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THE FIVE
KINGDOMS




           1
Introduction to Bacteria
2 TYPES OF BACTERIA:
 •Bacteria
   -Get food from an outside source


 •Blue-green Bacteria
   -Make their own food


                                        2
BACTERIA

Bacteria - small one celled monerans
Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist
environment
    They are found almost everywhere:
    -water                  -air
    -soil                   -food
    -skin                   -inside the body
    -on most objects                     3
3 Shapes of Bacteria

Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups:

                              Spiral:
                              spirilla

                              rod-shaped:
                                bacilli,
                                bacillus
                              Round:
                              cocci
                                           4
3 Shapes of Bacteria


     Bacillus anthracis –
     (bacillus)

     Neisseria meningitidis
     (coccus)


     Leptospira interrogans –
     (spirilla)          5
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

•Capsule
•Cell wall
•Ribosomes
•Nucleoid
•Flagella
•Pilli
•Cytoplasm                                       6
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

Capsule


  keeps the cell
 from drying out
 and helps it
 stick to food or
 other cells

                                            7
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

Cell wall


 Thick outer
 covering that
 maintains the
 overall shape of
 the bacterial
 cell
                                             8
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
  Ribosomes

 cell part where
proteins are made

 Ribosomes give
the cytoplasm of
bacteria a granular
appearance in
electron
micrographs                                 9
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

Nucleoid
 a ring made
up of DNA




                                            10
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

  Flagella
 a whip-like
tail that some
bacteria have
for locomotion




                                           11
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

Amimation of E.coli




                                         12
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
Pilli
 hollow hair-like
structures made
of protein

allows bacteria
to attach to
other cells.

Pilli-singular
Pillus-plural                                  13
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

Cytoplasm

  clear jelly-like
 material that
 makes up most
 of the cell




                                            14
Reproduction of Bacteria
•Binary Fission- the process of one organism
dividing into two organisms
•Fission is a type of asexual reproduction

•Asexual reproduction- reproduction of a
living thing from only one parent

  How?...
  The one main (circular)
  chromosome makes a
  copy of itself
  Then it divides into two                   15
Reproduction of Bacteria


        BINARY FISSION




Bacteria dividing        Completed
                                     16
Reproduction of Bacteria

•The time of reproduction depends on how
desirable the conditions are

•Bacteria can rapidly reproduce themselves in
warm, dark, and moist conditions

•Some can reproduce every 20 minutes

         (one bacteria could be an ancestor to
         one million bacteria in six hours)
                                         17
Bacterial Cell &
Nucleiod DNA Ring

DNA replication

Cell wall synthesis




   Cell separation

                      18
Bacteria Survival
Endospore-
•a thick celled structure that forms inside
 the cell
•they are the major cause of food poisoning
•allows the bacteria to survive for many years
•they can withstand
boiling, freezing, and
extremely dry conditions
•it encloses all the
nuclear materials
and some cytoplasm                        19
Bacteria Survival




Bacillus subtilis
Endospore-the black section in the middle
     highly resistant structures
     can withstand radiation, UV light, and
     boiling at 120oC for 15 minutes.     20
Bacteria Survival – Food sources

parasites – bacteria that feed on living things

saprophytes – use dead materials for food
(exclusively)

decomposers – get food from breaking down
dead matter into simple chemicals

    important- because they send minerals
    and other materials back into the soil so
    other organisms can use them             21
Harmful Bacteria
• some bacteria cause diseases

•Animals can pass diseases to humans

Communicable Disease –
Disease passed from one organism to another

This can happen in several ways:
•Air
•Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush
•Drinking water that contains bacteria
                                              22
Harmful Bacteria




Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial
plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar
(rough areas)                              23
Helpful Bacteria
•Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the
soil for other organisms to grow

•Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to
break down grass and hay

•Most are used to make antibiotics

•Some bacteria help make insulin

•Used to make industrial chemicals
                                            24
Helpful Bacteria




E.coli on small intestines   25
Helpful Bacteria
•Used to treat sewage
  Organic waste is consumed by the bacteria,
  used as nutrients by the bacteria, and is no
  longer present to produce odors, sludge,
  pollution, or unsightly mess.

•foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese,
sour cream, buttermilk are made from
bacteria that grows in milk


                                          26
Controlling Bacteria
3 ways to control bacteria:
1) Canning- the process of sealing food in
airtight cans or jars after killing bacteria
    •endospores are killed during this process
2) Pasteurization- process of heating milk
to kill harmful bacteria

3) Dehydration- removing water from food
    •Bacteria can’t grow when H2O is removed
    •example: uncooked noodles & cold cereal
                                        27
Controlling Bacteria
         Antiseptic vs. Disinfectants
Antiseptic- chemicals that kill
bacteria on living things
   •means – “against infection”
    Examples: iodine, hydrogen peroxide,
    alcohol, soap, mouthwash
Disinfectants- stronger chemicals that
destroy bacteria on objects or nonliving
things
                                           28
BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA
Autotrophs – make their own food
through photosynthesis
 larger than most bacterial cells

commonly grow on water and surfaces that
stay wet…such as rivers, creeks and dams
Some live in salt water, snow, and acid
water of hot springs
 food source for animals that live in the
 water                                    29
BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA
can be toxic to humans and animals

              Blooms- occur when the
              bacteria multiplies in great
              numbers and form scum on
              the top of the water




                                      30
31
Bacteria Survival
Endospore-
•a thick celled structure that forms inside
 the cell

•it encloses all the nuclear materials
 and some cytoplasm

•They can withstand boiling, freezing, and
extremely dry conditions

•Allows the bacteria to survive for many years
                                             32
Bacteria Survival – Food sources

parasites – bacteria that feed on living things

saprophytes – use dead materials for food

decomposers – get food from breaking down
dead matter into simple chemicals

    important- because they send minerals
    and other materials back into the soil so
    other organisms can use them
                                             33
Harmful Bacteria
• some bacteria cause diseases

•Animals can pass diseases to humans

Communicable Disease –
Disease passed from one organism to another

This can happen in several ways:
•Air
•Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush
•Drinking water that contains bacteria
                                              34
Harmful Bacteria




Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial
plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar
(rough areas)                              35
Helpful Bacteria
•Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the
soil for other organisms to grow

•Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to
break down grass and hay

•Most are sued to make antibiotics

•Some bacteria help make insulin

•Used to make industrial chemicals
                                            36
Helpful Bacteria




E.coli on small intestines   37
Controlling Bacteria




                       38
BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA
Make their own food through
photosynthesis
Bigger than most bacterial cells
Commonly grow on water and surfaces
that stay wet…such as rivers, creeks and
dams

                                     39
BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA
It can be toxic to humans and animals
 Blooms-    occur when the bacteria
             multiplies in great numbers and
             form scum on the top of the
             water




                                         40
41
Lake Champlain
42
43
Bacillus anthracis -
rod, vegetative stage
prokaryote
(bacterium)
Image Number:
21185A
                        44
Neisseria meningitidis
- coccus prokaryote
(bacterium)
Image Number:
97214E



                         45
Leptospira
interrogans
- spiral
shaped
prokaryote
(spirochete)



               46
Strep animation
http://www.hybridmedicalanimati
on.com/pages/jjani_qt/strep_pne
umo_qt.html

 Ecoli movement animatoin

 http://www.hybridmedicalanimati
 on.com/pages/jjani_qt/ecoli_qt.h
 tml
                                    47
Ecoli movement animatoin

http://www.hybridmedicalanimation.com/pa
ges/jjani_qt/ecoli_qt.html           48
HIV movie
http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/Video/HIV.mov




