Viral infections of the skin
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Viral infections of the skin DIRECT INFECTIONS ON THE SKIN →Molluscum Contagiosum →Wart SKIN MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASES Vesicular:Hand foot mouth disease,chicken pox,HSV 1,2 Non vesicular:Measles,Rubella and other exanthematous rashes.
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Bacterial infection of the skin
Bacterial infections of the skin can be either primary (caused by a single pathogen affecting normal skin) or secondary (occurring in already diseased skin). Common primary pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus, beta-hemolytic streptococci, and coryneform bacteria. S. aureus is responsible for infections like impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and toxic shock syndrome. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci cause impetigo and cellulitis. Other bacterial infections include ecthyma, erysipelas, cellulitis, cutaneous abscesses, and necrotizing fasciitis. Laboratory diagnosis involves specimen collection
Common Viral Skin Diseases
Viral skin diseases are common and include infections caused by herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, and human papillomavirus. Herpes simplex virus causes lesions such as cold sores, genital herpes, and eczema herpeticum. Varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox and shingles. Human papillomavirus causes warts, including common warts, flat warts, plantar warts, and genital warts. These viral infections are generally self-limiting but can be treated with antivirals to reduce symptoms and duration of infection.
1.1.2. viral infections of skin [compatibility mode]
This document discusses common viral skin infections, including warts caused by HPV, molluscum contagiosum virus, herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, and others. It provides details on the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of each infection. Prevention methods are also summarized, such as practicing good hygiene and avoiding contact with infected areas until lesions are fully resolved.
Molluscum contagiosum
Molluscum contagiosum is a common, harmless skin infection caused by a poxvirus that spreads through direct skin-to-skin contact. It presents as small, flesh-colored bumps with a dimpled center that contain a white, curdy core. While generally asymptomatic, the bumps can occasionally itch or cause a skin rash. Diagnosis is made through visual examination of characteristic lesions, and treatment options range from natural resolution to cryotherapy, curettage, laser surgery, or topical medications depending on severity. Left untreated in healthy individuals, molluscum contagiosum will usually clear up on its own within months without scarring.
Molluscum contagiosum Made Extremely Simple
A brief description of a very common viral infection affecting children and adults. Molluscum Contagious is an infectious contagious disease. Useful information regarding the symptoms and treatment of the rash are available for medical students, doctors, dermatologists, ophthalmologists, gynaecologist, pediatricians and nurses. Helpful for studying for exams. Reference: Rooks, Textbook of Dermatology
Bullous diseases
This document summarizes several bullous diseases:
1. It describes the locations and characteristics of vesicles and bullae. Vesicles can form within or under the epidermis or between the dermis and epidermis.
2. It then focuses on three main immunobullous diseases - pemphigus, pemphigoid, and linear IgA bullous disease. Pemphigus is caused by antibodies against desmoglein proteins and features flaccid blisters. Pemphigoid features tense blisters caused by antibodies against basement membrane proteins. Linear IgA bullous disease clinically resembles pemphigoid.
3. Dermatitis herpetiformis is described
Bacterial skin infection- dermatology
This document discusses various bacterial skin infections, including:
- Impetigo, which is caused by Staph aureus or Strep and presents as non-bullous or bullous sores;
- Folliculitis, which is the inflammation of hair follicles that can be caused by Staph;
- Furuncles/boils and carbuncles, which are deep Staph infections of hair follicles;
- Cellulitis, a bacterial infection of subcutaneous tissues, and erysipelas, a superficial streptococcal infection;
- Erythrasma, a chronic infection of the skin caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum.
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Bacterial infection of the skin
Bacterial infections of the skin can be either primary (caused by a single pathogen affecting normal skin) or secondary (occurring in already diseased skin). Common primary pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus, beta-hemolytic streptococci, and coryneform bacteria. S. aureus is responsible for infections like impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and toxic shock syndrome. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci cause impetigo and cellulitis. Other bacterial infections include ecthyma, erysipelas, cellulitis, cutaneous abscesses, and necrotizing fasciitis. Laboratory diagnosis involves specimen collection
Common Viral Skin Diseases
Viral skin diseases are common and include infections caused by herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, and human papillomavirus. Herpes simplex virus causes lesions such as cold sores, genital herpes, and eczema herpeticum. Varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox and shingles. Human papillomavirus causes warts, including common warts, flat warts, plantar warts, and genital warts. These viral infections are generally self-limiting but can be treated with antivirals to reduce symptoms and duration of infection.
1.1.2. viral infections of skin [compatibility mode]
This document discusses common viral skin infections, including warts caused by HPV, molluscum contagiosum virus, herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, and others. It provides details on the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of each infection. Prevention methods are also summarized, such as practicing good hygiene and avoiding contact with infected areas until lesions are fully resolved.
