Renewable energy is generally electricity supplied from sources, such as wind power, solar power, geothermal energy, hydro power and various forms of biomass. The popularity of renewable energy has experienced a significant upsurge in recent times due to the exhaustion of conventional power generation methods and increasing realization of its adverse effects on the environment. Wind energy has been harnessed for centuries but it has only emerged as a major part of our energy solution quite recently and this report focus on utilizing wind energy by using vertical axis wind turbine.

1. 1 | P a g e
Content or figure
Figure S.No
1- World energy requerment 3
2- Conventional sourse full filling the requirment 4
3- A first horizantial axis wind turbine 24
4- Horizontal axis wind turbine 25
5- vertical axis wind turbine 26
6- Darrius wind turbine 27
7- Savanious wind turbine 28
8- HAWT Vs VAWT 30
9- Mild steel shaft 31
10- PVC pipe housing bearing 32
11- Bevel gear mechanism 33
12- Power transmition schematic 34
13- Partial helix blade 35
14- Circular blade 36
15- Complete assembly 37
16- Energy flow diagram(partial halix blade) 38
17- Energy flow diagram (circular blade) 39

2. 1. INTRODUCTION:
Energy markets have combined crisis recovery and strong industry dynamism.
Energy consumption in the G20 soared by more than 5% in 2010, after the slight
decrease of 2009. This strong increase is the result of two converging trends. On the
one-hand, industrialized countries, which experienced sharp decreases in energy
demand in 2009, recovered firmly in 2010, almost coming back to historical trends.
Oil, gas, coal, and electricity markets followed the same trend. On the other hand,
China and India, which showed no signs of slowing down in 2009, continued their
intense demand for all forms of energy.
World energy resources and consumption review the world energy resources and
use. More than half of the energy has been consumed in the last two decades since
the industrial revolution, despite advances in efficiency and sustainability. According
to IEA world statistics in four years (2004–2008) the world population increased 5%,
annual CO2 emissions increased 10% and gross energy production increased 10%.
Most energy is used in the country of origin, since it is cheaper to transport final
products than raw materials.
In 2008 the share export of the total energy production by fuel was:
Oil 50%
Gas 25%
Hard coal 14%
Electricity 1%
Most of the world's energy resources are from the sun's rays hitting earth. Some of
that energy has been preserved as fossil energy; some is directly or indirectly
usable; for example, via wind, hydro- or wave power. The term solar constant is the
amount of incoming solar electromagnetic radiation per unit area, measured on the
outer surface of Earth's atmosphere, in a plane perpendicular to the rays. The solar
constant includes all types of solar radiation, not just visible light. It is measured by
satellite to be roughly 1366 watts per square meter, though it fluctuates by about
6.9% during a year—from 1412 W/m2 in early January to 1321 W/m2in early July,
due to the Earth's varying distance from the sun, and by a few parts per
thousandfrom day to day. For the whole Earth, with a cross section of 127,400,000
2 | P a g e

3. km2, the total energy rate is 174 pet watts (1.740×1017 W), plus or minus 3.5%. This
value is the total rate of solar energy received by the planet; about half, 89 PW,
reaches the Earth's surface.
Renewable energy is generally electricity supplied from sources, such as wind
power, solarpower, geothermal energy, hydropower and various forms of biomass.
These sources have been coined renewable due to their continuous replenishment
and availability for use over and over again. The popularity of renewable energy has
experienced a significant upsurge in recent times due to the exhaustion of
conventional power generation methods and increasing realization of its adverse
effects on the environment. This popularity has been bolstered by cutting edge
research and ground breaking technology that has been introduced so far to aid in
the effective tapping of these natural resources and it is estimated that renewable
sources might contribute about 20% – 50% to energy consumption in the latter part
of the 21st century. Facts from the World Wind EnergyAssociation estimates that by
2010, 160GW of wind power capacity is expected to beinstalled worldwide which
implies an anticipated net growth rate of more than 21% per year.