                                       49

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Moneran Kingdom

  • 2. Introduction to Bacteria 2 TYPES OF BACTERIA: •Bacteria -Get food from an outside source •Blue-green Bacteria -Make their own food 2
  • 3. BACTERIA Bacteria - small one celled monerans Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist environment They are found almost everywhere: -water -air -soil -food -skin -inside the body -on most objects 3
  • 4. 3 Shapes of Bacteria Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups: Spiral: spirilla rod-shaped: bacilli, bacillus Round: cocci 4
  • 5. 3 Shapes of Bacteria Bacillus anthracis – (bacillus) Neisseria meningitidis (coccus) Leptospira interrogans – (spirilla) 5
  • 6. 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell •Capsule •Cell wall •Ribosomes •Nucleoid •Flagella •Pilli •Cytoplasm 6
  • 7. 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Capsule  keeps the cell from drying out and helps it stick to food or other cells 7
  • 8. 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Cell wall Thick outer covering that maintains the overall shape of the bacterial cell 8
  • 9. 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Ribosomes  cell part where proteins are made  Ribosomes give the cytoplasm of bacteria a granular appearance in electron micrographs 9
  • 10. 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Nucleoid  a ring made up of DNA 10
  • 11. 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Flagella  a whip-like tail that some bacteria have for locomotion 11
  • 12. 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Amimation of E.coli 12
  • 13. 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Pilli  hollow hair-like structures made of protein allows bacteria to attach to other cells. Pilli-singular Pillus-plural 13
  • 14. 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Cytoplasm  clear jelly-like material that makes up most of the cell 14
  • 15. Reproduction of Bacteria •Binary Fission- the process of one organism dividing into two organisms •Fission is a type of asexual reproduction •Asexual reproduction- reproduction of a living thing from only one parent How?... The one main (circular) chromosome makes a copy of itself Then it divides into two 15
  • 16. Reproduction of Bacteria BINARY FISSION Bacteria dividing Completed 16
  • 17. Reproduction of Bacteria •The time of reproduction depends on how desirable the conditions are •Bacteria can rapidly reproduce themselves in warm, dark, and moist conditions •Some can reproduce every 20 minutes (one bacteria could be an ancestor to one million bacteria in six hours) 17
  • 18. Bacterial Cell & Nucleiod DNA Ring DNA replication Cell wall synthesis Cell separation 18
  • 19. Bacteria Survival Endospore- •a thick celled structure that forms inside the cell •they are the major cause of food poisoning •allows the bacteria to survive for many years •they can withstand boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditions •it encloses all the nuclear materials and some cytoplasm 19
  • 20. Bacteria Survival Bacillus subtilis Endospore-the black section in the middle highly resistant structures can withstand radiation, UV light, and boiling at 120oC for 15 minutes. 20
  • 21. Bacteria Survival – Food sources parasites – bacteria that feed on living things saprophytes – use dead materials for food (exclusively) decomposers – get food from breaking down dead matter into simple chemicals important- because they send minerals and other materials back into the soil so other organisms can use them 21
  • 22. Harmful Bacteria • some bacteria cause diseases •Animals can pass diseases to humans Communicable Disease – Disease passed from one organism to another This can happen in several ways: •Air •Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush •Drinking water that contains bacteria 22
  • 23. Harmful Bacteria Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas) 23
  • 24. Helpful Bacteria •Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the soil for other organisms to grow •Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay •Most are used to make antibiotics •Some bacteria help make insulin •Used to make industrial chemicals 24
  • 25. Helpful Bacteria E.coli on small intestines 25
  • 26. Helpful Bacteria •Used to treat sewage Organic waste is consumed by the bacteria, used as nutrients by the bacteria, and is no longer present to produce odors, sludge, pollution, or unsightly mess. •foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese, sour cream, buttermilk are made from bacteria that grows in milk 26
  • 27. Controlling Bacteria 3 ways to control bacteria: 1) Canning- the process of sealing food in airtight cans or jars after killing bacteria •endospores are killed during this process 2) Pasteurization- process of heating milk to kill harmful bacteria 3) Dehydration- removing water from food •Bacteria can’t grow when H2O is removed •example: uncooked noodles & cold cereal 27
  • 28. Controlling Bacteria Antiseptic vs. Disinfectants Antiseptic- chemicals that kill bacteria on living things •means – “against infection” Examples: iodine, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, soap, mouthwash Disinfectants- stronger chemicals that destroy bacteria on objects or nonliving things 28
  • 29. BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA Autotrophs – make their own food through photosynthesis larger than most bacterial cells commonly grow on water and surfaces that stay wet…such as rivers, creeks and dams Some live in salt water, snow, and acid water of hot springs food source for animals that live in the water 29
  • 30. BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA can be toxic to humans and animals Blooms- occur when the bacteria multiplies in great numbers and form scum on the top of the water 30
  • 31. 31
  • 32. Bacteria Survival Endospore- •a thick celled structure that forms inside the cell •it encloses all the nuclear materials and some cytoplasm •They can withstand boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditions •Allows the bacteria to survive for many years 32
  • 33. Bacteria Survival – Food sources parasites – bacteria that feed on living things saprophytes – use dead materials for food decomposers – get food from breaking down dead matter into simple chemicals important- because they send minerals and other materials back into the soil so other organisms can use them 33
  • 34. Harmful Bacteria • some bacteria cause diseases •Animals can pass diseases to humans Communicable Disease – Disease passed from one organism to another This can happen in several ways: •Air •Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush •Drinking water that contains bacteria 34
  • 35. Harmful Bacteria Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas) 35
  • 36. Helpful Bacteria •Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the soil for other organisms to grow •Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay •Most are sued to make antibiotics •Some bacteria help make insulin •Used to make industrial chemicals 36
  • 37. Helpful Bacteria E.coli on small intestines 37
  • 39. BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA Make their own food through photosynthesis Bigger than most bacterial cells Commonly grow on water and surfaces that stay wet…such as rivers, creeks and dams 39
  • 40. BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA It can be toxic to humans and animals  Blooms- occur when the bacteria multiplies in great numbers and form scum on the top of the water 40
  • 42. 42
  • 43. 43
  • 44. Bacillus anthracis - rod, vegetative stage prokaryote (bacterium) Image Number: 21185A 44
  • 45. Neisseria meningitidis - coccus prokaryote (bacterium) Image Number: 97214E 45
  • 47. Strep animation http://www.hybridmedicalanimati on.com/pages/jjani_qt/strep_pne umo_qt.html Ecoli movement animatoin http://www.hybridmedicalanimati on.com/pages/jjani_qt/ecoli_qt.h tml 47

