The document discusses simulation and testing of antennas for 4G LTE-MIMO systems. It describes simulating a PIFA antenna in CST Studio Suite to compare matched and unmatched cases. Results showed improved return loss and far-field patterns when the antenna was matched. Testing of a MIMO antenna system involved measuring isolation between antennas and comparing performance with the enclosure open versus closed.
MIMO radar is introduced in presentation ,its advantage .future scope,research area.
MIMO radars represent a new generation of radars. In contrast to the traditional phased-array radar in which the transmit elements can transmit only the scaled versions of same signal, a MIMO radar allows the transmitters to transmit multiple signals. This waveform diversity offers enhanced flexibility in transmit beampattern synthesis which is an important area of MIMO radar signal processing
MIMO radar is introduced in presentation ,its advantage .future scope,research area.
MIMO radars represent a new generation of radars. In contrast to the traditional phased-array radar in which the transmit elements can transmit only the scaled versions of same signal, a MIMO radar allows the transmitters to transmit multiple signals. This waveform diversity offers enhanced flexibility in transmit beampattern synthesis which is an important area of MIMO radar signal processing
Performance Analysis of Massive MIMO Downlink System with Imperfect Channel S...IJRES Journal
We investigate the ergodic sum rate and required transmit power of a single-cell massive
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) downlink system. The system considered in this paper is based on two
linear beamforming schemes, that is, maximum ratio transmission (MRT) beamforming and zero-forcing (ZF)
beamforming. What’s more, we use minimum mean square error (MMSE) channel estimation to get imperfect
channel state information (CSI). Compared with the perfect CSI case, both theoretical analysis and simulation
results show that the system performance is different when the imperfect CSI is taken into account.
Overview about MIMO
Contents:
Diversity Definition
Why Diversity
Types of Diversity
Types of combining
MIMO Definition
Why MIMO ?
MIMO Advantages and disadvantages
Applications of MIMO
Performance Analysis of Massive MIMO Downlink System with Imperfect Channel S...IJRES Journal
We investigate the ergodic sum rate and required transmit power of a single-cell massive
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) downlink system. The system considered in this paper is based on two
linear beamforming schemes, that is, maximum ratio transmission (MRT) beamforming and zero-forcing (ZF)
beamforming. What’s more, we use minimum mean square error (MMSE) channel estimation to get imperfect
channel state information (CSI). Compared with the perfect CSI case, both theoretical analysis and simulation
results show that the system performance is different when the imperfect CSI is taken into account.
Overview about MIMO
Contents:
Diversity Definition
Why Diversity
Types of Diversity
Types of combining
MIMO Definition
Why MIMO ?
MIMO Advantages and disadvantages
Applications of MIMO
UMTS Long Term Evolution, LTE, is the technology of choice for the majority of network operators worldwide for providing mobile
broadband data and high-speed internet access to their subscriber base. Due to the high commitment LTE is the innovation platform
for the wireless industry for the next decade.
This class will provide the basics of this fascinating technology. After attending this course you will have an understanding of
OFDM-principles including SC-FDMA as the transmission scheme of choice for the LTE uplink. Multiple antenna technology (MIMO),
a fundamental part of LTE, will be explained as well as its impact on the design of device and network architecture. We’ll give a quick
introduction into the evolution of this technology including future upgrades of LTE features like multimedia broadcast, location based
services and increasing bandwidth through carrier aggregation.
The second part of the course will provide an overview including practical examples and exercises on how to test a LTE-capable device
while performing standardized RF measurements such as power, signal quality, spectrum and receiver sensitivity. We’ll address how
to automate these measurements in a simple and cost-effective way. We will introduce application based testing by demonstrating
end-to-end (E2E), throughput and application testing using the Rohde & Schwarz R&S®CMW500 Wideband Radio Communication
Tester. Examples of application tests are voice over LTE, VoLTE or Video over LTE.
