Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in normal brain and nervous system functioning. It was first discovered in the early 20th century and isolated in its pure form in 1948. Vitamin B12 has a complex chemical structure that contains cobalt. It is found naturally in animal products but not plants. Dietary recommendations and deficiency symptoms are discussed, along with industrial production methods and applications such as treating anemia and cyanide poisoning.
Vitamin B12 is an essential water-soluble vitamin involved in neurological function and blood formation. It was first discovered in the early 20th century and its chemical structure was elucidated in 1956. Vitamin B12 exists in several forms including cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin, and hydroxocobalamin. It is produced industrially through microbial fermentation and found naturally in animal products. Vitamin B12 plays important roles in DNA synthesis, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism, and preventing megaloblastic anemia. Deficiency can cause neurological and psychiatric issues.
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in brain and nervous system function. It was first discovered in the late 1920s as a treatment for pernicious anemia. Vitamin B12 has a complex molecular structure that was determined in 1956. It is produced by bacteria but not by plants or animals. Common sources include meat, dairy, eggs, and fortified foods. Deficiency can cause neurological and psychiatric issues.
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in normal brain and nervous system function and blood formation. It was first discovered in the late 1920s as the substance that cured pernicious anemia. Vitamin B12 exists in several forms including cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin, and hydroxocobalamin. It is produced through fermentation by microorganisms but not by plants or animals. Good dietary sources include meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products. Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia and neurological problems if left untreated.
This document provides an overview of vitamin B12, including its history, chemistry, structure, properties, types, functions, and deficiency. Vitamin B12 was first discovered by George Whipple and further researched by George Richards Minot and William Murphy. It contains cobalt and has a corrin ring structure. Key types include cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, and methylcobalamin. Vitamin B12 plays important roles in nerve function, blood formation, protein metabolism, and acting as an antidote for cyanide poisoning. Deficiency can cause fatigue, neurological problems, and other issues.
Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in the functioning of the brain and nervous system. It is involved in DNA synthesis, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. Vitamin B12 is produced by bacteria and archaea and is found naturally in animal products like meat, eggs and dairy. Deficiency can cause fatigue, neurological problems, and psychosis. It is used to treat deficiency, cyanide poisoning, and hereditary conditions.
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is the most chemically complex vitamin. It contains a central cobalt atom and is synthesized exclusively by bacteria. Deficiency can result from inadequate dietary intake, food-bound malabsorption, or absorption issues in the gastrointestinal tract. Pernicious anemia, a historical fatal disease, is now known to be caused by B12 deficiency. Notable historical figures like Mary Todd Lincoln and Marie Curie have been diagnosed posthumously with B12 deficiency disorders. The discovery and isolation of B12 resolved the "cobalamin mystery" and led to effective treatment for pernicious anemia using liver extracts and later bacterial cultures.
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is an essential water-soluble vitamin that plays critical roles in DNA synthesis, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism, and nerve cell function. It is naturally found in animal products and produced by bacteria. Deficiency can result in megaloblastic anemia and neurological problems. While generally safe, high doses may cause side effects like diarrhea or allergic reactions. Vitamin B12 has various applications in treating conditions like immune dysfunction, allergies, and cyanide poisoning.
Vitamin B12 is an essential water-soluble vitamin involved in neurological function and blood formation. It was first discovered in the early 20th century and its chemical structure was elucidated in 1956. Vitamin B12 exists in several forms including cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin, and hydroxocobalamin. It is produced industrially through microbial fermentation and found naturally in animal products. Vitamin B12 plays important roles in DNA synthesis, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism, and preventing megaloblastic anemia. Deficiency can cause neurological and psychiatric issues.
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in brain and nervous system function. It was first discovered in the late 1920s as a treatment for pernicious anemia. Vitamin B12 has a complex molecular structure that was determined in 1956. It is produced by bacteria but not by plants or animals. Common sources include meat, dairy, eggs, and fortified foods. Deficiency can cause neurological and psychiatric issues.
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in normal brain and nervous system function and blood formation. It was first discovered in the late 1920s as the substance that cured pernicious anemia. Vitamin B12 exists in several forms including cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin, and hydroxocobalamin. It is produced through fermentation by microorganisms but not by plants or animals. Good dietary sources include meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products. Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia and neurological problems if left untreated.
