces it from sunlight but it is also found in foods. Deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia.
4) Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cells. Def
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Vitamin A has an important role in vision. It exists in multiple forms including retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. Retinal is involved in the visual cycle which allows rhodopsin in the eye to regenerate light sensitivity. Vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness and damage to surface tissues like the cornea. Both deficiency and toxicity of vitamin A can impact health. It is important for cell differentiation and growth.
Vitamins
Vitamins are essential organic components found in many foods that facilitate energy-yielding metabolic functions. There are two types of vitamins - fat soluble vitamins like A, D, E and K which can accumulate in fat tissue and cause toxicity at high doses, and water soluble vitamins like the B vitamins and vitamin C which are more easily destroyed during food processing. Minerals are also essential nutrients divided into major minerals needed in larger quantities like calcium, phosphorus and sodium, and trace minerals needed in smaller amounts like iron, zinc and selenium which support bone health, blood health, fluid balance and energy metabolism. Herbal supplements contain plant-derived compounds that may provide health benefits such as aloe vera for wound healing, cranberry for ur
vitamindmihirfinal-150314140206-conversion-gate01 (1).pdf
Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. It is caused by lack of vitamin D from diet and sun exposure. The body synthesizes the inactive form cholecalciferol from cholesterol in skin upon sun exposure and converts it to the active form calcitriol in the kidneys. Calcitriol regulates calcium and phosphate levels in blood and promotes their absorption in the gut. Deficiency leads to hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia, impairing bone mineralization and causing softening and deformation of bones.
Vitamin D Deficiency, by Dr. Mihir Adhikari
Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. It is caused by lack of vitamin D from diet and sun exposure. The body synthesizes the inactive form cholecalciferol from cholesterol in skin upon sun exposure and the active form calcitriol is produced in the kidneys. Vitamin D plays a key role in calcium absorption and bone mineralization. Deficiency is highly prevalent in India due to low dietary intake and sun exposure. It is associated with many systemic disorders including musculoskeletal, autoimmune, cardiovascular and infectious diseases.
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This document provides information on vitamins, including their classification as either water-soluble or fat-soluble, roles and deficiencies. Water-soluble vitamins like C and B vitamins must be replenished daily as they are not stored in the body, while fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K can accumulate and potentially cause toxicity. The document outlines the names, roles and recommended daily amounts of each vitamin, along with absorption and storage processes. Sources of vitamins and deficiency symptoms are also summarized.
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The word "vitamin" comes from the Latin word “vita”, means "life". Vitamins are organic components in food that are required in very small amounts for growth and for maintaining good health. Vitamins are chemicals found in very small amounts in many different foods Vitamins and minerals are measured in a variety of ways. The most common are:
mg – milligram (a milligram is one thousandth of a gram)
mcg – microgram (a microgram is one millionth of a gram. 1,000 micrograms is equal to one milligram)
IU – international unit (the conversion of milligrams and micrograms into IU depends on the type of vitamin or drug)
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Vitamins are required in small quantities in the diet because they cannot be synthesized by the body.
Water soluble vitamins cannot be stored in human tissues. Their excess is excreted with urine.
Significant amounts of fat soluble vitamins can be stored in adipose tissue and the liver.
Synthetic vitamins are identical to natural vitamins.
Once growth and development are completed, vitamins remain essential nutrients for the healthy maintenance of the cells, tissues, and organs.
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The document discusses vitamins and minerals. It defines vitamins, cofactors and minerals, and describes their functions and examples. Vitamins and minerals are needed in small amounts for proper metabolism. Deficiencies can cause diseases. The document then focuses on specific vitamins like Vitamin A, D, E and K. It discusses their structures, functions, absorption, transportation, metabolism and deficiencies.
