Papaya ring spot virus is a very important disease of papaya infecting the most popular variety, Red Lady. This presentation will help in identification of disease under field conditions and strategies used for management of PRSV in papaya. This presentation deals with the economic impact, distribution, favourable conditions, diagnostic symptoms and management of Papaya ring spot
Downy mildew of grapes refers to any of several types of oomycete microbes that are obligate parasites of plants. Downy mildews exclusively belong to Peronosporaceae. In commercial agriculture, they are a particular problem for growers of crucifers, grapes and vegetables that grow on vines. slide contains vivid descrition of the plant pathogen.
INTRODUCTION
OCCURENCE AND IMPORTANCE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WHEAT RUST
BLACK RUST
BROWN RUST
YELLOW RUST
COMPARISION OF ALL THREE RUST
SYMPTOMS
SIGNIFICANCE
HISTORY
RUST CYCLE
STAGES OF PATHOGEN
EPIDEMIOLOGY
RUST CYCLE IN INDIA
UG99
Papaya mealy bug, an important insect pest which has a vast potential to harm the crop has been briefly discussed here. And further the control measures suitable for it are also mentioned
Downy mildew of grapes refers to any of several types of oomycete microbes that are obligate parasites of plants. Downy mildews exclusively belong to Peronosporaceae. In commercial agriculture, they are a particular problem for growers of crucifers, grapes and vegetables that grow on vines. slide contains vivid descrition of the plant pathogen.
INTRODUCTION
OCCURENCE AND IMPORTANCE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WHEAT RUST
BLACK RUST
BROWN RUST
YELLOW RUST
COMPARISION OF ALL THREE RUST
SYMPTOMS
SIGNIFICANCE
HISTORY
RUST CYCLE
STAGES OF PATHOGEN
EPIDEMIOLOGY
RUST CYCLE IN INDIA
UG99
Papaya mealy bug, an important insect pest which has a vast potential to harm the crop has been briefly discussed here. And further the control measures suitable for it are also mentioned
Sue Thompson DAFF Queensland, discusses symptoms, hosts, survival and how to reduce survival of Diaporthe /Phomopsis spp inoculum in the field. Adapted from a soybean research meeting in Griffith, NSW on 23 September 2014. More information at http://www.extensionaus.com.au/
Jenny Davidson, SARDI, talks about the Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) in canola outbreak in South Australia in 2014 and the green peach aphid (GPA). More information at http://www.extensionaus.com.au/
Glimpses of ongoing research on Papaya cultivation on chitwanagriyouthnepal
This is the presentation given by Mr. Santosh Kalauni on " AYN Friday Sharing" program on 29- July-2016. The presentation was based on the research that is being carried out the Red lady variety of papaya. Mr. Kalauni is a student of MSc. Ag (Hort) at AFU, Rampur.
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2. Economic impact
• PRSV occurs in most tropical and
subtropical areas where Papaya is grown
• USA, the Carribbean countries, Africa,
India and Taiwan
• In India 1st
reported from Mumbai and
Pune and occurs more in central India
• The incidence of PRSV to the tune of 75-
100% was reported from Uttar Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Bihar and M.P.
3. Etiology
• Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV)
• PRSV is a potyvirus with long flexuous rod shaped
particles having ssRNA as genome
• Other hosts: Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita pepo, C. maxima,
Citrullus vulgaris, Luffa acutangula, Lagenaria siceraria,
Safflower and some ornamental plants
Long flexuous rod like particles
of PRSV-P strain
5. Favourable conditions
• Cool weather favours development of
severe leaf distortion symptoms
• Cultivation of susceptible hosts
• Prevalence of vector
6. Diagnostic symptoms
• Leaves are mottled and distorted with blisters
and have rings.
• In infected leaves, the lamina is reduced and
malformed and are often modified into tendril
like structures giving a shoestring appearance
• Water soaked chlorotic spots on tender stem
and petioles
• Under severe infection, older leaves fall down
and a small tuft of younger leaves are left at the
top in upright position
11. Diagnostic symptoms
• Plants are stunted and fruit set is reduced
• Fruits develop innumerable circular, water
soaked spots with concentric rings
• Sometimes fruit size is reduced with deformed
shape
12. Papya ring spot symptom on unripe fruit
Circular, water soaked concentric rings on fruit
14. Management
• Disease free seedlings raised in modern insect
proof nethouses or polyhouses
• Rouging and destruction of diseased plants
• Carica cauliflora is resistant
• Growing transgenic (coat protein mediated)
papaya varieties like Sun Up and Rainbow
• SunUp is a transgenic version of cultivar Sunset
and is homozygous for the CP gene. Rainbow is
an F1 hybrid created by crossing transgenic
SunUp with non- transgenic Kapoho.
17. Management
• Adjust the transplanting time to avoid the
aphid population
• Raising barrier crops like Maize or Hibiscus
sabdarifa on the boundaries of the field
• Spray white oil emulsion at 1% concentration
in water. Oil emulsion interferes with the
uptake and transmission of the virus by
aphid
• Spray with di-methoate (0.05%) and
azadirachtin (0.06%) alternately at fortnightly
interval that reduces aphid population and
PRSV incidence