Molluscum contagiosum
Molluscum contagiosum is a common, harmless skin infection caused by a poxvirus that spreads through direct skin-to-skin contact. It presents as small, flesh-colored bumps with a dimpled center that contain a white, curdy core. While generally asymptomatic, the bumps can occasionally itch or cause a skin rash. Diagnosis is made through visual examination of characteristic lesions, and treatment options range from natural resolution to cryotherapy, curettage, laser surgery, or topical medications depending on severity. Left untreated in healthy individuals, molluscum contagiosum will usually clear up on its own within months without scarring.
Molluscum contagiosum Made Extremely Simple
A brief description of a very common viral infection affecting children and adults. Molluscum Contagious is an infectious contagious disease. Useful information regarding the symptoms and treatment of the rash are available for medical students, doctors, dermatologists, ophthalmologists, gynaecologist, pediatricians and nurses. Helpful for studying for exams. Reference: Rooks, Textbook of Dermatology
Bullous diseases
This document summarizes several bullous diseases:
1. It describes the locations and characteristics of vesicles and bullae. Vesicles can form within or under the epidermis or between the dermis and epidermis.
2. It then focuses on three main immunobullous diseases - pemphigus, pemphigoid, and linear IgA bullous disease. Pemphigus is caused by antibodies against desmoglein proteins and features flaccid blisters. Pemphigoid features tense blisters caused by antibodies against basement membrane proteins. Linear IgA bullous disease clinically resembles pemphigoid.
3. Dermatitis herpetiformis is described
Bacterial skin infection- dermatology
This document discusses various bacterial skin infections, including:
- Impetigo, which is caused by Staph aureus or Strep and presents as non-bullous or bullous sores;
- Folliculitis, which is the inflammation of hair follicles that can be caused by Staph;
- Furuncles/boils and carbuncles, which are deep Staph infections of hair follicles;
- Cellulitis, a bacterial infection of subcutaneous tissues, and erysipelas, a superficial streptococcal infection;
- Erythrasma, a chronic infection of the skin caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum.
Bullous disorders
Bulloous disorders (BSDs) are skin conditions characterized by blister formation between the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin. BSDs are mostly autoimmune in nature and can be caused by genetic factors, physical trauma, inflammation, the immune system, or drug reactions. The main types are genetic blistering diseases like epidermolysis bullosa, and immunobullous diseases like pemphigus and pemphigoid which involve antibody-mediated blistering between skin layers. Pemphigus is an intraepidermal immunobullous disease affecting the skin and mucous membranes, while bullous pemphigoid is a subepidermal immunobullous condition commonly affecting
Clinicl aproch to blistering dissorder
Infection
Herpes simplex
Herpes zoster
Varicella
Bullous impetigo
SSSS
Genetic
Epidermolysis bullosa
Hailey-Hailey disease
Incontinentia pigmenti
Immunobullous
Pemphigus group of diseases
Paraneoplastic pemphigus
Bullous pemphigoid
Mucous membrane pemphigoid
Linear IgA disease
Dermatitis herpetiformis
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
Mechanical
Friction blister
Fungal infections of skin [compatibility mode]
Superficial fungal infections of the skin are common. The document discusses the classification, presentation, and management of several common fungal infections including tinea infections, pityriasis versicolor, candidiasis, and chronic paronychia. For tinea capitis, oral griseofulvin or other systemic antifungals for 6-8 weeks are recommended. Topical antifungals are used for localized fungal infections while systemic antifungals like itraconazole or fluconazole are used for more extensive or resistant cases.
11. Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by red scaly patches that is genetically determined. It has various clinical types including plaque, guttate, pustular and erythrodermic psoriasis. Treatment involves topical therapies like emollients, dithranol and topical steroids. For moderate to severe cases, phototherapy using PUVA or systemic therapies like methotrexate are used. Management in health posts focuses initially on topical therapies with referral for extensive or pustular psoriasis requiring further treatment.
Lyell's syndrome or Toxic epidermal necrolysis
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), also known as Lyell's syndrome, is a rare, life-threatening skin condition usually caused by an adverse drug reaction. It causes the top layer of skin to detach from the lower layers all over the body, leaving the body susceptible to severe infection. TEN progresses from a rash and blisters to large areas of skin sloughing off and can involve mucous membranes. It has overall mortality rate of around 30% and treatment aims to discontinue the causative drug and provide supportive care to protect the skin and monitor fluid and electrolyte balance.
Pityriasis rosea
Pityriasis rosea is a common, self-limiting skin rash characterized by oval lesions on the trunk and extremities. It is likely caused by a virus such as human herpesvirus-6 or -7. The rash begins with a single large 'herald patch' and spreads within 2-6 weeks. While usually resolving within 3 months, it causes moderate to severe itching. Treatment focuses on relieving itching with topical corticosteroids or antihistamines, with antivirals or phototherapy used in severe cases.