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Vitamins are organic molecules that are essential micronutrients required for normal cellular function and tissue integrity. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B and C). Vitamin D is produced in the body from sunlight exposure and is important for calcium absorption and bone health. A deficiency can cause rickets or osteomalacia due to impaired bone mineralization, while excess intake can result in hypercalcemia and soft tissue calcification. Vitamin D works with parathyroid hormone and calcitonin to maintain appropriate serum calcium levels through effects on bone resorption and renal excretion.
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This document provides information on vitamins, including their classification, sources, and functions. It begins by defining vitamins and explaining that they are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. The four fat-soluble vitamins - A, D, E, and K - are described in terms of their daily requirements, dietary sources, and roles in the body. Eight B vitamins and vitamin C make up the water-soluble group. Each B vitamin is then discussed individually, with details on its chemical structure, daily intake, food sources, and metabolic functions.
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Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists as various tocopherols and tocotrienols. It functions as a lipid-soluble antioxidant and protects cell membranes from oxidative damage. The most active form is alpha-tocopherol. Dietary sources include vegetable oils, nuts, and green leafy vegetables. Vitamin E is absorbed in the small intestine and transported throughout the body in lipoproteins. It helps prevent cell damage and is important for neurological health. Deficiency can increase red blood cell fragility but is rare due to adequate dietary intake in most.
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This document provides an overview of vitamins A, D, E, and K. It discusses the chemical structures, sources, recommended dietary allowances, functions, deficiency symptoms, toxicity, and biochemical testing for each vitamin. The key points covered include the roles of vitamins A in vision, D in calcium homeostasis and bone formation, E as an antioxidant, and K in blood clotting. Methods for assessing vitamin status such as HPLC, RIA, and measuring serum or plasma levels are also outlined.
VITAMINS
This presentation provides an overview of vitamins, including their classification, functions, sources, and mechanisms of action. It discusses both water soluble vitamins (B vitamins and vitamin C) and fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). Key points include:
- Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small amounts for growth, cell function, and disease prevention.
- They are classified as either water soluble or fat soluble depending on how they are absorbed and transported in the body.
- Vitamins act as coenzymes and play important roles in energy production, cell differentiation, bone health, vision, and other processes.
- Dietary sources of each vitamin are identified along with recommended daily intake amounts
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Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is important for intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate. It can be synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight or obtained from dietary sources. The liver and kidneys work to activate vitamin D into its functional form. Deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, while toxicity in excess causes hypercalcemia and calcification of soft tissues.
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This document summarizes key information about water-soluble vitamins:
- It describes the B-complex vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, biotin, pantothenic acid) and vitamin C, which are water-soluble and must be replenished daily.
- The B-complex vitamins help release energy from foods, aid in red blood cell formation and nervous system function, and support various metabolic processes. Vitamin C aids in collagen synthesis, immune function, iron absorption and acts as an antioxidant.
- Good food sources of these vitamins include meats, eggs, dairy, fruits, vegetables and fort
Presentation 3.pptx
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and helps regulate calcium absorption. It undergoes two hydroxylation reactions in the liver and kidneys to become the active form calcitriol. Calcitriol binds to vitamin D receptors in cells to modulate gene expression related to calcium homeostasis, cell proliferation and differentiation. Over 75% of Americans are deficient in vitamin D. Good dietary sources include fatty fish, fish liver oils, eggs, and fortified dairy products.
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Vitamins are essential organic substances needed by the body in small amounts to perform specific metabolic functions. There are 13 legitimate vitamins that exist as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B-complex). Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues while water-soluble vitamins are not stored and require consistent dietary intake. Deficiencies of vitamins can result in diseases like rickets, osteomalacia, beriberi, and pellagra depending on the specific vitamin lacking in the diet.
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kiran vitamin ppt.pptx
Vitamins are organic molecules that are essential micronutrients obtained through diet. They function as cofactors in enzymatic reactions and have various roles including vision, bone formation, antioxidation, and blood clotting. There are two types of vitamins - fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K which are stored in the body, and water soluble B complex and C vitamins which are not stored. Vitamins play important roles as cofactors in many enzymatic reactions and metabolic processes.