Although wind has been harnessed for centuries, it has only emerged as a major
part of our energy solution quite recently. Before the 21st century, wind was
primarily used to pump water from wells and to grind grain, but over the last twenty
years the cost of wind energy has dropped by more than 80 percent, turning it into
the most affordable form of clean energy. Recent advances have allowed for
sophisticated wind technologies, which previously sat in the mind of thoughtful
engineers and inventers, to be developed into cost-effective, reliable solutions.
For a small wind turbine to be effective, it must produce energy across a wide range
of wind speeds. It must be able to generate energy from winds that are switching
directions and gusting. It must also be very quiet, so that it will not disturb people
living nearby, and it certainly helps if it is pleasing to the eye as well.
Wind power harnesses the power of the wind to propel the blades of wind turbines.
These turbines cause the rotation of magnets, which creates electricity. Wind towers
are usually built together on wind farms.
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4. 1.1 World energy requirement:
World energy resources and consumption review the world energy resources and
use. More than half of the energy has been consumed in the last two decades since
the industrial revolution, despite advances in efficiency and sustainability. Most
energy is used in the country of origin, since it is cheaper to transport final products
than raw materials.
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Fig-1 World Energy Requirement
1.2 Conventional Sources of Energy:
Our modern lifestyles are powered by several different sources. While scientists are
hard at work trying to figure out more efficient and environmentally friendly ways of
generating this energy, there are some fuels that we just can't do without for the time
being. Conventional sources of energy are ones that have been with us for a while,
and American citizens use them every day, both at home and at work.

5. Coal
Coal is a sedimentary rock formed when living matter is compressed over a long
period of time. Like all fossil fuels, it is nonrenewable, which means that once we use
all of it, it's gone. According to the Energy Information Administration, there are four
different kinds of coal, classified by how much carbon they contain. The harder the
coal, the darker it is and the more energy it contains. Coal is plentiful in the United
States, unlike other kinds of fossil fuels.
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Fig-2 Conventional Source Fulfilling the Requirement
Oil
Petroleum (oil) is a liquid hydrocarbon that was also formed by decomposing organic
matter. The U.S. Department of Energy points out how important oil is to Americans,
as it accommodates more than 40 percent of American energy needs and accounts
for more than 99 percent of the fuel we put into our cars. Like coal, oil is used to
produce electricity by burning it to boil water, which is subsequently put through a
turbine that generates power.

6. Natural Gas
Natural gas is a colorless, shapeless and odorless gaseous hydrocarbon that is often
found atop oil deposits. (In order to make it safer, the government adds a chemical
that makes the gas smell like rotten eggs, so you know if there's a leak.) Natural gas
is often used in homes and businesses as fuel for water heaters and stoves and
furnaces. In recent years, it has been used to power buses, as it is considered
slightly cleaner than gasoline.
Hydropower
Hydropower has been with humanity for a long time. To take advantage of the
energy in a rushing river, people put a wheel under the surface to capture the
mechanical energy. Originally, these water wheels powered grain mills, spinning a
grindstone directly. As the nation became electrified, the water's mechanical energy
was used to spin turbines, generating electricity. Niagara Falls is studded with power
plants that serve people in both Canada and the U.S.
Wood
Wood and other biomass (carbon-based materials) contain less energy than oil or
coal, because their carbon has not been condensed over millions of years. On the
other hand, wood produces portable, easy-to-control energy. Wood stoves in homes
keep people warm, and wood is always a quick, easy solution for a midsummer
barbecue.
Nuclear
Most people wouldn't immediately consider nuclear power a commonplace form of
energy. Engineer, professor and wind turbine designer Frank Leslie, however,
includes it on a list of conventional energy sources. Perhaps he's right. After all,
nuclear technology has been refined since it was first harnessed, demonstrating a
exemplary safety record marred only by the meltdowns at Chernobyl and Three Mile
Island. Perhaps nuclear power should be considered conventional as, in the past
year, American power plants generated 8.5 quadrillion BTUs of energy, supplying
approximately 20 percent of our electricity supply.