This document provides an overview of vitamin B12, including its history, chemistry, structure, properties, types, functions, and deficiency. Vitamin B12 was first discovered by George Whipple and further researched by George Richards Minot and William Murphy. It contains cobalt and has a corrin ring structure. Key types include cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, and methylcobalamin. Vitamin B12 plays important roles in nerve function, blood formation, protein metabolism, and acting as an antidote for cyanide poisoning. Deficiency can cause fatigue, neurological problems, and other issues.
Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in the functioning of the brain and nervous system. It is involved in DNA synthesis, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. Vitamin B12 is produced by bacteria and archaea and is found naturally in animal products like meat, eggs and dairy. Deficiency can cause fatigue, neurological problems, and psychosis. It is used to treat deficiency, cyanide poisoning, and hereditary conditions.
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is the most chemically complex vitamin. It contains a central cobalt atom and is synthesized exclusively by bacteria. Deficiency can result from inadequate dietary intake, food-bound malabsorption, or absorption issues in the gastrointestinal tract. Pernicious anemia, a historical fatal disease, is now known to be caused by B12 deficiency. Notable historical figures like Mary Todd Lincoln and Marie Curie have been diagnosed posthumously with B12 deficiency disorders. The discovery and isolation of B12 resolved the "cobalamin mystery" and led to effective treatment for pernicious anemia using liver extracts and later bacterial cultures.
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is an essential water-soluble vitamin that plays critical roles in DNA synthesis, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism, and nerve cell function. It is naturally found in animal products and produced by bacteria. Deficiency can result in megaloblastic anemia and neurological problems. While generally safe, high doses may cause side effects like diarrhea or allergic reactions. Vitamin B12 has various applications in treating conditions like immune dysfunction, allergies, and cyanide poisoning.
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in important biological processes like DNA synthesis and energy metabolism. It serves as a cofactor for enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause neurological problems and megaloblastic anemia if left untreated. The chemical structure of vitamin B12 is complex, containing a corrin ring with a central cobalt ion. It is produced industrially through fermentation of microorganisms like Pseudomonas denitrificans or Propionibacterium shermanii.
Vitamin B12 biosynthesis is restricted to microorganisms. Most of the steps in the
biosynthesis of vitamin B12 have been characterized in Pseudomonas denitrificans, Salmonella
typhimurium and Propionibacterium freudenreichii. Some authors have reported about the
requirement of more than 30 genes for the entire de novo biosynthesis of cobalamin, which
amounts to about 1 % of a typical bacterial genome. Two different biosynthetic routes for
vitamin B12 exist in nature:
• aerobic, or more precisely an oxygen-dependent pathway that is found in organisms like P.
denitrificans, and
• anaerobic, oxygen-independent pathway investigated in organisms like P. shermanii,
Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus megaterium.
Vitamins are essential organic compounds that the human body needs in small a...usharani940073
Vitamins A, B1, B2, B12, and C are described. Vitamin A (retinol) is a fat-soluble vitamin involved in immune function and vision. It has a beta-ionone ring and conjugated double bonds essential for activity. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) enables carbohydrate metabolism and is water-soluble. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is necessary for growth and red blood cell production and plays a role in energy metabolism. Vitamin B12 contains cobalt and helps make DNA and red blood cells. Vitamin C is a water-soluble antioxidant that supports immune function and collagen production. The chemistry, structures, and physiological roles
Chemistry and physiological significance of VitaminsZofina Patel
This document discusses several vitamins, including their chemistry and physiological significance. It begins with definitions of vitamins and an overview of the chemistry and importance of Vitamin A, which is a fat-soluble vitamin involved in vision, immune function, and reproduction. The chemistry and roles of several B vitamins are then outlined, including Thiamin (B1) which enables the body to use carbohydrates, Riboflavin (B2) which is necessary for growth and red blood cell production, and Vitamin B12 which helps make DNA and red blood cells. Finally, the document discusses Vitamin C, noting it is water-soluble and important for its antioxidant properties.
Vitamin B12 is essential for DNA synthesis, nerve function, and blood cell formation. It is naturally found in animal products and some fortified foods. B12 has a complex molecular structure and acts as a coenzyme in important metabolic reactions involving methyl group transfers and rearrangements. Deficiency can result from pernicious anemia or other digestive disorders that impair absorption. Treatment involves B12 injections or high dose oral supplements. The recommended daily intake is 2.4 micrograms for adults.