Fat soluble vitamins
This document discusses fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and their functions, effects of deficiency, sources, and properties. It provides details on vitamin A (retinol and beta-carotene), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols), and vitamin K (napthoquinones). It notes that vitamins A and D can accumulate to toxic levels with excess intake and cause hypervitaminosis. It also explains how some vitamins work together to help the body absorb and utilize other vitamins.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. It is caused by lack of vitamin D from diet and sun exposure. The body synthesizes the inactive form cholecalciferol from cholesterol in skin upon sun exposure and converts it to the active form calcitriol in the kidneys. Calcitriol regulates calcium and phosphate levels in blood and promotes their absorption in the gut. Deficiency leads to hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia, impairing bone mineralization and causing softening and deformation of bones.
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Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. It is caused by lack of vitamin D from diet and sun exposure. The body synthesizes the inactive form cholecalciferol from cholesterol in skin upon sun exposure and the active form calcitriol is produced in the kidneys. Vitamin D plays a key role in calcium absorption and bone mineralization. Deficiency is highly prevalent in India due to low dietary intake and sun exposure. It is associated with many systemic disorders including musculoskeletal, autoimmune, cardiovascular and infectious diseases.
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This document provides information on vitamins, including their classification as either water-soluble or fat-soluble, roles and deficiencies. Water-soluble vitamins like C and B vitamins must be replenished daily as they are not stored in the body, while fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K can accumulate and potentially cause toxicity. The document outlines the names, roles and recommended daily amounts of each vitamin, along with absorption and storage processes. Sources of vitamins and deficiency symptoms are also summarized.
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The word "vitamin" comes from the Latin word “vita”, means "life". Vitamins are organic components in food that are required in very small amounts for growth and for maintaining good health. Vitamins are chemicals found in very small amounts in many different foods Vitamins and minerals are measured in a variety of ways. The most common are:
mg – milligram (a milligram is one thousandth of a gram)
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Vitamins are required in small quantities in the diet because they cannot be synthesized by the body.
Water soluble vitamins cannot be stored in human tissues. Their excess is excreted with urine.
Significant amounts of fat soluble vitamins can be stored in adipose tissue and the liver.
Synthetic vitamins are identical to natural vitamins.
Once growth and development are completed, vitamins remain essential nutrients for the healthy maintenance of the cells, tissues, and organs.
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The document discusses vitamins and minerals. It defines vitamins, cofactors and minerals, and describes their functions and examples. Vitamins and minerals are needed in small amounts for proper metabolism. Deficiencies can cause diseases. The document then focuses on specific vitamins like Vitamin A, D, E and K. It discusses their structures, functions, absorption, transportation, metabolism and deficiencies.
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The slides consisit of information about nutrition, macronutrients, micronutrients, vitamins and their classification and rich sources of these nutrients. Even the PEM has been explianed here with examples.
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This document discusses vitamins and antioxidants. It defines vitamins as chemical compounds essential for human metabolism that must be obtained through diet. Vitamins are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E and K are absorbed with fats and stored in tissues, while water-soluble vitamins like the B complex and C dissolve in water, circulate in the blood, and are not stored in the body. The document then discusses individual vitamins, their sources, deficiency symptoms, and therapeutic uses. It also covers antioxidants, how they work to protect cells from free radical damage, examples of endogenous and exogenous antioxidants, and their mechanisms of action.
Vitamins(1)
Vitamins are organic molecules that are essential micronutrients required for normal cellular function and tissue integrity. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B and C). Vitamin D is produced in the body from sunlight exposure and is important for calcium absorption and bone health. A deficiency can cause rickets or osteomalacia due to impaired bone mineralization, while excess intake can result in hypercalcemia and soft tissue calcification. Vitamin D works with parathyroid hormone and calcitonin to maintain appropriate serum calcium levels through effects on bone resorption and renal excretion.