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7. Future of non-conventional energy
Solar Energy
Solar Power was once considered, like nuclear power, ‘too cheap tometer’ but this
proved illusory because of the high cost of photovoltaic cellsand due to limited
demand. Experts however believe that with massproduction and improvement in
technology, the unit price would drop and thiswould make it attractive for the
consumers in relation to thermal or hydro power.
Bio fuels
In view of worldwide demand for energy and concern for environmentalsafety there
is needed to search for alternatives to petrol and diesel for use inautomobiles. The
Government of India has now permitted the use of 5%ethanol blended petrol.
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
In both Hydrogen and Fuel Cells electricity is produced through anelectro-chemical
reaction between hydrogen and oxygen gases. The fuelcells are efficient, compact
and reliable for automotive applications.
Ocean thermal and Tidal energy
The vast potential of energy of the seas and oceans which cover aboutthree fourth of
our planet, can make a significant contribution to meet theenergy needs.
Wind Energy
The evolution of windmills into wind turbines did not happen overnightand attempts
to produce electricity with windmills date back to the beginningof the century. It was
Denmark which erected the first batch of steel windmillsspecially built for generation
of electricity. After World War II, the developmentof wind turbines was totally
hampered due to the installation of massiveconventional power stations using fossil
fuels available at low cost.
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8. Non-Conventional Energy Development in India-an
overview
India has significant potential for generation of power from renewableenergy sources
such as Wind,Small Hydro, Biomass and Solar Energy. Special emphasis has
therefore, been given to thegeneration of grid quality power from renewable sources
of energy.Planning Commission of Government of India in its Integrated Energy
Policy Report (IEPR)covering all sources of energy including renewable energy
sources has highlighted the needto maximally develop domestic supply options and
diversify energy sources for sustainableenergy availability. It has also projected that
renewables may account for 5 to 6 per cent ofIndia's energy mix by 2031-32 and has
observed that the distributed nature of renewables canprovide many socio-economic
benefits for the country, including its rural, tribal and remoteareas. Meanwhile, The
Ministry of New & Renewable Energy has proposed an outlay ofRS.10.4 Million for
the 11th Plan period from to 2007-2012 for development of New Bio andrenewable
energy in the country.
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Table-1 various energy sources in India

9. Literature Survey
The installed wind power capacity of India is 11807.00 MW as of March 2010. It is
expected that by the end of 2012, India's wind power capacity will reach 6,000 MW.
Out of the total power capacity installed in India, wind power energy accounts for
about 6%. It generates 1.6% of India's total power. According to the estimations of
Indian Wind Energy Association, India has the 'on-shore capability to utilize 65,000
MW of wind energy for the generation of electricity. India has a huge amount of
unexploited wind resource that can help immensely in the future years to come.
The wind power capacity in India is the maximum in Tamil Nadu. As of March 2010,
the state has 4889.765 MW of wind generating capacity. Kethanoor, Gudimangalam,
Chittipalayam, Poolavadi, Sunkaramudaku, Kongal Nagaram, Murungappatti,
Gomangalam, Anthiur are the places in Tamil Nadu with the maximum wind
generating capacity. Next to Tamil Nadu is Maharashtra, which is the 2nd state in
India to generate wind power energy.
The Government of Gujarat also banks largely on the wind resources. The state has
identified Samana in the Rajkot District as the perfect place for installing 450
turbines, which would generate 360 MW of energy. In order to facilitate the
development of wind energy in the state through investments, the Gujarat
Government has come up with several incentives, which includes high tariff for wind
energy. The state of Karnataka is also not lagging behind. There are several wind
farms in the state. Chitradurga and Gadag are among the districts with the maximum
number of windmills.