Pyoderma
Impetigo is a skin infection that involves only the epidermis. There are two types: bullous caused by Staphylococcus aureus and non-bullous caused by S. aureus or Streptococcus. It starts as vesicles or pustules and causes itching and burning. Ecthyma is a deep skin infection that causes punched out ulcers and surrounding erythema. Folliculitis causes multiple pustules around hair follicles, while furuncle is a deeper, nodular pus-filled infection. A carbuncle is a cluster of furuncles commonly seen in diabetics in the neck region and may require oral antibiotics.
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Viral skin infection
The document discusses several common viral skin diseases including measles, rubella, roseola infantum, erythema infectiosum, herpes simplex, varicella, and herpes zoster. It provides details on the causative viruses, symptoms, transmission, incubation periods, progression of rashes, and complications for each disease. Images of rashes, virus particles, and histological slides are included to illustrate features of the different conditions.
Superficial bacterial infection
This document provides information on bacterial skin infections (pyodermas). It classifies pyodermas as either primary (caused by underlying conditions like eczema) or secondary (caused by pathogens). Non-follicular pyodermas include impetigo, ecthyma, erysipelas, and cellulitis. Follicular pyodermas include folliculitis, furunculosis, and carbuncle. Treatment involves identifying and treating predisposing factors, supportive measures, and using topical or oral antibiotics with gram-positive coverage depending on the severity and location of the infection. Localized infections are typically treated with topical antibiotics while widespread or deep infections may require oral antibiotics.
Atopic dermatitis
1. Atopic dermatitis is the most common type of dermatitis, which is a chronic, pruritic inflammatory skin disease that varies in severity. It primarily causes intense itching.
2. The pathogenesis is multifactorial involving genetic predisposition, skin barrier dysfunction, and immune abnormalities.
3. Treatment focuses on managing flares with topical corticosteroids and infections, while remission involves long-term emollient use and trigger avoidance.
Cutaneous manifestations of hiv infection
This document summarizes and classifies the various cutaneous (skin) manifestations that can occur due to HIV infection. It divides these manifestations into infectious, neoplastic and other categories. It provides detailed descriptions of common conditions in each category such as Kaposi's sarcoma, molluscum contagiosum, herpes simplex, and pruritic papular eruption. For each condition, it describes the clinical features and may include microscopic pathology images to illustrate findings. The document serves as a comprehensive reference for the cutaneous signs of HIV infection.
Psoriasis
This document discusses psoriasis, a chronic skin condition characterized by red patches covered with silvery scales. It defines psoriasis and outlines its various types including plaque, guttate, flexural, and pustular psoriasis. The causes of psoriasis including genetics and immune system dysfunction are described. Characteristics, incidence rates, clinical features, and treatment approaches for different psoriasis types are summarized.
Seborrheic dermatitis
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Fungal infection of skin
This document discusses three genera of fungi (Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton) that can cause infections of the skin, hair, and nails. It then describes different clinical presentations of tinea capitis (scalp ringworm), including nonscarring alopecia and scaling, as well as a boggy scalp swelling called kerion. Examples are given of tinea pedis (athlete's foot), along with general measures for treatment such as keeping the infected area dry and avoiding synthetic clothes. Specimen collection involves examining hair shafts for spores in tinea capitis or skin scrapings to view fungal hyphae.
Fungal skin infection
Fungal skin infections are commonly affect the outer layer of the skin, nails and hair. Most of the fungi causing infections are usually dermatophytes (tinea), yeast (candida) and molds
Skin lesions
This document describes how to describe various skin lesions by their features and type. It discusses primary lesions like macules, papules, plaques, nodules, vesicles, bullae and pustules. It also covers secondary lesions developed from skin diseases like scales, crusts, erosions and fissures. Finally, it provides examples of specific lesions and how they can be classified by their appearance, shape, arrangement and distribution on the body.
Psoriasis-The best Presentation
The document discusses psoriasis, including its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management. Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by red scaly plaques. It has a genetic component and can be triggered by various environmental factors. Clinical diagnosis is usually based on appearance of lesions. Topical therapies are first-line treatment for mild-moderate disease, while phototherapy and systemic therapies may be used for more severe cases. Proper management requires a tailored approach based on individual disease characteristics and goals of improving quality of life and long-term disease control.
Contact dermatitis
This document provides an overview of contact dermatitis, including its definition, classification, epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation, investigation, and management. Contact dermatitis can be allergic, caused by an allergen-specific immune response, or irritant, caused by prolonged exposure to irritants. It is a common skin condition worldwide, with prevalence rates varying by region. Diagnosis involves a clinical examination and patch testing to identify potential allergens. Management focuses on avoiding causal allergens or irritants.
Lesions of skin
This document describes and classifies various types of skin lesions. It discusses primary lesions including macules, papules, plaques, nodules, wheals, vesicles, bullae, pustules and cysts. It also covers secondary lesions such as crusts, scales, erosions, ulcers, fissures and scars which result from changes to primary lesions. Tertiary lesions involve further modifications of primary or secondary lesions over time. Each lesion is defined and examples are provided.