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This document provides information on vitamins, including their classification, sources, and functions. It begins by defining vitamins and explaining that they are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. The four fat-soluble vitamins - A, D, E, and K - are described in terms of their daily requirements, dietary sources, and roles in the body. Eight B vitamins and vitamin C make up the water-soluble group. Each B vitamin is then discussed individually, with details on its chemical structure, daily intake, food sources, and metabolic functions.
Vitamin.ppt nutritionallllllbiochemistry
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists as various tocopherols and tocotrienols. It functions as a lipid-soluble antioxidant and protects cell membranes from oxidative damage. The most active form is alpha-tocopherol. Dietary sources include vegetable oils, nuts, and green leafy vegetables. Vitamin E is absorbed in the small intestine and transported throughout the body in lipoproteins. It helps prevent cell damage and is important for neurological health. Deficiency can increase red blood cell fragility but is rare due to adequate dietary intake in most.
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This document provides an overview of vitamins A, D, E, and K. It discusses the chemical structures, sources, recommended dietary allowances, functions, deficiency symptoms, toxicity, and biochemical testing for each vitamin. The key points covered include the roles of vitamins A in vision, D in calcium homeostasis and bone formation, E as an antioxidant, and K in blood clotting. Methods for assessing vitamin status such as HPLC, RIA, and measuring serum or plasma levels are also outlined.
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This presentation provides an overview of vitamins, including their classification, functions, sources, and mechanisms of action. It discusses both water soluble vitamins (B vitamins and vitamin C) and fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). Key points include:
- Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small amounts for growth, cell function, and disease prevention.
- They are classified as either water soluble or fat soluble depending on how they are absorbed and transported in the body.
- Vitamins act as coenzymes and play important roles in energy production, cell differentiation, bone health, vision, and other processes.
- Dietary sources of each vitamin are identified along with recommended daily intake amounts
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is important for intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate. It can be synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight or obtained from dietary sources. The liver and kidneys work to activate vitamin D into its functional form. Deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, while toxicity in excess causes hypercalcemia and calcification of soft tissues.
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This document summarizes key information about water-soluble vitamins:
- It describes the B-complex vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, biotin, pantothenic acid) and vitamin C, which are water-soluble and must be replenished daily.
- The B-complex vitamins help release energy from foods, aid in red blood cell formation and nervous system function, and support various metabolic processes. Vitamin C aids in collagen synthesis, immune function, iron absorption and acts as an antioxidant.
- Good food sources of these vitamins include meats, eggs, dairy, fruits, vegetables and fort
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Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and helps regulate calcium absorption. It undergoes two hydroxylation reactions in the liver and kidneys to become the active form calcitriol. Calcitriol binds to vitamin D receptors in cells to modulate gene expression related to calcium homeostasis, cell proliferation and differentiation. Over 75% of Americans are deficient in vitamin D. Good dietary sources include fatty fish, fish liver oils, eggs, and fortified dairy products.
Chapter 9 vitamins and chapter 10 minerals
Vitamins are essential organic substances needed by the body in small amounts to perform specific metabolic functions. There are 13 legitimate vitamins that exist as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B-complex). Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues while water-soluble vitamins are not stored and require consistent dietary intake. Deficiencies of vitamins can result in diseases like rickets, osteomalacia, beriberi, and pellagra depending on the specific vitamin lacking in the diet.
Fat soluble vitamins
This document discusses vitamins, specifically vitamin E. It provides information on the chemistry, absorption, transport, biochemical functions, dietary sources, deficiency symptoms, and recommended daily intake of vitamin E. Key points include: vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant vitamin that protects cell membranes from free radical damage; it is absorbed in the small intestine with bile acids and incorporated into lipoproteins to be transported through the bloodstream; deficiency can cause muscular dystrophy and hemolytic anemia; good dietary sources include various oils, nuts, and green vegetables.
kiran vitamin ppt.pptx
Vitamins are organic molecules that are essential micronutrients obtained through diet. They function as cofactors in enzymatic reactions and have various roles including vision, bone formation, antioxidation, and blood clotting. There are two types of vitamins - fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K which are stored in the body, and water soluble B complex and C vitamins which are not stored. Vitamins play important roles as cofactors in many enzymatic reactions and metabolic processes.