ULTRA WIDE BAND TECHNOLOGY
BODY AREA NETWORKS
BW ³ 500 MHz regardless of fractional BW
UWB is a form of extremely wide spread spectrum where RF energy is spread over gigahertz of spectrum
Wider than any narrowband system by orders of magnitude
Power seen by a narrowband system is a fraction of the total UWB power
UWB signals can be designed to look like imperceptible random noise to conventional radios
Thesis defense presentation of Justin Phillips (SDSU). "The Role of Relatedness and Autonomy in Motivation of Youth Physical Activity: A Self-Determination Perspective."
THE FLORIDA AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
GREEN ROOF DESIGNS: THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE OF INTENSIVE GREEN ROOFS IN URBAN SETTINGS
By: DELESIA R. HILL
A Thesis submitted to the Landscape Architecture Department in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Landscape Architecture.Spring Semester 2009.
Beam-Repositioning System using Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for Wireless A...Arun Murugan
Design and experimental analysis of beam repositioning system in microstrip patch antenna array using dumbbell shaped Defected Ground Structure (DGS) for Wireless application (2.4 GHz) was carried out in this study. For the practical application of this study phase shifters are used to control the relative position of the main-lobe direction. DGS has characteristics of disturbing current distribution which leads to phase variation. In our antenna, these dumbbell shaped DGS are engraved at different positions over the ground plane to achieve phase shifting of main-beam. The parameters of antenna such as gain reflection co-efficient, bandwidth are determined and compared with the antenna without DGS. Every position at which the dumbbell shaped DGS was placed, the radiation pattern was measured and compared among them. Further, it’s also observed that simulated antenna with DGS has the Bluetooth application in ISM short-range band.
I m available at arun28murugan@gmail.com
Read the published paper here: http://ijsrd.com/Article.php?manuscript=IJSRDV6I11136
Concurrent 2.4/5-GHz Multi-Loop MIMO Antennas with Wide 3-dB Beamwidth Radiat...Saou-Wen Su
A high-gain, wide-beamwidth, six-loop-antenna MIMO system suited for wireless access points in the concurrent WLAN 2.4 and 5 GHz bands is presented. The antenna system mainly comprises an antenna ground plane and single-band loop antennas, among which the three antennas are designated for 2.4 and 5 GHz operation respectively. The antennas are set in a sequential, rotating arrangement on the ground plane with an equal inclination angle of 60° to form a symmetrical structure, and the 2.4 and 5 GHz loops are facing each other one by one. The experimental results show that good port isolation can be obtained between antenna ports. High-gain, directional radiation patterns with wide 3-dB beamwidth in elevation planes are also observed. Details of a design prototype are described and discussed in the paper.
A Simple Uhf Rfid Circularly-Polarized Reader Antenna DesignIJERA Editor
In this paper, the simple antenna is proposed for ultra high- frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification
(RFID) application. It is designed to achieve circular polarization with unidirectional beam. The antenna is
composed of the truncated radiation patch and ground plane. The simulation results show that the antenna
achieves the return loss of -31.92 dB, gain of 8 dBic, axial ratio (AR) of 1.8 dB and 3 dB AR beamwidth of 60
degree over the band width of 915-928 MHz.
1. Investigation and Simulation of Antennas for
4G LTE-A MIMO Systems
Presented By:
Vijaykumar Kulkarni
Academic Supervisor: Industrial Supervisor:
Prof. Dr. Ing Heinz Schmiedel Dipl-Ing Mr. Heinrich Fehn
2. 2
PIFA Antenna Simulation
• Importing CAD file
• Setting frequency range & field monitors
• Global & local mesh settings
• Use of AR filter to reduce truncation errors for S-parameters
• Comparison of results for AR filter versus lower energy limit
• Hexahedral & tetrahedral mesh viewing
• F-Solver & T-Solver results comparison
• Adaptive mesh refinement for verification of results
• Antenna matching in CST Design Studio
• Defining new task- S-parameter simulation
• Return loss results comparison for matched and unmatched cases
• AC task settings
• Far field & E field results comparison for matched and unmatched cases
4. 4
Flashing, assembling & testing of Audi display
devices- task assigned by Thomas Göggelmann
• Flashing of the new updated version of firmware on
the pcb of display device.