Cobalt was discovered in 1739 by Swedish chemist Georg Brandt. Cobalt is an essential nutrient for humans and animals as the main component of vitamin B12, which is produced by bacteria in ruminant animals and humans. The cobalt atom in vitamin B12 is attached to groups including deoxyadenosyl, methyl, and cyano or hydroxyl. While cobalt is necessary, the human body requires it in the form of vitamin B12 rather than ionic cobalt, and sufficient vitamin B12 intake from foods is important for human nutrition.
Cyanocobalamin, also known as vitamin B12, is produced through a microbial fermentation process using various organisms like Pseudomonas denitrificans. The production involves maintaining the microorganism through laboratory and pilot scale fermentations in specialized media. During fermentation, the microbes synthesize vitamin B12 which is then isolated from the fermentation broth through purification processes. Cyanocobalamin has various health benefits and its industrial production through microbial fermentation helps address vitamin B12 deficiencies in humans.
Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin that plays important roles in energy production, DNA synthesis, and neurological function. It is found naturally in animal products like meat, fish, dairy, and eggs. Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause anemia and damage to the nervous system. It is usually caused by lack of absorption rather than intake. Treatment involves B12 injections or supplements.
Cobalamin is also called vitamin b12.
Group of compounds called corrinoids (a group of cobalamin)- Coenzyme form: methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin are forms of vitamin B12 in the human body- Humans can convert most of the other cobalamins into an active coenzyme form.
Once absorbed, cobalamin travels in the portal blood to the liver, and then to the rest ofthe body, bound to the transport protein, transcobalamin
Methionine synthase- converts homocysteine to methionine. Reduces blood homocysteine concentrations (reduces CVD).
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential micronutrients required by the body in small amounts. There are 13 types of vitamins that are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamins act as cofactors for enzymes and help regulate metabolic processes. While the body cannot produce most vitamins, they must be obtained through dietary intake or supplements. Maintaining adequate vitamin levels is important for overall health and preventing deficiency diseases.
Vitamins are organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by humans and must be obtained through diet. There are 13 essential vitamins that are divided into water-soluble and fat-soluble groups. Vitamins function as coenzymes and play important roles in metabolism. Deficiencies can result in diseases like scurvy, beriberi, and anemia. Folic acid deficiency is common and linked to neural tube defects, while B12 deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia and neurological issues.
This document discusses vitamins and vitamin deficiencies. It begins by defining vitamins and their essential roles in the body. It then discusses the etiology of vitamin deficiencies, including malnutrition and alcoholism. The document categorizes vitamins as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble and provides details on the physiology and deficiencies of each individual vitamin. It also discusses vitamin B complex, trace elements, and the relationship between diet and cancer.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small quantities to sustain life. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B vitamins). Vitamins act as coenzymes and are involved in many important biochemical reactions. Deficiencies can result in diseases like scurvy, beriberi, or rickets. The document provides details on the structure, functions, dietary sources and deficiencies of several key vitamins.
This document provides information on water soluble vitamins B and C. It discusses the classification of vitamins based on solubility and describes key features of the B-complex vitamins including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, and cyanocobalamin. It also covers vitamin C, describing its isolation, sources, functions, deficiency manifestations, and role in collagen formation and wound healing. The roles of these vitamins as coenzymes in various metabolic pathways are emphasized.
Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is a water soluble vitamin that plays a key role in normal brain and nervous system functioning and blood formation. It exists in several forms including cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin. Cyanocobalamin is commonly used in supplements and foods due to its stability, while hydroxocobalamin is the form produced by bacteria and is thought to be more easily converted to active forms in the body. Vitamin B12 requires intrinsic factor in the stomach for proper absorption in the ileum and is then transported bound to proteins in the blood. Deficiency can result in megaloblastic anemia and symptoms affecting cardiovascular, psychiatric and hematologic health
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in important biological processes like DNA synthesis and energy metabolism. It serves as a cofactor for enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause neurological problems and megaloblastic anemia if left untreated. The chemical structure of vitamin B12 is complex, containing a corrin ring with a central cobalt ion. It is produced industrially through fermentation of microorganisms like Pseudomonas denitrificans or Propionibacterium shermanii.