Although India has a high wind power installed capacity, yet the country lacks proper
utilization of the wind resources. As per one of the studies made by the "Global
World Energy Council" India has the capability to construct wind power stations and
plants that can generate about 5 times more in comparison to the estimations made
by the Government, by the year 2030. According to the estimations of Indian Wind
Turbine Manufacturers Association, against the government's calculation 48,000 MW
from 216 sites, the wind power capacity of India can go up by 231,000 MW. The
Government of India has plans to put in 10,500 MW of wind power capacity in the
next 5 five years, that is by 2012.
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10. 10 | P a g e
Table - State wise wind potential
State Wind Potential (Gross)
Andhra Pradesh 8275 MW
Gujarat 9675 MW
Karnataka 6620 MW
Maharashtra 3650 MW
Kerala 875 MW
Rajasthan 5400 MW
Madhya Pradesh 5500 MW
Tamil Nadu 3050 MW
West Bengal 450 MW
Orissa 1700 MW
Total 45195 MW
a. Energy security
Energy security is a term for an association between national security and the
availability of natural resources for energy consumption. Access to cheap energy has
become essential to the functioning of modern economies. However, the uneven
distribution of energy supplies among countries has led to significant vulnerabilities.
Threats to energy security include the political instability of several energy producing
countries, the manipulation of energy supplies, the competition over energy sources,
attacks on supply infrastructure, as well as accidents, natural disasters, the funding
to foreign dictators, rising terrorism, and dominant countries reliance to the foreign oil
supply. The limited supplies, uneven distribution, and rising costs of fossil fuels, such
as oil and gas, create a need to change to more sustainable energy sources in the
foreseeable future. With as much dependence that the U.S. currently has for oil and
with the peaking limits of oil production; economies and societies will begin to feel
the decline in the resource that we have become dependent upon. Energy security
has become one of the leading issues in the world today as oil and other resources
have become as vital to the world's people. However with oil production rates
decreasing and oil production peak nearing the world has come to protect what

11. resources we have left in the world. With new advancements in renewable resources
less pressure has been put on companies that produce the world’s oil, these
resources are, geothermal, solar power, wind power and hydro-electric. Although
these are not all the current and possible future options for the world to turn to as the
oil depletes the most important issue is protecting these vital resources from future
threats. These new resources will become more useful as the price of exporting and
importing oil will increase due to increase of demand
Energy security is a term for an association between national security and the
availability of natural resources for energy consumption. Access to cheap energy has
become essential to the functioning of modern economies. However, the uneven
distribution of energy supplies among countries has led to significant vulnerabilities.
Threats to energy security include the political instability of several energy producing
countries, the manipulation of energy supplies, the competition over energy sources,
attacks on supply infrastructure, as well as accidents,natural disasters, the funding to
foreign dictators, rising terrorism, and dominant countries reliance to the foreign oil
supply. The limited supplies, uneven distribution, and rising costs of fossil fuels, such
as oil and gas, create a need to change to more sustainable energy sources in the
foreseeable future. With as much dependence that the U.S. currently has for oil and
with the peaking limits of oil production; economies and societies will begin to feel
the decline in the resource that we have become dependent upon. Energy security
has become one of the leading issues in the world today as oil and other resources
have become as vital to the world's people. However with oil production rates
decreasing and oil production peak nearing the world has come to protect what
resources we have left in the world. With new advancements in renewable resources
less pressure has been put on companies that produce the world’s oil, these
resources are, geothermal, solar power, wind power and hydro-electric. Although
these are not all the current and possible future options for the world to turn to as the
oil depletes the most important issue is protecting these vital resources from future
threats. These new resources will become more useful as the price of exporting and
importing oil will increase due to increase of demand.
11 | P a g e

12. b. Energy Prospects:
During the four and a half decade since independence Power generating capacity in
the country has increased by more than thirty times. Electricity generation has
increased more than fifty times. About 15 million farmers use subsidised electricity
today and about 50 million Indian households’ arc electrified. The number of
consumers connected to the Indian power grid is 75 million which the pre-independence
12 | P a g e
figure is Fifty times.