Oral manifestations of hiv/ aids
1. Oral manifestations are among the earliest signs of HIV infection. Conditions like oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, and Kaposi's sarcoma are strongly associated with HIV.
2. Other less common conditions include necrotizing gingivitis/periodontitis, infections by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. avium-intracellulare, and salivary gland diseases.
3. The progression of oral lesions correlates with declining CD4 counts and worsening immune suppression in patients with HIV/AIDS.
Vesiculo bullous lesions of oral cavity
1) The document discusses several vesicular and bullous lesions that can occur in the oral cavity, including herpes simplex, varicella zoster, hand foot and mouth disease, and herpangina.
2) These lesions are generally characterized by fluid-filled vesicles or bullae that can be intra-epithelial or sub-epithelial in nature. They may present as singular lesions or in clusters.
3) The document covers the clinical features, causes, investigations and management of these common vesiculo-bullous conditions affecting the oral mucosa.
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Bullous disorders
Bulloous disorders (BSDs) are skin conditions characterized by blister formation between the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin. BSDs are mostly autoimmune in nature and can be caused by genetic factors, physical trauma, inflammation, the immune system, or drug reactions. The main types are genetic blistering diseases like epidermolysis bullosa, and immunobullous diseases like pemphigus and pemphigoid which involve antibody-mediated blistering between skin layers. Pemphigus is an intraepidermal immunobullous disease affecting the skin and mucous membranes, while bullous pemphigoid is a subepidermal immunobullous condition commonly affecting
Clinicl aproch to blistering dissorder
Infection
Herpes simplex
Herpes zoster
Varicella
Bullous impetigo
SSSS
Genetic
Epidermolysis bullosa
Hailey-Hailey disease
Incontinentia pigmenti
Immunobullous
Pemphigus group of diseases
Paraneoplastic pemphigus
Bullous pemphigoid
Mucous membrane pemphigoid
Linear IgA disease
Dermatitis herpetiformis
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
Mechanical
Friction blister
Fungal infections of skin [compatibility mode]
Superficial fungal infections of the skin are common. The document discusses the classification, presentation, and management of several common fungal infections including tinea infections, pityriasis versicolor, candidiasis, and chronic paronychia. For tinea capitis, oral griseofulvin or other systemic antifungals for 6-8 weeks are recommended. Topical antifungals are used for localized fungal infections while systemic antifungals like itraconazole or fluconazole are used for more extensive or resistant cases.
11. Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by red scaly patches that is genetically determined. It has various clinical types including plaque, guttate, pustular and erythrodermic psoriasis. Treatment involves topical therapies like emollients, dithranol and topical steroids. For moderate to severe cases, phototherapy using PUVA or systemic therapies like methotrexate are used. Management in health posts focuses initially on topical therapies with referral for extensive or pustular psoriasis requiring further treatment.
Lyell's syndrome or Toxic epidermal necrolysis
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), also known as Lyell's syndrome, is a rare, life-threatening skin condition usually caused by an adverse drug reaction. It causes the top layer of skin to detach from the lower layers all over the body, leaving the body susceptible to severe infection. TEN progresses from a rash and blisters to large areas of skin sloughing off and can involve mucous membranes. It has overall mortality rate of around 30% and treatment aims to discontinue the causative drug and provide supportive care to protect the skin and monitor fluid and electrolyte balance.
Pityriasis rosea
Pityriasis rosea is a common, self-limiting skin rash characterized by oval lesions on the trunk and extremities. It is likely caused by a virus such as human herpesvirus-6 or -7. The rash begins with a single large 'herald patch' and spreads within 2-6 weeks. While usually resolving within 3 months, it causes moderate to severe itching. Treatment focuses on relieving itching with topical corticosteroids or antihistamines, with antivirals or phototherapy used in severe cases.
Pyoderma
Impetigo is a skin infection that involves only the epidermis. There are two types: bullous caused by Staphylococcus aureus and non-bullous caused by S. aureus or Streptococcus. It starts as vesicles or pustules and causes itching and burning. Ecthyma is a deep skin infection that causes punched out ulcers and surrounding erythema. Folliculitis causes multiple pustules around hair follicles, while furuncle is a deeper, nodular pus-filled infection. A carbuncle is a cluster of furuncles commonly seen in diabetics in the neck region and may require oral antibiotics.
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Skin warts are benign tumours caused by infection of keratinocytes with HPV, visible as well‐defined hyperkeratotic protrusions. We will explore the detailed types, presentation, and treatment modalities of most common warts.
Viral skin infection
The document discusses several common viral skin diseases including measles, rubella, roseola infantum, erythema infectiosum, herpes simplex, varicella, and herpes zoster. It provides details on the causative viruses, symptoms, transmission, incubation periods, progression of rashes, and complications for each disease. Images of rashes, virus particles, and histological slides are included to illustrate features of the different conditions.