Editor's Notes

  1. http://www.specialedprep.net/MSAT%20SCIENCE/KingdomMonera.htm
  2. http://www.specialedprep.net/MSAT%20SCIENCE/KingdomMonera.htm http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html
  3. http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/Ins/00-01/HS/le1.GIF http://www.mctmnet.gov.om/committee/BACTERIA.GIF
  4. http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/Ins/00-01/HS/le1.GIF
  5. http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/Ins/00-01/HS/le1.GIF
  6. http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/Ins/00-01/HS/le1.GIF
  7. www-raider.stjohns.k12.fl.us/.../ sv16.html
  8. http://www.cellsalive.com/ecoli.htm http://www.cellsalive.com/cam2.htm
  9. http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/Ins/00-01/HS/le1.GIF
  10. http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/MBG/MBG3/CB.Binaryfission.GIF
  11. http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html
  12. http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html
  13. http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60 http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60
  14. http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html
  15. http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60
  16. http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html
  17. http://www.specialedprep.net/MSAT%20SCIENCE/KingdomMonera.htm
  18. http://www.specialedprep.net/MSAT%20SCIENCE/KingdomMonera.htm
  19. http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html
  20. http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html
  21. http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60 http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60
  22. http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html
  23. http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60
  24. http://www.specialedprep.net/MSAT%20SCIENCE/KingdomMonera.htm
  25. http://www.specialedprep.net/MSAT%20SCIENCE/KingdomMonera.htm
  26. www.clf.org/lakekeeper / take_action.htm
  27. http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html
  28. http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60
  29. http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60
  30. http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60
  31. http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60