Facts and figures about the physical growth of India's power system may sound
hollow and deceptive in the background of common perceptions about the proverbial
inefficiencies of the state electricity boards, the financial losses incurred by them and
the perpetual power crisis that is being endlessly debated all over the country. Per
capita consumption of electricity in India is only 280 KWH per year even today, a
small fraction of that in USA or other developed countries. But it has increased
nearly fourteen fold since independence, whereas the per capita national product
has only doubled. Thus the national economy dominated by the private sector which
accounts for the lion share of the work force, was growing at a much lower pace
when compared to the power sector that is managed by the public sector. The cost
of producing, distributing and selling electricity in the country, even after accounting
for all the direct and indirect subsidies is three to four times lower compared to those
prevailing in the developed countries. While judging the success and failures of the
power development policies pursued since independence and suggesting solutions
for power crisis, these basic facts are often underplayed or even altogether
overlooked.
c. Why Wind:
Wind energy is a very affordable form of renewable energy. According to the
American Wind Energy Association, wind power costs just 40% as much as solar
power. Excellent incentives are available to make wind power the right choice. One
of the greatest advantages of Wind Energy is that it is ample. Secondly, wind energy
is renewable. Some other advantages of Wind Energy are that it is widely distributed,
cheap, and also reducing toxic gas emissions. Wind Energy is also advantageous

13. over traditional methods of creating energy, in the sense that it is getting cheaper
and cheaper to produce wind energy. Wind Energy may soon be the cheapest way
to produce energy on a large scale.
The cost of producing wind energy has come down by at least eighty percent since
the eighties. Along with economy, Wind Energy is also said to diminish the
greenhouse effect. Also, wind energy generates no pollution. Wind Energy is also a
more permanent type of energy. The wind will exist till the time the sun exists, which
is roughly another four billion years. Theoretically, if all the wind power available to
humankind is harnessed, there can be ten times of energy we use, readily available.
One other advantage of wind energy that it is readily available around the globe, and
therefore there would be no need of dependence for energy for any country. Wind
energy may be the answer to the globe's question of energy in the face of the rising
petroleum and gas prices and continuously decreasing the reserves of the
conventional sources.
Wind based Power Plant INDIA:
The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s, and has significantly
increased in the last few years. Although a relative newcomer to the wind industry
compared with Denmark or the US, India has the fifth largest installed wind power
capacity in the world. In 2009-10 India's growth rate is highest among the other top
four countries.
The worldwide installed capacity of wind power reached 157,899 MW by the end of
2009. USA (35,159 MW), Germany (25,777 MW), Spain (19,149 MW) and China
(25,104 MW) are ahead of India in fifth position. The short gestation periods for
installing wind turbines, and the increasing reliability and performance of wind energy
machines has made wind power a favoured choice for capacity addition in India.
Suzlon, as Indian-owned Company, emerged on the global scene in the past
decade, and by 2006 had captured almost 7.7 % of market share in global wind
turbine sales. Suzlon is currently the leading manufacturer of wind turbines for the
13 | P a g e

14. Indian market, holding some 52 percent of market share in India. Suzlon’s success
has made India the developing country leader in advanced wind turbine technology.
As of 31 Dec 2010 the installed capacity of wind power in India was 13065.37 MW,
mainly spread across Tamil Nadu (4906.74 MW), Maharashtra (2077.70 MW),
Gujarat (1863.64 MW), Karnataka (1472.75 MW), Rajasthan (1088.37 MW), Madhya
Pradesh (229.39 MW), Andhra Pradesh (136.05 MW), Kerala (27.75 MW), Orissa
(2MW), West Bengal (1.1 MW) and other states (3.20 MW) It is estimated that 6,000
MW of additional wind power capacity will be installed in India by 2012. Wind power
accounts for 6% of India's total installed power capacity, and it generates 1.6% of the
country's power.