Superficial bacterial infection
This document provides information on bacterial skin infections (pyodermas). It classifies pyodermas as either primary (caused by underlying conditions like eczema) or secondary (caused by pathogens). Non-follicular pyodermas include impetigo, ecthyma, erysipelas, and cellulitis. Follicular pyodermas include folliculitis, furunculosis, and carbuncle. Treatment involves identifying and treating predisposing factors, supportive measures, and using topical or oral antibiotics with gram-positive coverage depending on the severity and location of the infection. Localized infections are typically treated with topical antibiotics while widespread or deep infections may require oral antibiotics.
Atopic dermatitis
1. Atopic dermatitis is the most common type of dermatitis, which is a chronic, pruritic inflammatory skin disease that varies in severity. It primarily causes intense itching.
2. The pathogenesis is multifactorial involving genetic predisposition, skin barrier dysfunction, and immune abnormalities.
3. Treatment focuses on managing flares with topical corticosteroids and infections, while remission involves long-term emollient use and trigger avoidance.
Cutaneous manifestations of hiv infection
This document summarizes and classifies the various cutaneous (skin) manifestations that can occur due to HIV infection. It divides these manifestations into infectious, neoplastic and other categories. It provides detailed descriptions of common conditions in each category such as Kaposi's sarcoma, molluscum contagiosum, herpes simplex, and pruritic papular eruption. For each condition, it describes the clinical features and may include microscopic pathology images to illustrate findings. The document serves as a comprehensive reference for the cutaneous signs of HIV infection.
Psoriasis
This document discusses psoriasis, a chronic skin condition characterized by red patches covered with silvery scales. It defines psoriasis and outlines its various types including plaque, guttate, flexural, and pustular psoriasis. The causes of psoriasis including genetics and immune system dysfunction are described. Characteristics, incidence rates, clinical features, and treatment approaches for different psoriasis types are summarized.
Seborrheic dermatitis
Comprehensive overview of "seborrheic dermatitis” further evidence showing the effectiveness and safety of pimecrolimus
Fungal infection of skin
This document discusses three genera of fungi (Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton) that can cause infections of the skin, hair, and nails. It then describes different clinical presentations of tinea capitis (scalp ringworm), including nonscarring alopecia and scaling, as well as a boggy scalp swelling called kerion. Examples are given of tinea pedis (athlete's foot), along with general measures for treatment such as keeping the infected area dry and avoiding synthetic clothes. Specimen collection involves examining hair shafts for spores in tinea capitis or skin scrapings to view fungal hyphae.
Fungal skin infection
Fungal skin infections are commonly affect the outer layer of the skin, nails and hair. Most of the fungi causing infections are usually dermatophytes (tinea), yeast (candida) and molds
Skin lesions
This document describes how to describe various skin lesions by their features and type. It discusses primary lesions like macules, papules, plaques, nodules, vesicles, bullae and pustules. It also covers secondary lesions developed from skin diseases like scales, crusts, erosions and fissures. Finally, it provides examples of specific lesions and how they can be classified by their appearance, shape, arrangement and distribution on the body.
Psoriasis-The best Presentation
The document discusses psoriasis, including its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management. Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by red scaly plaques. It has a genetic component and can be triggered by various environmental factors. Clinical diagnosis is usually based on appearance of lesions. Topical therapies are first-line treatment for mild-moderate disease, while phototherapy and systemic therapies may be used for more severe cases. Proper management requires a tailored approach based on individual disease characteristics and goals of improving quality of life and long-term disease control.
Contact dermatitis
This document provides an overview of contact dermatitis, including its definition, classification, epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation, investigation, and management. Contact dermatitis can be allergic, caused by an allergen-specific immune response, or irritant, caused by prolonged exposure to irritants. It is a common skin condition worldwide, with prevalence rates varying by region. Diagnosis involves a clinical examination and patch testing to identify potential allergens. Management focuses on avoiding causal allergens or irritants.
Lesions of skin
This document describes and classifies various types of skin lesions. It discusses primary lesions including macules, papules, plaques, nodules, wheals, vesicles, bullae, pustules and cysts. It also covers secondary lesions such as crusts, scales, erosions, ulcers, fissures and scars which result from changes to primary lesions. Tertiary lesions involve further modifications of primary or secondary lesions over time. Each lesion is defined and examples are provided.
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Similar to Viral infections of the skin
Oral manifestations of hiv/ aids
1. Oral manifestations are among the earliest signs of HIV infection. Conditions like oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, and Kaposi's sarcoma are strongly associated with HIV.
2. Other less common conditions include necrotizing gingivitis/periodontitis, infections by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. avium-intracellulare, and salivary gland diseases.
3. The progression of oral lesions correlates with declining CD4 counts and worsening immune suppression in patients with HIV/AIDS.
Vesiculo bullous lesions of oral cavity
1) The document discusses several vesicular and bullous lesions that can occur in the oral cavity, including herpes simplex, varicella zoster, hand foot and mouth disease, and herpangina.