Vitamin B12 biosynthesis is restricted to microorganisms. Most of the steps in the
biosynthesis of vitamin B12 have been characterized in Pseudomonas denitrificans, Salmonella
typhimurium and Propionibacterium freudenreichii. Some authors have reported about the
requirement of more than 30 genes for the entire de novo biosynthesis of cobalamin, which
amounts to about 1 % of a typical bacterial genome. Two different biosynthetic routes for
vitamin B12 exist in nature:
• aerobic, or more precisely an oxygen-dependent pathway that is found in organisms like P.
denitrificans, and
• anaerobic, oxygen-independent pathway investigated in organisms like P. shermanii,
Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus megaterium.
Vitamins are essential organic compounds that the human body needs in small a...usharani940073
Vitamins A, B1, B2, B12, and C are described. Vitamin A (retinol) is a fat-soluble vitamin involved in immune function and vision. It has a beta-ionone ring and conjugated double bonds essential for activity. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) enables carbohydrate metabolism and is water-soluble. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is necessary for growth and red blood cell production and plays a role in energy metabolism. Vitamin B12 contains cobalt and helps make DNA and red blood cells. Vitamin C is a water-soluble antioxidant that supports immune function and collagen production. The chemistry, structures, and physiological roles
Chemistry and physiological significance of VitaminsZofina Patel
This document discusses several vitamins, including their chemistry and physiological significance. It begins with definitions of vitamins and an overview of the chemistry and importance of Vitamin A, which is a fat-soluble vitamin involved in vision, immune function, and reproduction. The chemistry and roles of several B vitamins are then outlined, including Thiamin (B1) which enables the body to use carbohydrates, Riboflavin (B2) which is necessary for growth and red blood cell production, and Vitamin B12 which helps make DNA and red blood cells. Finally, the document discusses Vitamin C, noting it is water-soluble and important for its antioxidant properties.
Vitamin B12 is essential for DNA synthesis, nerve function, and blood cell formation. It is naturally found in animal products and some fortified foods. B12 has a complex molecular structure and acts as a coenzyme in important metabolic reactions involving methyl group transfers and rearrangements. Deficiency can result from pernicious anemia or other digestive disorders that impair absorption. Treatment involves B12 injections or high dose oral supplements. The recommended daily intake is 2.4 micrograms for adults.
Cobalt was discovered in 1739 by Swedish chemist Georg Brandt. Cobalt is an essential nutrient for humans and animals as the main component of vitamin B12, which is produced by bacteria in ruminant animals and humans. The cobalt atom in vitamin B12 is attached to groups including deoxyadenosyl, methyl, and cyano or hydroxyl. While cobalt is necessary, the human body requires it in the form of vitamin B12 rather than ionic cobalt, and sufficient vitamin B12 intake from foods is important for human nutrition.
Cyanocobalamin, also known as vitamin B12, is produced through a microbial fermentation process using various organisms like Pseudomonas denitrificans. The production involves maintaining the microorganism through laboratory and pilot scale fermentations in specialized media. During fermentation, the microbes synthesize vitamin B12 which is then isolated from the fermentation broth through purification processes. Cyanocobalamin has various health benefits and its industrial production through microbial fermentation helps address vitamin B12 deficiencies in humans.
Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin that plays important roles in energy production, DNA synthesis, and neurological function. It is found naturally in animal products like meat, fish, dairy, and eggs. Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause anemia and damage to the nervous system. It is usually caused by lack of absorption rather than intake. Treatment involves B12 injections or supplements.
Cobalamin is also called vitamin b12.
Group of compounds called corrinoids (a group of cobalamin)- Coenzyme form: methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin are forms of vitamin B12 in the human body- Humans can convert most of the other cobalamins into an active coenzyme form.
Once absorbed, cobalamin travels in the portal blood to the liver, and then to the rest ofthe body, bound to the transport protein, transcobalamin
Methionine synthase- converts homocysteine to methionine. Reduces blood homocysteine concentrations (reduces CVD).
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential micronutrients required by the body in small amounts. There are 13 types of vitamins that are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamins act as cofactors for enzymes and help regulate metabolic processes. While the body cannot produce most vitamins, they must be obtained through dietary intake or supplements. Maintaining adequate vitamin levels is important for overall health and preventing deficiency diseases.
Vitamins are organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by humans and must be obtained through diet. There are 13 essential vitamins that are divided into water-soluble and fat-soluble groups. Vitamins function as coenzymes and play important roles in metabolism. Deficiencies can result in diseases like scurvy, beriberi, and anemia. Folic acid deficiency is common and linked to neural tube defects, while B12 deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia and neurological issues.
This document discusses vitamins and vitamin deficiencies. It begins by defining vitamins and their essential roles in the body. It then discusses the etiology of vitamin deficiencies, including malnutrition and alcoholism. The document categorizes vitamins as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble and provides details on the physiology and deficiencies of each individual vitamin. It also discusses vitamin B complex, trace elements, and the relationship between diet and cancer.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small quantities to sustain life. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B vitamins). Vitamins act as coenzymes and are involved in many important biochemical reactions. Deficiencies can result in diseases like scurvy, beriberi, or rickets. The document provides details on the structure, functions, dietary sources and deficiencies of several key vitamins.
This document provides information on water soluble vitamins B and C. It discusses the classification of vitamins based on solubility and describes key features of the B-complex vitamins including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, and cyanocobalamin. It also covers vitamin C, describing its isolation, sources, functions, deficiency manifestations, and role in collagen formation and wound healing. The roles of these vitamins as coenzymes in various metabolic pathways are emphasized.
Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is a water soluble vitamin that plays a key role in normal brain and nervous system functioning and blood formation. It exists in several forms including cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin. Cyanocobalamin is commonly used in supplements and foods due to its stability, while hydroxocobalamin is the form produced by bacteria and is thought to be more easily converted to active forms in the body. Vitamin B12 requires intrinsic factor in the stomach for proper absorption in the ileum and is then transported bound to proteins in the blood. Deficiency can result in megaloblastic anemia and symptoms affecting cardiovascular, psychiatric and hematologic health
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
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2. LIST OF CONTENTS
2
❖ Introduction
❖ History Milestone
❖ Structure of Vitamin B12
❖ Types of Vitamin B12
❖ Synthesis and its Industrial Production
❖ Sources of vitamin B12
❖ Applications of Vitamin B12
❖ Recommended intake
❖ Deficiency of Vitamin B12
❖ References
3. INTRODUCTION
� Vitamin B12, vitamin B12 or vitamin B-12, also called
cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin with a key role in the
normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for
the formation of blood. It is one of the eight B vitamins.
4. HISTORICAL MILESTONE
� George Whipple
B12, was first discovered by him.
� George Richards Minot and William Murphy
They also found that an entirely different
liver substance cured pernicious anemia in humans
which was B12 Vitamin.
5. HISTORICAL MILESTONE
� Edwin Cohn
Chemist Edwin Cohn prepared a liver extract The extract was the
first workable treatment for the disease. Whipple, Minot, and
Murphy shared the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
o Maryland, Mary Shaw Shorb
Shorb and his colleagues was isolated pure B12 in 1948. For this
discovery, in 1949, Mary, Shorb and Karl Folkers received the
Mead Johnson Award from the American Society of Nutritional
Sciences.
6. STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN B12
� The chemical structure of the molecule was determined by
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin and her team in 1956, based on
crystallographic data.
Vitamin B12
7. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
� Vitamin B12 is very stable at high temperatures just if pH is
ranged from 4.5 to 5.0 while the strong acidic and highly alkaline
environment loses its vitamin activity.
� This vitamin is rapidly degraded in the light, and therefore it is
necessary to keep it in the dark. Vitamin B12 is negatively
affected by alcohol, sleeping pills, estrogen, etc.
� Vitamin B12 is well soluble in water, ethanol and methanol.
� B12 are all deeply red colored crystals and water
solutions, due to the color of the cobalt-corrin
complex.
8. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
� Under the term vitamin B12 several compounds that are similar in
chemical structure are included. There are classified:
cyanocobalamin, oxycobalamin, nitrocobalamin, aquacobalamin,
etc.
� In the structure of the vitamin B12 element cobalt is included. In
the isolation of vitamin B12, we can get its cyanocobalamin,
derivative in which structure enters cyanide group, linked to an
atom of cobalt.
Cyanocobalamine
9. TYPES OF VITAMIN B12
� Cyanocobalamin
Pure cyanocobalamin possesses the deep pink color associated
with most octahedral cobalt(II) complexes and It is used to treat
pernicious anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency.
Cyanocobalamin
10. TYPES OF VITAMIN B12
� Hydroxocobalamin
Hydroxocobalamin is sometimes denoted by B12a. It has an avid
affinity for cyanide ion and has been used as an antidote to
cyanide poisoning. It is supplied typically in water solution for
injection.
Hydroxocobalamin
11. TYPES OF VITAMIN B12
� Methylcobalamin
Methylcobalamin
(mecobalamin, a
cobalamin, a
form of
MeCbl, or
MeB12) is
vitamin B12.
It differs
from cyanocobalamin in that the cyanide is replaced by a methyl
group. Used in the treatment of perpheral neuropathy.
Methylcobalamin
12. SYNTHESIS COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION
� Neither plants nor animals are independently capable of
constructing vitamin B12 because of lack of enzymes required
for its biosynthesis.
� Enzymes are methionine synthase, methylmalonyl CoA
mutase.
� Industrial production of B12 is through fermentation of selected
microorganisms.
� Selected Microorganism are,
Acetobacterium, Aerobacter, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes,
Azotobacter, Bacillus, Clostridium,Corynebacterium, Flavo
bacterium, Lactobacillus, Micromonospora, Mycobacteriu
m, Nocardia, Propionibacterium,Protaminobacter, Proteus,
Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Salmonella, Serratia, Streptom
yces, Streptococcus and Xanthomonas.
14. SOURCES OF VITAMIN B12
� FOOD SUPPLEMENTS
B12 IN LIQUID FORM B12 IN PILL FORM
15.
16. APPLICATIONS OF VITAMIN B12
� Act as an antidote for Cyanide poisoning:
Cyanokit contains hydroxocobalamin, a form of vitamin B-12. It is used as
an antidote to cyanide poisoning. Hydroxocobalamin works by helping
cells in the body convert cyanide to a form that can be removed from the
body through urination.
Commercially available Antidote of Vitamin
B12
17. APPLICATIONS OF VITAMIN B12
� Regulates the over-production of the allergen antibody IgE
in allergic individuals:
Allergic Effected Body
18. APPLICATIONS OF VITAMIN B12
� Responsible for Reducing depression:
vitamin B12 works together with a compound that produces serotonin –
thus reducing the incidence of depression. This is very helpful to the
elderly, whose production of serotonin is typically low.
Depressed person
o Vitamin B12 is also used in the treatment of
Anemia disease:
19. APPLICATIONS OF VITAMIN B12
� Helps in healthy regulation of the Homocysteine Control:
Elevated homocysteine is a risk
factor for heart
diseaseand
may brain
adversely affect the cardiovascular
system,
function,
neurotransmitter function and mood balance.
� Helps to protect against cancers
including breast, colon, lung, and prostate
cancer.
20. APPLICATIONS OF VITAMIN B12
� In the treatment of Pernicious
Anemia:
� Essential for healthy skin, hair, and nails.
Helps in cell reproduction and constant renewal
of the skin.
21. APPLICATIONS OF VITAMIN B12
� Responsible for reducing brain shrinkage:
B12 Vitamins dramatically lower homocysteine, a risk factor for brain
shrinkage.
Brain Shrinkage
24. REFERENCES
� Yamada, K., 2013. Chapter 9. Cobalt: it’s Role in Health and
Disease. In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel.
Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases.
Metal Ions in Life Sciences, Springer, 13, 295–320.
� National Institutes of Health (NIH), 2011. Dietary Supplement Fact
Sheet, Vitamin B12.
� Shorb, M.S., (2012). Annual Lecture, Department of Animal &
Avian Sciences, University.
� Kirkland, K., 2010. Biological Sciences, Notable Research and
Discoveries. Facts on File, Inc. ISBN 0816074399. pp. 87.
� Jaouen, G., Beck, W. and. McGlinchey, M. J., 2006.
Bioorganometallics: Biomolecules, Labeling, Medicine.
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