• Assembling of flashed display with the IC and its
mechanical enclosure.
• Testing of the display(testbild); flashing & reflashing
of the display; CAN interfacing and verification of SPI
read/write capability of the device; touchscreen &
external touch interface testing & verification.
5. 5
MIMO concept for Antennas
• MIMO builds on Single-Input Multiple-Output (SIMO), also called receive
diversity, as well as Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO), also called transmit
diversity.
• So how does MIMO work?
1. MIMO capacity gains come from taking advantage of spatial diversity in the
radio channel
2. Depending on channel conditions and noise levels, the rank (number of
simultaneous streams) can be varied for example the number of streams
can be reduced under poor conditions
3. The performance can be optimized using precoding
• For MIMO to work:
Must have at least as many receivers as transmitted streams
Must have spatial separation at both transmit and receive antennas
More transmitters enables beamforming in addition to MIMO
Best multipath conditions for MIMO optimization
6. 6
Antenna Diversity: In this technique, we make use of multiple
antennas to receive a signal so that we can combine the replicas of
the received signal in a constructive manner so as to improve the
system performance. As a result we can have better SNR & Gain.
Statistical analysis is used for assesing the performance of spatial
diversity whereas 3D cross correlation function is utilized for the
performance verification of the other two techniques. Different
methodologies employed:
1. Polarization Diversity: Employing of orthogonally polarized antennas.
2. Spatial Diversity: Placing antennas away from each other so that
they can sample signals that are fairly decorrelated.
3. Pattern Diversity: Use of mutiple antennas having different gains in
different directions, which results in variable weighting factors for
the received multipath components.
7. 7
Advantages of MIMO:
• Spatial multiplexing
• Reduction in BER & Enhancement of data rate
• Increment in SNR and SINR
• Minimization of fading effects
• Improvement of channel capacity & spectral efficiency
• Expansion of cell coverage & rise in average cell throughput
• Reliability & lower susceptibility for tapping by unauthorized users
Disadvantages:
• If correlation between antennas is high then channel capacity & diversity gain falls
& multiple stream tx-rx will not be supported
• Two antennas at opposite ends of the same handset (counterpoise) will tend to
excite the same radiating mode and effectively have the same radiation pattern
implying high correlation & low isolation.
• Stringent implications on location and orientation of antennas & it becomes more
crucial in the case of handheld devices.
8. General Antenna design requirements & factors
affecting the real time performance
8
• Isolation (20 dB min. Improved by shaping antennas‘ near field)
• Return loss (10 dB min. Can be achieved by Matched termination &
reduced correlation between adjacent antennas)
• Radiation efficiency
• Multiband support
• Location (min. apart) & orientation of antennas so as to achieve
the required bandwidth
• Controllable directivity for utilizing beam forming
techniques(Improvement of SNR in non MPP environment)
• SINR of 15dB minimum for MIMO
• Antenna ground impedance (should be minimum)
• Selectivity & frequency stability
• Flexible implementation without sacrificing gain
• Cross-polar discrimination
• SAR & HAC compliance(Maximum TX power can be -41.3dBm/MHz)
9. Antenna requirements for the reference antenna
• 4x4 MIMO Antenna system
• 4 antennas for simulation & implementation
• Individual Antenna performance requirements:
• Return loss: Min. 10dB(or 6dB)
• Antenna efficiency: >-3dB in free space
• Multiband support: LTE 700(690-798), GSM 850(824-894), GSM 900(880-960),
GSM 1800(1710-1880), GSM 1900(1850-1990), UMTS/WCDMA 2100(1920-
2170; 2110-2200), LTE 2300(2305-2400), LTE 2500(2500-2690), LTE 3500(),
GNSS(1560-1620), WiFi 5GHz(5150-5850)
• All the 4 antennas must have almost omnidirectional pattern
• Antenna ground impedance (should be min.)
• MIMO Antenna system requirements:
• Isolation: (20 dB min.)
• Envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) between received signals of different
antennas.(It should be less than 0.5 so as to have the advantage of Spatial
Diversity.)
• Controllable directivity for utilizing beam forming techniques(Improvement of
SNR in non MPP environment)
9
10. Antenna requirements for the reference
antenna continued..
• Diversty:
• Spatial Diversity: Location (min. λ/2 apart & orientation of antennas)
• Polarization Diversity: Cross-polar discrimination
• Pattern Diversity: Use of mutiple antennas having different gains in different
directions
• Diversity Gain
• Branch power ratio (k): a measure of power balance between antennas in
MIMO system. It should be between 0 and 3 dB.
• Branch Power imbalance: Mean Effective Gain (Gain balance ratio) (MEG)
(<3dB)
• Cross polarization ratio (XPR)
• MIMO Capacity
10
11. Hindrances
• Lower antenna coupling doesn‘t ensure lower correlation & vice versa.
• Antenna coupling (Currents induced in the common ground plane)
• Direct radiation between different antennas
• Scattering from nearby objects
• Envelope cross-correlation
• It is very difficult to achieve high gain and low correlation across multiple bands.
• Similarly, implementation of antennas with high efficiency that are gain balanced
and independent of each other are also not easy to achieve.
11
14. Taoglas Antenna: 2.4GHz band 3D view
@2440MHz ρ=4m; view at Φ=0°, θ=90° & Ψ=180°
Copyright e.solutions
1/19/2016
14
15. Taoglas Antenna: 2.4GHz band 1D plot
@2440MHz cut taken at Φ=90° over all θ´s
Copyright e.solutions
1/19/2016
15
16. Taoglas Antenna: 2.4GHz band RL, Radiation &
Total Efficiency in dB over all specified frequencies
Copyright e.solutions
1/19/2016
16
17. Taoglas Antenna: 2.4GHz band Maximum Gain
in dBi over all specified frequencies
Copyright e.solutions
1/19/2016
17
18. 18
• Input Power to test Antenna: 16dBm
• Input Signal Frequency: 5.5GHz
• Separation Distance: 50cm
Isolation Characteristics measurement for Monocone
Antenna(test) with reference to Horn
Antenna(reference)
19. 19
Summary of comparison CTS open / closed and Shielding box open / closed
Sheilding box delta open to closed: 24 dB Sheilding box delta open to closed: 30 dB
CTS delta open to closed: 6 dB CTS delta open to closed: 12dB
Facing in front
Facing in front
Facing sideways
Facing sideways
20. 20
Ref -9 dBm Att 20 dB
RBW 500 kHz
VBW 20 Hz
SWT 2.5 s
*
*
1 PK
VIEW
2 PK
VIEW
*
A
3DB
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
1
Marker 1 [T1 ]
-20.54 dBm
5.499983974 GHz
2
Delta 2 [T2 ]
-29.06 dB
0.000000000 Hz1
Delta 1 [T1 ]
0.00 dB
0.000000000 Hz
Date: 15.JUN.2015 13:46:23
Sheilding box delta open to closed: 24dB
Ref -9 dBm Att 20 dB
*
*
1 PK
VIEW
2 PK
MAXH
*
A
3DB
RBW 500 kHz
VBW 20 Hz
SWT 2.5 s
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
1
Marker 1 [T1 ]
-20.54 dBm
5.499983974 GHz
2
Delta 2 [T2 ]
-46.83 dB
0.000000000 Hz1
Delta 1 [T1 ]
0.00 dB
0.000000000 Hz
Date: 15.JUN.2015 14:24:25
Sheilding box delta open to closed: 24dB