2) These lesions are generally characterized by fluid-filled vesicles or bullae that can be intra-epithelial or sub-epithelial in nature. They may present as singular lesions or in clusters.
3) The document covers the clinical features, causes, investigations and management of these common vesiculo-bullous conditions affecting the oral mucosa.
Hiv
This document discusses various dermatological manifestations seen in HIV/AIDS patients. It covers infectious conditions like herpes simplex, varicella zoster, molluscum contagiosum, staphylococcus infections, and fungal infections. It also discusses non-infectious conditions like seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis. Finally, it covers neoplasms associated with HIV like Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphomas. For each condition, it provides details on clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment recommendations. The document serves as a comprehensive reference for dermatological problems commonly encountered in HIV patients.
cutaneous tuberculosis
Cutaneous tuberculosis can present in several forms based on the route of infection and immune status of the host. Lupus vulgaris is the most common form in adults, presenting as slowly expanding reddish plaques on the head and neck. Scrofuloderma results from contiguous spread from underlying bone or lymph node infection, causing ulcerating nodules. Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis, or warty tuberculosis, occurs through inoculation and presents as painless verrucous plaques. Diagnosis involves biopsy showing granulomatous inflammation with caseation necrosis and occasionally visualizing acid-fast bacilli. Treatment involves anti-tubercular therapy targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Herpes Viruses
Herpesviruses are a group of viruses that establish latent or persistent infections in their hosts and can undergo periodic reactivation. They are large, enveloped viruses that contain double-stranded DNA. Herpesviruses establish lifelong latent infections primarily in neuronal tissues. During latency, the virus does not replicate but can reactivate later to cause recurrent lesions. Important human herpesviruses include herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, which cause lesions above and below the waist respectively and establish latency in different neuronal tissues, and varicella zoster virus, which causes chickenpox during initial infection and shingles during reactivation.
Human contact diseases
This slide briefly demonstrates the diseases which are spread through the contact in human beings......
Medical virology
The document discusses several human herpes viruses:
- Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 cause oral/facial and genital lesions, respectively.
- Varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox initially and shingles upon reactivation.
- These viruses establish latency in neuronal or lymphoid tissues after primary infection.
- They are enveloped DNA viruses that infect via fusion with host cells and replicate in the nucleus before assembling and budding from the nuclear membrane.
Viral keratitis
This document discusses viral keratitis, specifically herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis. It describes that HSV is a common cause of corneal blindness. HSV can cause a variety of ocular manifestations including dendritic ulcers, geographic ulcers, neurotrophic keratitis, stromal keratitis, and endothelitis. Treatment involves topical antiviral medications like acyclovir. Recurrent infections may lead to complications such as stromal scarring.
Untitled presentation for cutaneous tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is an infection caused by Mycobacteria, most commonly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This infection usually involves the lungs. When it involves the skin, it is called cutaneous tuberculosis. This activity reviews the evaluation and management of cutaneous tuberculosis and highlights the role of interprofessional team members in collaborating to provide well-coordinated care and enhance outcomes for affected patients.
Objectives:
Describe the pathophysiology of cutaneous tuberculosis.
Describe the common presenting features of cutaneous tuberculosis.
Identify the management options for cutaneous tuberculosis.
Explain the importance of improving coordination amongst the interprofessional team to enhance the delivery of care for patients affected by cutaneous tuberculosis.Tuberculosis is an infection caused by Mycobacteria, most commonly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This infection most commonly involves the lungs. When it involves the skin, it is called cutaneous tuberculosis. It is a rare disease.
The history of cutaneous tuberculosis dates back to 1826 when it was first reported by Laennec. He reported a lesion on his hand that was caused by entry of the causative organism into his skin. However, the causative organism was not known until 1882 when Robert Koch first discovered M. tuberculosis. Later, it was isolated from a cutaneous lesion of an affected person.[1][2][3]
Classification
Although there are various classification systems, the most universally used classification of cutaneous tuberculosis variants is based on the following:
Exogenous cutaneous tuberculosis: Tuberculous chancre and tuberculosis verrucosa cutis
Endogenous cutaneous tuberculosis: Contiguity or autoinoculation (scrofuloderma, orificial tuberculosis and some cases of lupus vulgaris); hematogenic dissemination (lupus vulgaris, tuberculous gumma, and acute miliary tuberculosis)
Tuberculids: Papulonecrotic tuberculid; Lichen scrofulosorum
Cutaneous tuberculosis: Secondary to Bacillus Calmette–Guerin vaccine (BCG) vaccination
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Etiology
Infection with M. tuberculosis causes cutaneous tuberculosis. It is a transmittable disease that spreads from one affected person to another. It can also be caused by Mycobacterium bovis and BCG vaccine, less commonly.[4][5][6]
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Epidemiology
Unlike pulmonary tuberculosis, cutaneous tuberculosis is not common. Of all the patients that present with extra-pulmonary manifestations of tuberculosis, 1% to 2% suffer from cutaneous tuberculosis. It is more prevalent in parts of the world where infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is common, or where people are immunodeficient for other reasons.