Suzlon Energy Limited, India’s largest wind turbine manufacturer, announced
crossing 5,000 MW (megawatt) of cumulative installations in India, underlining the
strong momentum in India's fast growing wind energy market. This cumulative power
generation capacity has the potential to light up four million homes annually. Suzlon
has cumulatively added over 5,000 MW of wind power capacity for over 1,500
customers in India across 40 sites in eight States. Suzlon accounts for nearly half of
the country’s total wind installations. In the key states of Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra
and Gujarat, Suzlon’s installation base is over 1,000 MW each. Leading corporates
such as the Bajaj Group, the Birla Group, MSPL, DLF, the Tata Group, the Reliance
Group, the ITC Group, L&T, as well as public sector companies like GSPL, HPCL,
Indian Railways, Rajasthan Mines & Minerals, GACL, GSPC, GSFC, Indian Oil,
ONGC and State Bank of India (SBI), amongst others, have chosen Suzlon for their
wind power projects. Suzlon is India's largest wind turbine manufacturer and has
been leading the wind energy market in India for the past 12 years with nearly 50
percent YoY market share. The company has a workforce of 9,000 employees in
India, and eight manufacturing facilities across the country.
State-level wind power
Tamil Nadu (4906.74 MW)
Tamil Nadu is the state with the most wind generating capacity: 4906.74 MW at the
end of the March 2010. Not far from Aralvaimozhi, the Muppandal wind farm, the
largest in the subcontinent, is located near the once impoverished village of
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15. Muppandal, supplying the villagers with electricity for work. The village had been
selected as the showcase for India's $2 billion clean energy program which provides
foreign companies with tax breaks for establishing fields of wind turbines in the area.
In february 2009, Shriram EPC bagged INR 700 million contract for setting up of 60
units of 250 KW (totaling 15 MW) wind turbines in Tirunelveli district by Cape
Energy.[15] Enercon is also playing a major role in development of wind energy in
India. In Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore and Tiruppur Districts having more wind Mills from
2002 onwards,specially, Chittipalayam, Kethanoor, Gudimangalam,
Poolavadi,Murungappatti (MGV
Place),Sunkaramudaku,KongalNagaram,Gomangalam, Anthiur are the high wind
power production places in the both districts.
Maharashtra (2077.70 MW)
Maharashtra is second only to Tamil Nadu in terms of generating capacity. Suzlon
has been heavily involved. Suzlon operates what was once Asia's largest wind farm,
the Vankusawade Wind Park (201 MW), near the Koyna reservoir in Satara district of
Maharashtra.
Gujarat (1863.64 MW)
Samana & Sadodar in Jamanagar district is set to host energy companies like China
Light Power (CLP) and Tata Power have pledged to invest up to 8.15 billion ($189.5
million) in different projects in the area. CLP, through its India subsidiary CLP India,
is investing close to 5 billion for installing 126 wind turbines in Samana that will
generate 100.8 MW power. Tata Power has installed wind turbines in the same area
for generating 50 MW power at a cost of 3.15 billion. Both projects are expected to
become operational by early next year, according to government sources. The
Gujarat government, which is banking heavily on wind power, has identified Samana
as an ideal location for installation of 450 turbines that can generate a total of 360
MW. To encourage investment in wind energy development in the state, the
government has introduced a raft of incentives including a higher wind energy tariff.
Samana has a high tension transmission grid and electricity generated by wind
turbines can be fed into it. For this purpose, a substation at Sadodar has been
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16. installed. Both projects are being executed by Everson Ltd, a joint venture between
Enesco of Germany and Mumbai-based Mehra group.