Fat soluble vitamins
This document discusses fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and their functions, effects of deficiency, sources, and properties. It provides details on vitamin A (retinol and beta-carotene), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols), and vitamin K (napthoquinones). It notes that vitamins A and D can accumulate to toxic levels with excess intake and cause hypervitaminosis. It also explains how some vitamins work together to help the body absorb and utilize other vitamins.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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- 1. VITAMIN-D BY : MISHA MANSOOR ROLL NO. 171 BATCH-D
- 2. VITAMIN ‘’ Organic compound that is required in the diet in small amounts for the maintenance of normal metabolic integrity.’’ LIPID-SOLUBLE VITAMINS WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin-A Vitamin-B12 Vitamin-D Vitamin-B6 Vitamin-E Vitamin-C Vitamin-K Niacin, Riboflavin, Thiamin
- 3. .
- 4. VITAMIN-D CHEMISTRY Secosteroid ACTIVE FORM : 1,25-dihydroxy cholecalciferol / calcitriol PROVITAMIN VITAMIN 7-Dehydrocholestrol Vitamin-D3 [ Cholecalciferol ] Ergosterol Vitamin-D2 [ Ergocalciferol ]
- 5. RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE RDA 200 – 400 IU/day 5 – 10 microgram/day Where, 1 microgram of Vitamin-D = 40 International Unit
- 6. Major Source
- 8. STRUCTURE
- 9. 7-dehydrocholestrol Previtamin D Cholecalciferol UV Thermal isomerization SYNTHESIS OF VITAMIN-D IN SKIN
- 10. ABSORPTION • Absorption occurs in small intestine or duodenum • Absorbed along with lipids • Require bile salts TRANSPORT • Bonded to Vitamin-D Binding Globulin
- 11. METABOLISM OF VITAMIN-D Cholecalciferol [ vitamin D3 ] Calcidiol [25-hydroxy cholecalciferol ] 24,25-dihydroxy vitamin D INACTIVE FORM Calcitriol [1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol] ACTIVE FORM 25-hyroxylase 1-hydroxylase 24- hydroxylase Skin Liver Kidney
- 13. FUNCTIONS • Homeostasis • Regulate cell maturation • Synthesis and secretion of hormones • Reduces Risk of obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic syndromes such as cancer.
- 14. MECHANISM OF ACTION 1. Acts as Group-1 Hormones 2. Effects Calcium Transporters
- 15. CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS 1. Increases intestinal absorption of calcium 2. Reduces excretion of calcium 3. Mobilizes bone minerals
- 16. EFFECT ON INTESTINE Increase Ca Uptake into the intestinal cell Ca binds to cytosolic receptors Ca- Receptor complex moves into nucleus Interacts with response elements Enhance expression of Calcium binding CALBINDIN
- 17. Parathyroid Hormone Calcitriol Ca mobilization from bones Renal reabsorption of calcium Renal excretion of calcium Ca absorption from intestine Serum Calcium Serum Calcium R E S P O N C E T O L O W S E R U M Ca
- 18. PATHOLOGIES VITAMIN-D DEFICIENCY Causes: • Inadequate supply • Impaired absorption • Impaired production of 25-hydroxy VitaminD3 • Impaired production of 1,25 dihydroxy VitaminD3 • Resistant to effects of 1,25 dihydroxy VitaminD3
- 19. DISEASES RESULTING FROM VIT-D DEFICIENCY 1. Rickets 2. Osteomalacia
- 20. Rachitic rosary
- 21. VITAMIN-D TOXICITY COMPLICATIONS 1.Calcinosis 2.Contraction of blood vessels leading to Inc. BP