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Pathophysiology
Cutaneous invasion of M. tuberculosis causes the disease. This invasion can be exogenous or endogenous. Endogenous invasion is usually due to spread of pulmonary tuberculosis by hematogenous or lymphatic dissemination. Exogenous invasion is due to direct inoculation of bacteria. This leads to a
Skin and Soft tissue infections
This document summarizes various skin and soft tissue infections, including their causes, symptoms, and treatments. Erysipelas is a streptococcal infection of the skin that causes a painful, erythematous rash. Impetigo is a contagious superficial infection commonly caused by streptococci or staphylococci in children. Folliculitis is a bacterial infection of hair follicles that causes papules and pustules. Boils are deeper hair follicle infections forming tender, red swellings. Carbuncles are clusters of interconnected boils. Cellulitis is a spreading bacterial skin infection beneath the skin. Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe infection of the fascia requiring aggressive
Dermatology
This document discusses various skin lesions and oral manifestations that can occur due to viral, bacterial, fungal infections and autoimmune diseases.
It provides details on Herpes Zoster (Shingles), Hand Foot and Mouth disease caused by viruses. Bacterial infections like Tuberculosis and Syphilis are explained. Candidiasis is discussed as the common fungal infection causing thrush in the oral cavity. Skin conditions and oral lesions associated with HIV/AIDS are summarized. Treatment options for many of these conditions are also mentioned.
Cutaneous manifestations of HIV
Cutaneous manifestations are common in patients with HIV/AIDS and can present as the earliest sign of infection. A wide variety of bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections can affect the skin, such as herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, human papilloma virus, and molluscum contagiosum virus. Non-infectious conditions like Kaposi's sarcoma and seborrheic dermatitis are also more prevalent. Recognition of cutaneous signs is important for early diagnosis and treatment of HIV, as skin disorders can severely impact quality of life.
Conjunctiva
This document provides information on diseases of the conjunctiva. It discusses the various types of conjunctivitis including bacterial, viral, allergic, and trachoma. It describes the clinical features, causes, treatment, and complications of acute bacterial conjunctivitis, gonococcal conjunctivitis, ophthalmia neonatorum, chronic bacterial conjunctivitis, angular bacterial conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, pinguecula, and pterygium. The document is an extensive overview of conjunctival diseases and their management.
Bacterial Infections of Oral Mucosa
This document discusses several types of bacterial infections that can affect the oral mucosa. It begins with an introduction on the types of bacteria normally found in the oral cavity and how infections are rare. It then examines specific infections in more depth, including acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), actinomycosis, syphilis, tuberculosis, leprosy, and gonorrhea. For each infection, it describes the causative bacteria, risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, and recommended treatment. The document provides an overview of these relatively uncommon but important oral bacterial infections.
AIDS and its ocular presentation
This document discusses AIDS and its ocular manifestations. It begins with an introduction to AIDS, noting that eye involvement occurs in 90% of autopsy cases and ocular complications are present in 75% of patients with AIDS. It then covers the global prevalence of HIV/AIDS, modes of transmission, pathophysiology involving destruction of CD4+ cells, common signs and symptoms affecting multiple organ systems, diagnosis including CD4+ cell counts and WHO staging, and various ocular manifestations such as CMV retinitis, toxoplasmosis retinochoroiditis, HIV retinopathy, progressive outer retinal necrosis, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, and Kaposi's sarcoma.
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This document provides an overview of the lymphatic system and lymphadenopathy. It discusses the primary and secondary lymphoid organs, causes of lymphadenopathy including infections, immune diseases, and malignancies. Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are described as neoplastic proliferations of white blood cells that can cause generalized lymphadenopathy. The classification, clinical features, etiology, diagnosis, and prognosis of Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are summarized. Causes of splenomegaly including infections, hematologic malignancies, and connective tissue diseases are also reviewed.
14.HIV and periodontium.pptx
This document discusses HIV/AIDS and its effects on the periodontium. It begins with an overview of HIV, how it is transmitted, and its pathogenesis. It then describes various oral manifestations of HIV infection, including oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and periodontal diseases. Diagnosis and treatment approaches for each condition are provided. The document emphasizes that proper oral hygiene and treatment can help support periodontal health in HIV-positive individuals.
Enveloped dna viruses alpha and hhv6
This document discusses several herpesviruses including herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, and human herpesvirus 6. It provides details on their classification, associated diseases, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 cause oral and genital herpes respectively. Varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox and shingles. Human herpesvirus 6 is associated with roseola infantum and certain neurological conditions. The viruses establish latency after primary infection and can reactivate periodically. Antiviral therapy includes acyclovir for treatment of active infections.