ONGC Ltd has commissioned its first wind power project. The 51 MW project is
located at Motisindholi in Kutch district of Gujarat. ONGC had placed the EPC order
on Suzlon Energy in January 2008, for setting up the wind farm comprising 34
turbines of 1.5 MW each. Work on the project had begun in February 2008, and it is
learnt that the first three turbines had begun production within 43 days of starting
construction work. Power from this 308 crore captive wind farm will be wheeled to
the Gujarat state grid for onward use by ONGC at its Ankleshwar, Ahmedabad,
Mehsana and Vadodara centres. ONGC has targeted to develop a captive wind
power capacity of around 200 MW in the next two years.
Karnataka (1472.75 MW)
There are many small wind farms in Karnataka, making it one of the states in India
which has a high number of wind mill farms. Chitradurga, Gadag are some of the
districts where there are a large number of Windmills. Chitradurga alone has over
20000 wind turbines.
The 13.2 MW Arasinagundi (ARA) and 16.5 MW Anaburu (ANA) wind farms are
ACCIONA’S first in India. Located in the Davangere district (Karnataka State), they
have a total installed capacity of 29.7 MW and comprise a total 18 Vestas 1.65MW
wind turbines supplied by Vestas Wind Technology India Pvt. Ltd.
The ARA wind farm was commissioned in June 2008 and the ANA wind farm, in
September 2008. Each facility has signed a 20-year Power Purchase Agreement
(PPA) with Bangalore Electricity Supply Company (BESCOM) for off-take of 100% of
the output. ARA and ANA are Acciona’s first wind farms eligible for CER credits
under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
ACCIONA is in talks with the World Bank for The Spanish Carbon Fund which is
assessing participation in the project as buyer for CERs likely to arise between 2010
and 2012. An environmental and social assessment has been conducted as part of
the procedure and related documents have been provided. These are included
below, consistent with the requirement of the World Bank's disclosure policy.
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17. Rajasthan (1088.37 MW)
Gurgaon-headquartered Gujarat Fluorochemicals Ltd is in an advanced stage of
commissioning a large wind farm in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan. A senior official
told Projectmonitor that out of the total 31.5 mw capacity, 12 mw had been
completed so far. The remaining capacity would come on line shortly, he added. For
the INOX Group company, this would be the largest wind farm. In 2006-07, GFL
commissioned a 23.1-mw wind power project at Gudhe village near Panchgani in
Satara district of Maharashtra. Both the wind farms will be grid-connected and will
earn carbon credits for the company, the official noted. In an independent
development, cement major ACC Ltd has proposed to set up a new wind power
project in Rajasthan with a capacity of around 11 mw. Expected to cost around 60
crore, the wind farm will meet the power requirements of the company's Lakheri
cement unit where capacity was raised from 0.9 million tpa to 1.5 million tpa through
a modernisation plan. For ACC, this would be the second wind power project after
the 9-mw farm at Udayathoor in Tirunelvelli district of Tamil Nadu.[citation needed]
Rajasthan is emerging as an important destination for new wind farms, although it is
currently not amongst the top five states in terms of installed capacity. As of 2007
end, this northern state had a total of 496 mw, accounting for a 6.3 per cent share in
India's total capacity.
Madhya Pradesh (229.39 MW)
In consideration of unique concept, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh has sanctioned
another 15 MW project to MPWL at Nagda Hills near Dewas. All the 25 WEGs have
been commissioned on 31.03.2008 and under successful operation.
Kerala (27.75 MW)
The first wind farm of the state was set up at Kanjikode in Palakkad district. It has a
generating capacity of 23.00 MW. A new wind farm project was launched with private
participation at Ramakkalmedu in Idukki district. The project, which was inaugurated
by chief minister V. S. Achuthanandan in April 2008, aims at generating 10.5 MW of
electricity.
The Agency for Non-Conventional Energy and Rural Technology (ANERT), an
autonomous body under the Department of Power, Government of Kerala, is setting
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18. up wind farms on private land in various parts of the state to generate a total of 600
mw of power. The agency has identified 16 sites for setting up wind farms through
private developers. To start with, ANERT will establish a demonstration project to
generate 2 mw of power at Ramakkalmedu in Idukki district in association with the
Kerala State Electricity Board. The project is slated to cost 21 crore. Other wind farm
sites include Palakkad and Thiruvananthapuram districts. The contribution of non-conventional
18 | P a g e
energy in the total 6,095 mw power potential is just 5.5 per cent, a
share the Kerala government wants to increase by 30 per cent. ANERT is engaged
in the field of development and promotion of renewable sources of energy in Kerala.
It is also the nodal agency for implementing renewable energy programmes of the
Union ministry of non-conventional energy sources.
West Bengal (1.10MW)
The total installation in West Bengal is just 1.10 MW as there was only 0.5 MW
additions in 2006-2007 and none between 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 50 MW wind
energy project is going to install soon. Suzlon Energy Ltd plans to set up a large
wind-power project in West Bengal Suzlon Energy Ltd is planning to set up a large
wind-power project in West Bengal, for which it is looking at coastal Midnapore and
South 24-Parganas districts. According to SP Gon Chaudhuri, chairman of the West
Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency, the 50 MW project would supply
grid-quality power. Gon Chaudhuri, who is also the principal secretary in the power
department, said the project would be the biggest in West Bengal using wind energy.
At present, Suzlon experts are looking for the best site. Suzlon aims to generate the
power solely for commercial purpose and sell it to local power distribution outfits like
the West Bengal State Electricity Board (WBSEB).Suzlon will install, without taking
recourse to the funding available from the Indian Renewable Energy Development
Agency (Ireda), said Gon Chaudhuri. There are five wind-power units in West
Bengal, at Frazerganj, generating a total of around 1 MW. At Sagar Island, there is a
composite wind-diesel plant generating 1 MW. In West Bengal, power companies
are being encouraged to buy power generated by units based on renewable energy.
The generating units are being offered special rates. S Banerjee, private secretary to
the power minister, said this had encouraged the private sector companies to invest
in this field.

19. 19 | P a g e
Table 3- Main Power Plants in India
Power Plant Producer Location State
Total
Capacity
(MWe)
Vankusawade
Wind Park
Suzlon Energy Ltd. Satara Dist. Maharashtra 259
Cape Comorin
Aban Loyd Chiles
Offshore Ltd.
Kanyakumari Tamil Nadu 33
Kayathar Subhash Subhash Ltd. Kayathar Tamil Nadu 30
Ramakkalmedu Subhash Ltd. Ramakkalmedu Kerala 25
Muppandal Wind Muppandal Wind Farm Muppandal Tamil Nadu 22
Gudimangalam
Gudimangalam Wind
Farm
Gudimangalam Tamil Nadu 21
Puthlur RCI Wescare (India) Ltd. Puthlur
Andhra
Pradesh
20
Lamda Danida Danida India Ltd. Lamda Gujarat 15
Chennai Mohan
Mohan Breweries &
Distilleries Ltd.
Chennai Tamil Nadu 15
Jamgudrani MP MP Windfarms Ltd. Dewas
Madhya
Pradesh
14
Jogmatti BSES BSES Ltd.
Chitradurga
Dist
Karnataka 14
Perungudi Newam
Newam Power Company
Ltd.
Perungudi Tamil Nadu 12
Kethanur Wind
Farm
Kethanur Wind Farm Kethanur Tamil Nadu 11
Hyderabad
APSRTC
Andhra Pradesh State
Road Transport Corp.
Hyderabad
Andhra
Pradesh
10
Muppandal
Madras
Madras Cements Ltd. Muppandal Tamil Nadu 10
Poolavadi
Chettinad
Chettinad Cement Corp.
Ltd.
Poolavadi Tamil Nadu 10
Shalivahana Wind
Shalivahana Green
Energy. Ltd.
Tirupur Tamil Nadu 20.4

20. