Vitamin b12
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homeVitamin B12 is essential for DNA synthesis, nerve function, and blood cell formation. It is naturally found in animal products and some fortified foods. B12 has a complex molecular structure and acts as a coenzyme in important metabolic reactions involving methyl group transfers and rearrangements. Deficiency can result from pernicious anemia or other digestive disorders that impair absorption. Treatment involves B12 injections or high dose oral supplements. The recommended daily intake is 2.4 micrograms for adults.
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BIOTIN (B7)
Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin that acts as a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes involved in steps like converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate. It is required for fatty acid synthesis and leucine catabolism by acetyl-CoA carboxylase and methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase respectively. Biotin deficiency is rare in humans due to its presence in many foods and intestinal bacterial synthesis, but can cause dermatitis or hair loss. Avidin in raw egg whites tightly binds biotin and prevents its absorption.
Cobalamine (B12)
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is an essential water-soluble vitamin that contains cobalt. It plays critical roles in DNA synthesis, neurological function, and energy production. A deficiency can result in megaloblastic anemia and neurological disorders due to its roles in methylation reactions and DNA synthesis. Rich dietary sources include meat, eggs, dairy products, and fish. Absorption requires intrinsic factor produced by stomach parietal cells. Storage occurs mainly in the liver bound to transport proteins.
Vitamin B12, COBALAMIN
1) The Schilling test evaluates a patient's ability to absorb vitamin B12 by measuring the amount of radioactive B12 excreted in urine after oral administration.
2) If a patient can absorb B12 normally, the radioactive B12 will enter the bloodstream and be excreted in urine. If absorption is impaired, it will pass through the digestive tract and be excreted in feces.
3) Giving intrinsic factor along with radioactive B12 can determine if a patient's B12 absorption issue is due to intrinsic factor deficiency, as is the case with pernicious anemia.
Pantothenic acid(B5)
Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is essential for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) which plays a key role in numerous metabolic pathways. It is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues where it is phosphorylated and linked to cysteine to form 4'-phosphopantetheine, which is then converted to dephospho-CoA and CoA. CoA is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, amino acids, and ketone bodies as well as the oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids through acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle. Deficiency of pantothenic acid is rare but can cause burning feet syndrome in experimental
Vitamin b12
Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin that plays important roles in energy production, DNA synthesis, and neurological function. It is found naturally in animal products like meat, fish, dairy, and eggs. Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause anemia and damage to the nervous system. It is usually caused by lack of absorption rather than intake. Treatment involves B12 injections or supplements.
Biotin
Biotin- Structure, sources, recommended daily allowance, absorption, storage and transportation, coenzyme role in carboxylation reactions, histone biotinylation, cell cycle regulation, beauty vitamin, egg white injury, and Leiner's disease
Absorption, transport and metabolism of folate
The document summarizes the absorption, transport, and metabolism of folate in the human body. It discusses how folate is absorbed in the small intestine through hydrolysis, active transport, and diffusion. It is then transported through the bloodstream, mostly bound to albumin or as monoglutamate derivatives. Tissues take up folate via the same transport mechanisms as absorption. Within cells, folate is polyglutamated and methylated to form various metabolized folate compounds.
Folic acid
Folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays several important roles in the body. It is required for cell growth and DNA synthesis, and is especially important during periods of rapid cell division and growth like infancy and pregnancy. A deficiency in folic acid can lead to megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects in newborns if a woman is deficient during pregnancy. Good dietary sources include leafy green vegetables, beans, oranges, and fortified grains.
Recommended
BIOTIN (B7)
Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin that acts as a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes involved in steps like converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate. It is required for fatty acid synthesis and leucine catabolism by acetyl-CoA carboxylase and methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase respectively. Biotin deficiency is rare in humans due to its presence in many foods and intestinal bacterial synthesis, but can cause dermatitis or hair loss. Avidin in raw egg whites tightly binds biotin and prevents its absorption.
Cobalamine (B12)
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is an essential water-soluble vitamin that contains cobalt. It plays critical roles in DNA synthesis, neurological function, and energy production. A deficiency can result in megaloblastic anemia and neurological disorders due to its roles in methylation reactions and DNA synthesis. Rich dietary sources include meat, eggs, dairy products, and fish. Absorption requires intrinsic factor produced by stomach parietal cells. Storage occurs mainly in the liver bound to transport proteins.
Vitamin B12, COBALAMIN
1) The Schilling test evaluates a patient's ability to absorb vitamin B12 by measuring the amount of radioactive B12 excreted in urine after oral administration.
2) If a patient can absorb B12 normally, the radioactive B12 will enter the bloodstream and be excreted in urine. If absorption is impaired, it will pass through the digestive tract and be excreted in feces.
3) Giving intrinsic factor along with radioactive B12 can determine if a patient's B12 absorption issue is due to intrinsic factor deficiency, as is the case with pernicious anemia.
Pantothenic acid(B5)
Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is essential for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) which plays a key role in numerous metabolic pathways. It is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues where it is phosphorylated and linked to cysteine to form 4'-phosphopantetheine, which is then converted to dephospho-CoA and CoA. CoA is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, amino acids, and ketone bodies as well as the oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids through acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle. Deficiency of pantothenic acid is rare but can cause burning feet syndrome in experimental
Vitamin b12
Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin that plays important roles in energy production, DNA synthesis, and neurological function. It is found naturally in animal products like meat, fish, dairy, and eggs. Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause anemia and damage to the nervous system. It is usually caused by lack of absorption rather than intake. Treatment involves B12 injections or supplements.
Biotin
Biotin- Structure, sources, recommended daily allowance, absorption, storage and transportation, coenzyme role in carboxylation reactions, histone biotinylation, cell cycle regulation, beauty vitamin, egg white injury, and Leiner's disease
Absorption, transport and metabolism of folate
The document summarizes the absorption, transport, and metabolism of folate in the human body. It discusses how folate is absorbed in the small intestine through hydrolysis, active transport, and diffusion. It is then transported through the bloodstream, mostly bound to albumin or as monoglutamate derivatives. Tissues take up folate via the same transport mechanisms as absorption. Within cells, folate is polyglutamated and methylated to form various metabolized folate compounds.
Folic acid
Folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays several important roles in the body. It is required for cell growth and DNA synthesis, and is especially important during periods of rapid cell division and growth like infancy and pregnancy. A deficiency in folic acid can lead to megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects in newborns if a woman is deficient during pregnancy. Good dietary sources include leafy green vegetables, beans, oranges, and fortified grains.
Vitamin C ascorbic acid
Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that exists in two forms, L-ascorbic acid and L-dehydro ascorbic acid. It serves as a cofactor in many enzymatic reactions in the body, including collagen synthesis, catecholamine synthesis, and amino acid metabolism. Deficiency of vitamin C results in scurvy, characterized by hemorrhaging, impaired wound healing, swollen gums, and loose teeth. Good dietary sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits, berries, tomatoes, and peppers.
Vitamin b7 or biotin
Vitamin B7, also called biotin, is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin that was first identified in the 1920s and its structure was elucidated in the 1940s. It plays an important role in metabolism, immune function, hair and skin health, and nervous system function. Good dietary sources include beef liver, barley, soybeans and cauliflower. A daily intake of 100-300 mcg is recommended for adults to prevent deficiency symptoms like muscle weakness, fatigue, and skin disorders.
Vitamin B12 and Folate
This document discusses folic acid and vitamin B12, including their structure, dietary sources, absorption, metabolism, recommended daily allowances, deficiencies, clinical manifestations, laboratory assessments, and toxicity. Folic acid and vitamin B12 play important roles in one carbon metabolism and the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins. Deficiencies can cause megaloblastic anemia and neurological issues. Testing includes serum levels of cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, and homocysteine. Treatment involves vitamin supplementation and dietary changes.
Absorption, transport and metabolism of vitamin K
Vitamin K is absorbed through the small intestine where it is incorporated into micelles for absorption. It is transported to the liver via chylomicrons and then distributed to other tissues by lipoproteins. The various forms of vitamin K, including phylloquinone and menaquinones, undergo metabolism through dealkylation and alkylation reactions in tissues. Vitamin K plays a critical role in blood clotting through a cyclic redox reaction that is blocked by anticoagulant drugs. It is excreted from the body through urine and bile.
Vitamin B12 MUHAMMAD MUSTANSAR
Vitamin B12 deficiency is the most likely diagnosis for this patient based on her history, examination findings, and laboratory results. The underlying problem is likely inadequate dietary intake of vitamin B12 as a result of her vegan diet. The two most common causes of megaloblastic anemia are vitamin B12 deficiency and folate deficiency. However, her history of fatigue, numbness, diarrhea, weight loss, and beefy red tongue point more specifically to vitamin B12 deficiency, as folate deficiency would be less likely given her dietary habits.
Folic acid
Folic acid is the oxidized form of a water-soluble B vitamin found in fortified foods and supplements. It is required in the diet because gut bacteria cannot synthesize a form that is bioavailable. Folic acid is absorbed in the small intestine through active transport and carrier proteins and is transported in the blood as methyltetrahydrofolate (methyl-THFA). It is stored in tissues as polyglutamates and plays a key role in one-carbon transfer reactions involved in amino acid, nucleotide, and histidine metabolism. Deficiency can result from inadequate intake, malabsorption, increased demands, or drug interactions, and may cause megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects, weight loss,
Absorption, transport and metabolism of biotin
This document summarizes the absorption, transport, and metabolism of biotin in the human body. It discusses how biotin is released from food proteins and absorbed through both facilitated transport and passive diffusion in the small intestine. It then describes how biotin circulates in the bloodstream, is taken up by cells through sodium-dependent and monocarboxylate transporters, and is stored in tissues like the liver. Finally, it outlines how biotin is attached to carboxylase enzymes, recycled through cleavage by the enzyme biotinidase, catabolized, and excreted in the urine and feces.
FOLIC ACID (B9)
Folic acid is a water-soluble B vitamin that is essential for cell growth and division. It is involved in amino acid metabolism and the formation of DNA and RNA. A deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia due to impaired DNA synthesis. Folic acid is found naturally in green leafy vegetables and citrus fruits. Dietary deficiencies are common and can be caused by inadequate intake, malabsorption, or drug interactions. Supplementation is important during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in newborns.
Vitamin B2 (RIBOFLAVIN)
Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is an essential component of coenzymes involved in redox reactions in the body. It acts as a precursor to FMN and FAD, which are cofactors for redox enzymes. Deficiency can result from poor intake, malabsorption, drug interactions, and genetic defects affecting flavin metabolism. Symptoms include sore throat, cheilosis, and glossitis. Status is assessed by urinary riboflavin levels, erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity, and direct measurement of flavins in plasma and erythrocytes.
Vitamin b9
a ppt about vitamins especially about vitamin b9 or folate or folic acid
this is definitely helpful for medical students
prepared based on their characteristics
VITAMIN B12[CYNACOBALAMIN][COBALAMIN],SOURCES OFVITAMIN B12,VITAMIN B12 DEFIC...
VITAMIN B12[CYNACOBALAMIN][COBALAMIN],SOURCES OFVITAMIN B12,VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS, USES OF VITAMIN B12, PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE,PHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF VITAMIN B12. BY P.RAVISANKAR.
VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE VADLAMUDI, GUNTUR,ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA.
Vitamin K- An overview
The document discusses vitamin K, including its chemistry, functions, deficiency, and treatment. Vitamin K acts as a cofactor for the gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in proteins involved in blood coagulation and bone formation. A vitamin K deficiency can cause bleeding issues. Treatment involves oral or parenteral vitamin K supplementation. High doses of vitamin K can interfere with oral anticoagulant medications.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 is an essential vitamin that cannot be produced by the human body. It plays important roles in forming red blood cells and maintaining the health of the brain and nervous system. Sources of vitamin B12 include shellfish, fish, meat, eggs, dairy, and fortified foods. A deficiency can result in megaloblastic anemia and problems with growth, nerves, and memory.
PYRIDOXINE (B6)
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is a water-soluble vitamin that exists as three closely related compounds - pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. All three can be converted to the active coenzyme form, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), which is involved in many important metabolic processes like amino acid metabolism, synthesis of neurotransmitters and heme. Deficiency of vitamin B6 can cause neurological, dermatological and hematological issues due to impairment of these metabolic pathways. While essential for many functions, excess intake of vitamin B6 beyond recommended limits may cause sensory neuropathy.
Vitamin b12
Vitamin B12 plays a vital role in many bodily functions including proper digestion, iron absorption, and formation of red blood cells. Deficiency can be caused by factors like antacids, nitrous oxide, gastric bypass surgery, and certain bacteria. Symptoms of deficiency include vision problems, anxiety, taste changes, yellow skin, memory loss, dizziness, and numbness. Those at higher risk include vegans, diabetics on certain medications, the elderly, and those with autoimmune disorders. Good dietary sources of B12 include meat, dairy, eggs, seafood, and fortified plant-based options.
Vitamin b9
Folate, also known as vitamin B9, consists of three components and its active form is tetrahydrofolate. Tetrahydrofolate acts as a coenzyme that receives one-carbon fragments from donors like serine and glycine and transfers them for the synthesis of amino acids, purines, and thymidylate monophosphate. Folate deficiency can result from inadequate intake, impaired absorption, drug interference, increased demand, or hemolytic anemia and can cause megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects in developing fetuses, and increased homocysteine levels.
BIOTIN (B7)
Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin and coenzyme that is essential for carboxylation reactions in metabolism. It is required by the enzymes pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and β-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, which are involved in glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid catabolism. Biotin deficiency is rare in humans due to its presence in many foods and synthesis by gut bacteria, but can cause dermatitis, weakness, and nausea. Avidin in raw egg whites binds strongly to biotin and prevents its absorption.
RIBOFLAVIN (B2)
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a yellow pigment that contains a 6,7-dimethylisoalloxazine ring. It functions as an important cofactor in redox reactions as FMN and FAD. Riboflavin is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues like the liver, where it is converted to its coenzyme forms. Deficiency can cause cheilosis, glossitis and corneal vascularization. Rich dietary sources include milk, meat, eggs and liver.
Ppt on vit e and k
It talks about discovery,chemistry, dietary sources, absorption transport and storage,functions and some applications, etc. of Vitamin E and Vitamin K
Vitamins
The document discusses vitamins, including their definition, classification as water-soluble or fat-soluble, and individual vitamins. It covers key facts about each vitamin, including its function, sources, deficiency symptoms, and recommended daily intake. The water-soluble vitamins covered are B vitamins and vitamin C. The fat-soluble vitamins discussed are vitamins A, D, E, and K. For each vitamin, the document provides the important role it plays in the body and health impacts of deficiency.
Vitamin b12
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is essential for normal cell metabolism and blood cell formation. It contains a cobalt ion at its core and different attachments to the cobalt determine the type of B12. The main sources are animal products. B12 requires intrinsic factor for absorption in the ileum. A deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia and neurological problems due to impaired DNA synthesis and methylation reactions. Pernicious anemia is a type of B12 deficiency caused by a lack of intrinsic factor.
Vitamin B-12: Cyanocobalamin
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
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Vitamin C ascorbic acid
Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that exists in two forms, L-ascorbic acid and L-dehydro ascorbic acid. It serves as a cofactor in many enzymatic reactions in the body, including collagen synthesis, catecholamine synthesis, and amino acid metabolism. Deficiency of vitamin C results in scurvy, characterized by hemorrhaging, impaired wound healing, swollen gums, and loose teeth. Good dietary sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits, berries, tomatoes, and peppers.
Vitamin b7 or biotin
Vitamin B7, also called biotin, is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin that was first identified in the 1920s and its structure was elucidated in the 1940s. It plays an important role in metabolism, immune function, hair and skin health, and nervous system function. Good dietary sources include beef liver, barley, soybeans and cauliflower. A daily intake of 100-300 mcg is recommended for adults to prevent deficiency symptoms like muscle weakness, fatigue, and skin disorders.
Vitamin B12 and Folate
This document discusses folic acid and vitamin B12, including their structure, dietary sources, absorption, metabolism, recommended daily allowances, deficiencies, clinical manifestations, laboratory assessments, and toxicity. Folic acid and vitamin B12 play important roles in one carbon metabolism and the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins. Deficiencies can cause megaloblastic anemia and neurological issues. Testing includes serum levels of cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, and homocysteine. Treatment involves vitamin supplementation and dietary changes.
Absorption, transport and metabolism of vitamin K
Vitamin K is absorbed through the small intestine where it is incorporated into micelles for absorption. It is transported to the liver via chylomicrons and then distributed to other tissues by lipoproteins. The various forms of vitamin K, including phylloquinone and menaquinones, undergo metabolism through dealkylation and alkylation reactions in tissues. Vitamin K plays a critical role in blood clotting through a cyclic redox reaction that is blocked by anticoagulant drugs. It is excreted from the body through urine and bile.
Vitamin B12 MUHAMMAD MUSTANSAR
Vitamin B12 deficiency is the most likely diagnosis for this patient based on her history, examination findings, and laboratory results. The underlying problem is likely inadequate dietary intake of vitamin B12 as a result of her vegan diet. The two most common causes of megaloblastic anemia are vitamin B12 deficiency and folate deficiency. However, her history of fatigue, numbness, diarrhea, weight loss, and beefy red tongue point more specifically to vitamin B12 deficiency, as folate deficiency would be less likely given her dietary habits.
Folic acid
Folic acid is the oxidized form of a water-soluble B vitamin found in fortified foods and supplements. It is required in the diet because gut bacteria cannot synthesize a form that is bioavailable. Folic acid is absorbed in the small intestine through active transport and carrier proteins and is transported in the blood as methyltetrahydrofolate (methyl-THFA). It is stored in tissues as polyglutamates and plays a key role in one-carbon transfer reactions involved in amino acid, nucleotide, and histidine metabolism. Deficiency can result from inadequate intake, malabsorption, increased demands, or drug interactions, and may cause megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects, weight loss,
Absorption, transport and metabolism of biotin
This document summarizes the absorption, transport, and metabolism of biotin in the human body. It discusses how biotin is released from food proteins and absorbed through both facilitated transport and passive diffusion in the small intestine. It then describes how biotin circulates in the bloodstream, is taken up by cells through sodium-dependent and monocarboxylate transporters, and is stored in tissues like the liver. Finally, it outlines how biotin is attached to carboxylase enzymes, recycled through cleavage by the enzyme biotinidase, catabolized, and excreted in the urine and feces.
FOLIC ACID (B9)
Folic acid is a water-soluble B vitamin that is essential for cell growth and division. It is involved in amino acid metabolism and the formation of DNA and RNA. A deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia due to impaired DNA synthesis. Folic acid is found naturally in green leafy vegetables and citrus fruits. Dietary deficiencies are common and can be caused by inadequate intake, malabsorption, or drug interactions. Supplementation is important during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in newborns.
Vitamin B2 (RIBOFLAVIN)
Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is an essential component of coenzymes involved in redox reactions in the body. It acts as a precursor to FMN and FAD, which are cofactors for redox enzymes. Deficiency can result from poor intake, malabsorption, drug interactions, and genetic defects affecting flavin metabolism. Symptoms include sore throat, cheilosis, and glossitis. Status is assessed by urinary riboflavin levels, erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity, and direct measurement of flavins in plasma and erythrocytes.
Vitamin b9
a ppt about vitamins especially about vitamin b9 or folate or folic acid
this is definitely helpful for medical students
prepared based on their characteristics
VITAMIN B12[CYNACOBALAMIN][COBALAMIN],SOURCES OFVITAMIN B12,VITAMIN B12 DEFIC...
VITAMIN B12[CYNACOBALAMIN][COBALAMIN],SOURCES OFVITAMIN B12,VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS, USES OF VITAMIN B12, PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE,PHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF VITAMIN B12. BY P.RAVISANKAR.
VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE VADLAMUDI, GUNTUR,ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA.
Vitamin K- An overview
The document discusses vitamin K, including its chemistry, functions, deficiency, and treatment. Vitamin K acts as a cofactor for the gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in proteins involved in blood coagulation and bone formation. A vitamin K deficiency can cause bleeding issues. Treatment involves oral or parenteral vitamin K supplementation. High doses of vitamin K can interfere with oral anticoagulant medications.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 is an essential vitamin that cannot be produced by the human body. It plays important roles in forming red blood cells and maintaining the health of the brain and nervous system. Sources of vitamin B12 include shellfish, fish, meat, eggs, dairy, and fortified foods. A deficiency can result in megaloblastic anemia and problems with growth, nerves, and memory.
PYRIDOXINE (B6)
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is a water-soluble vitamin that exists as three closely related compounds - pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. All three can be converted to the active coenzyme form, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), which is involved in many important metabolic processes like amino acid metabolism, synthesis of neurotransmitters and heme. Deficiency of vitamin B6 can cause neurological, dermatological and hematological issues due to impairment of these metabolic pathways. While essential for many functions, excess intake of vitamin B6 beyond recommended limits may cause sensory neuropathy.
Vitamin b12
Vitamin B12 plays a vital role in many bodily functions including proper digestion, iron absorption, and formation of red blood cells. Deficiency can be caused by factors like antacids, nitrous oxide, gastric bypass surgery, and certain bacteria. Symptoms of deficiency include vision problems, anxiety, taste changes, yellow skin, memory loss, dizziness, and numbness. Those at higher risk include vegans, diabetics on certain medications, the elderly, and those with autoimmune disorders. Good dietary sources of B12 include meat, dairy, eggs, seafood, and fortified plant-based options.
Vitamin b9
Folate, also known as vitamin B9, consists of three components and its active form is tetrahydrofolate. Tetrahydrofolate acts as a coenzyme that receives one-carbon fragments from donors like serine and glycine and transfers them for the synthesis of amino acids, purines, and thymidylate monophosphate. Folate deficiency can result from inadequate intake, impaired absorption, drug interference, increased demand, or hemolytic anemia and can cause megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects in developing fetuses, and increased homocysteine levels.
BIOTIN (B7)
Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin and coenzyme that is essential for carboxylation reactions in metabolism. It is required by the enzymes pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and β-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, which are involved in glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid catabolism. Biotin deficiency is rare in humans due to its presence in many foods and synthesis by gut bacteria, but can cause dermatitis, weakness, and nausea. Avidin in raw egg whites binds strongly to biotin and prevents its absorption.
RIBOFLAVIN (B2)
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a yellow pigment that contains a 6,7-dimethylisoalloxazine ring. It functions as an important cofactor in redox reactions as FMN and FAD. Riboflavin is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues like the liver, where it is converted to its coenzyme forms. Deficiency can cause cheilosis, glossitis and corneal vascularization. Rich dietary sources include milk, meat, eggs and liver.
Ppt on vit e and k
It talks about discovery,chemistry, dietary sources, absorption transport and storage,functions and some applications, etc. of Vitamin E and Vitamin K
Vitamins
The document discusses vitamins, including their definition, classification as water-soluble or fat-soluble, and individual vitamins. It covers key facts about each vitamin, including its function, sources, deficiency symptoms, and recommended daily intake. The water-soluble vitamins covered are B vitamins and vitamin C. The fat-soluble vitamins discussed are vitamins A, D, E, and K. For each vitamin, the document provides the important role it plays in the body and health impacts of deficiency.
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VITAMIN B12[CYNACOBALAMIN][COBALAMIN],SOURCES OFVITAMIN B12,VITAMIN B12 DEFIC...
VITAMIN B12[CYNACOBALAMIN][COBALAMIN],SOURCES OFVITAMIN B12,VITAMIN B12 DEFIC...
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Vitamin b12
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is essential for normal cell metabolism and blood cell formation. It contains a cobalt ion at its core and different attachments to the cobalt determine the type of B12. The main sources are animal products. B12 requires intrinsic factor for absorption in the ileum. A deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia and neurological problems due to impaired DNA synthesis and methylation reactions. Pernicious anemia is a type of B12 deficiency caused by a lack of intrinsic factor.
Vitamin B-12: Cyanocobalamin
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency presentation
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency presentationCanadian Institutes of Health Research | Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada
Vitamin B-12 deficiency can cause nervous system degeneration and symptoms like poor coordination, numbness, and dementia. It is important for cellular repair and is obtained through meat and animal products. Deficiency is more common in older adults and vegetarians. Diagnosis involves blood tests of B-12 and related compounds, and treatment consists of lifelong oral supplementation or injections of B-12. Improved balance and cognition are expected with treatment. vitamin B12
This document discusses vitamin B12, including its structure, functions, deficiency, production, and uses. It provides details on the microbial production of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) through fermentation using Propionibacterium shermanii. The process involves anaerobic fermentation to produce precursors, aerobic fermentation, cell harvesting, acid treatment to release precursors, addition of cyanide to produce cyanocobalamin, and downstream purification using chromatography and crystallization. Vitamin B12 is important for normal functioning of the brain/nervous system, blood formation, and cellular metabolism. Deficiency can cause anemia and fatigue.
Vitamin B12- Chemistry, functions and clinical significance
Vitamin B12- Chemical structure, Forms of B12, Sources, absorption, storage, transportation, metabolic role, deficiency, megaloblastic anemia and neurological changes, laboratory diagnosis and treatment
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Vitamin B12- Chemistry, functions and clinical significance
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Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is an essential water-soluble vitamin that plays critical roles in DNA synthesis, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism, and nerve cell function. It is naturally found in animal products and produced by bacteria. Deficiency can result in megaloblastic anemia and neurological problems. While generally safe, high doses may cause side effects like diarrhea or allergic reactions. Vitamin B12 has various applications in treating conditions like immune dysfunction, allergies, and cyanide poisoning.
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Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in brain and nervous system function. It was first discovered in the late 1920s as a treatment for pernicious anemia. Vitamin B12 has a complex molecular structure that was determined in 1956. It is produced by bacteria but not by plants or animals. Common sources include meat, dairy, eggs, and fortified foods. Deficiency can cause neurological and psychiatric issues.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in normal brain and nervous system function and blood formation. It was first discovered in the late 1920s as the substance that cured pernicious anemia. Vitamin B12 exists in several forms including cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin, and hydroxocobalamin. It is produced through fermentation by microorganisms but not by plants or animals. Good dietary sources include meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products. Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia and neurological problems if left untreated.
b12 new.pptx
Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in normal brain and nervous system functioning. It was first discovered in the early 20th century and isolated in its pure form in 1948. Vitamin B12 has a complex chemical structure that contains cobalt. It is found naturally in animal products but not plants. Dietary recommendations and deficiency symptoms are discussed, along with industrial production methods and applications such as treating anemia and cyanide poisoning.
vitaminb1214003140007-160116105715.pptx
Vitamin B12 is an essential water-soluble vitamin involved in neurological function and blood formation. It was first discovered in the early 20th century and its chemical structure was elucidated in 1956. Vitamin B12 exists in several forms including cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin, and hydroxocobalamin. It is produced industrially through microbial fermentation and found naturally in animal products. Vitamin B12 plays important roles in DNA synthesis, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism, and preventing megaloblastic anemia. Deficiency can cause neurological and psychiatric issues.
VITAMIN B12
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in important biological processes like DNA synthesis and energy metabolism. It serves as a cofactor for enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause neurological problems and megaloblastic anemia if left untreated. The chemical structure of vitamin B12 is complex, containing a corrin ring with a central cobalt ion. It is produced industrially through fermentation of microorganisms like Pseudomonas denitrificans or Propionibacterium shermanii.
Part 2 chemistry b12 2211
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is the most chemically complex vitamin. It contains a central cobalt atom and is synthesized exclusively by bacteria. Deficiency can result from inadequate dietary intake, food-bound malabsorption, or absorption issues in the gastrointestinal tract. Pernicious anemia, a historical fatal disease, is now known to be caused by B12 deficiency. Notable historical figures like Mary Todd Lincoln and Marie Curie have been diagnosed posthumously with B12 deficiency disorders. The discovery and isolation of B12 resolved the "cobalamin mystery" and led to effective treatment for pernicious anemia using liver extracts and later bacterial cultures.
COBALAMINE (12)
Cobalamin (vitamin B12) is an essential water-soluble vitamin that contains cobalt. It is involved in two important reactions in the human body: the conversion of homocysteine to methionine, and the conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA. Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia and neurological problems due to the impaired function of these two reactions. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure vitamin B12 levels as well as metabolic biomarkers like methylmalonic acid.
vitamins and its chemistry
Physiological Function of Vitamins and their chemistry
vitamin A and b complex, vitamin C, E, and cyanocobalamin
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12- definition, functions, absorption, storage, transportation, deficiency, pernicious anemia, relationship between vitamin B12 and folate deficiency, sign & symptoms, deficiency in case of maternal & child health care, RDA, sources, prevention and treatment.
Vitamin b12
Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in the functioning of the brain and nervous system. It is involved in DNA synthesis, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. Vitamin B12 is produced by bacteria and archaea and is found naturally in animal products like meat, eggs and dairy. Deficiency can cause fatigue, neurological problems, and psychosis. It is used to treat deficiency, cyanide poisoning, and hereditary conditions.
Megaloblastic Anaemia - Vit B12 deficiency
This document discusses megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency. It covers the normal metabolism and absorption of vitamin B12, the causes of deficiency including pernicious anemia, clinical features such as macrocytic anemia and neurological changes, diagnostic tests, and management with parenteral B12 injections. Deficiency results in defective DNA synthesis and affects all proliferating cells.
Megalaoblastic anemia (B12)mod.ppt
Megaloblastic anemias are disorders characterized by defective nuclear maturation caused by impaired DNA synthesis, usually due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies. Vitamin B12 is produced by microorganisms and fungi and is present in animal foods. It plays an important role in DNA synthesis and the Krebs cycle. Pernicious anemia is a type of megaloblastic anemia characterized by gastric parietal cell atrophy leading to decreased intrinsic factor and gastric juices, resulting in vitamin B12 malabsorption.
Production of vitamin B12
Cyanocobalamin, also known as vitamin B12, is produced through a microbial fermentation process using various organisms like Pseudomonas denitrificans. The production involves maintaining the microorganism through laboratory and pilot scale fermentations in specialized media. During fermentation, the microbes synthesize vitamin B12 which is then isolated from the fermentation broth through purification processes. Cyanocobalamin has various health benefits and its industrial production through microbial fermentation helps address vitamin B12 deficiencies in humans.
Pharmaceutical Chemistry - Last part.pptx
This document discusses various topics related to pharmaceutical chemistry including drug design and synthesis, fermentation, and production of certain drugs and vitamins. It provides information on aerobic and anaerobic fermentation, how ethanol and lactic acid are produced through fermentation, and industrial production of antibiotics like penicillin, cephalosporin, and streptomycin through fermentation. It also summarizes the structures and properties of several vitamins including vitamins C, B2, B12, and the amino acid lysine.
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Vitamin b12
- 2. What is vitamin B12 ? Vitamin B12 is a powerhouse. It helps make DNA, nerve and blood cells, and is crucial for a healthy brain and immune system. Your metabolism wouldn't run smoothly without it. But B12 isn't like other vitamins Chemical name of vitamin B12 Vitamin B12; Cyanocobalamin;Cobalamin. Vitamin B12 is a cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water Source of vitamin B12 The best sources of Vitamin B12 include: eggs, milk, cheese, milk products, meat, fish, shellfish and poultry. Some soy and rice beverages as well as soy based meat substitutes are fortified with vitamin B12
- 3. Structure B12 is the most chemically complex of all the vitamins. The structure of B12 is based on a corrin ring, which is similar to the porphyrin ring found in heme, chlorophyll and cytochrome. The central metal ion is cobalt. Four of the six coordination sites are provided by the corrin ring, and a fifth by a dimethylbenzimidazole group. The sixth coordination site, the center of reactivity, is variable, being a cyano group (-CN), a hydroxylgroup (-OH), a methyl group (-CH3) or a 5'- deoxyadenosyl group (here the C5' atom of the deoxyribose forms the covalent bond with Co), respectively, to yield the four B12 forms mentioned below. Historically, the covalent C-Co bond is one of the first examples of carbon-metal bonds to be discovered in biology. The hydrogenasesand, by necessity, enzymes associated with cobalt utilization, involve metal-carbon bonds.
- 5. Mechanism of action Metabolism of folic acid. The role of Vitamin B12 is seen at bottom-left. Vitamin B12 functions as a coenzyme, meaning that its presence is required for enzyme-catalyzed reactions.Three types of enzymes: Isomerases Rearrangements in which a hydrogen atom is directly transferred between two adjacent atoms with concomitant exchange of the second substituent, X, which may be a carbon atom with substituents, an oxygen atom of an alcohol, or an amine. These use the adoB12 (adenosylcobalamin) form of the vitamin. Methyltransferases Methyl (-CH3) group transfers between two molecules. These use Me B12 (methylcobalamin) form of the vitamin Dehalogenases Reactions in which a halogen atom is removed from an organic molecule. Enzymes in this class have not been identified in humans.
- 7. Vitamin B12 Deficiency Atrophic gastritis, in which your stomach lining has thinned Pernicious anaemia, which makes it hard for your body to absorb vitamin B12 Surgery that removed part of your stomach or small intestine, including weight loss surgery Conditions affecting the small intestine, such as Crohn's disease celiac disease, bacterial growth, or a parasite Heavy drinking Immune system disorders, such as Graves' disease or lupus Long-term use of acid-reducing drugs. Stomach acids help break down animal proteins that have vitamin B12.
- 8. Treatment for Vitamin B12 Deficiency. If you have pernicious anaemia or a problem with its absorption, you'll need to replace vitamin B12 by injection initially and then continued injections, high doses of an oral replacement, or nasal therapy for life Daily for age B12 Recommended dietary amounts (RDAs) are 2.4 micrograms daily for ages 14 years and older, 2.6 micrograms daily for pregnant females, and 2.8 micrograms daily for breastfeeding females. Those over 50 years of age should meet the RDA by eating foods reinforced with B12 or by taking a vitamin B12 supplement
- 9. Rokunuzzaman Roll: 328 Batch : 12th