Ulcerative & inflammatory diseases of oral cavity i n
This document summarizes several ulcerative and inflammatory lesions of the oral cavity, including aphthous ulcers, herpesvirus infections, oral candidiasis, and Kaposi sarcoma in AIDS patients. Aphthous ulcers are the most common oral disease, appearing as small, painful ulcers, usually resolving within a few weeks but often recurring. Herpesvirus infections cause cold sores or fever blisters via reactivation from latency in ganglia. Oral candidiasis is caused by overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans when protective mechanisms are impaired. Kaposi sarcoma associated with AIDS may present as purpuric discolorations or nodular oral masses.
chapter 1 viral infection part 2 coursee
HIV is a retrovirus that infects CD4 cells of the immune system and ultimately causes AIDS if left untreated. It is defined as AIDS when the CD4 count drops below 200 cells/mm3 or if opportunistic infections develop. Common oral manifestations of HIV infection include candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, periodontal disease, and infections caused by the herpes viruses or histoplasmosis. Accurate diagnosis requires considering the patient's medical history and ruling out other conditions through clinical examination and potential biopsy.
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Ulcerative & inflammatory diseases of oral cavity i n
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1. Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by well-defined, red, scaly plaques located over extensor surfaces and scalp.
2. It has a genetic predisposition and can be triggered by environmental factors such as trauma, infection, drugs, and stress.
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This document summarizes various parasitic infestations and their clinical features. It discusses papular urticaria caused by sensitivity to insect antigens, scabies caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, and different types of pediculosis caused by head lice, body lice, and crab lice. It also mentions other conditions like myiasis, pulicosis, tungiasis, cimicosis, blister beetle dermatitis, spider bites, demodicidosis, larva migrans, leishmaniasis, and lymphatic filariasis. For each condition, it provides details on the causative organism, clinical manifestations, distribution of lesions
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- External
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Comprehensive Overview of Medical Genetics
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Short Review of Thalassemias
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Viral infections of the skin
- 2. VIRUSES • Obligate intracellular parasites. • Structure :central core of nucleic acid :protective protein coat :outermost lipoprotein layer {some} Classification :> DNA & RNA Viruses
- 3. Effect of viruses on host cell • HOST CELL DESTROYED BY LYTIC VIRAL INFECTION • TRANSIENT DAMAGE TO HOST CELL • PERSISTANT INFECTION • REACTIVATION
- 4. SKIN MANIFESTATIONS • VESICLES AND PUSTULES • FOCAL NECROSIS • RASHES
- 5. CLASSIFICATION • DIRECT INFECTIONS ON SKIN →Molluscum Contagiosum →Wart • SKIN MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASES ∑Vesicular:Hand foot mouth disease,chicken pox,HSV 1,2 ∑Non vesicular:Measles,Rubella and other exanthematous rashes.
- 7. ETIOLOGY • POX VIRUS • TRANSMISSION:Contact,Fomites,Sexual
- 8. Clinical features • MORPHOLOGY :Usually multiple :Pearly white dome shaped papules that are umblicated. :Under hand lens-mosaic appearance :Piercing umblicated centre:White cheesy material. :Pseudoisomorphic phenomenon+ :Koebners phenomenon + :Henderson’s patterson bodies
- 11. Sites of predilection • Face • Neck • Trunk • Thighs • Eyelids • Genitals
- 12. TREATMENT
- 13. warts
- 14. Etiology • Human Papilloma Virus • Transmission Direct or indirect contact{nail biters,shaving,occupational,swimming pool} Sexual transmission
- 15. CLINICAL TYPES
- 16. Verruca vulgaris (common warts) • Usually asymptomatic • MORPHOLOGY:single/multiple,circumscribed,firm papules :verrucous(hyperkeratotic)dry,stippled surface. • SITES:occur anywhere :mostly seen on back of hands,fingers,knees and feet.
- 19. Palmoplantar warts • 2 TYPES:>SUPERFICIAL :>DEEP SUPERFICIAL >Usually painless >Morphology:Hyperkeratotic papules and plaques consisting of multiple small warts that are tightly packed. >Sites:Soles & Palms[less]
- 21. • DEEP >Painful >Morphology:hyperkeratotic deep seated papules ,surrounded by horny collar . :paring colar>wart seen as soft granular brown papule>punctate black dots . >Sites:Soles,palms and sides of finges{less}
- 22. Periuncal wart
- 23. Verruca plana (plane warts) • MORPHOLOGY: >Multiple,slightly elevated,flat smooth papules >skin colored or darker lesions,erythematous halo(may be) >pseudokoebner phenomenon • SITES:Face and dorsal aspect of hands.
- 26. Digitate wart
- 27. Filiform wart • MORPHOLOGY >Asymptomatic thin elongated,firm projections arising from a horny base. • SITES:Face and Scalp
- 30. Genital wart • Condyloma Accuminata • Protuberant moist,cauliflower like growth • Frenelum,corona and glans in men & posterior fourchette in womwn.
- 32. • COMPLICATIONS >Secondary infection >Pregnancy related >Malignant change :Buschke –Lowenstein tumor :Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
- 35. TREATMENT
- 36. THANK YOU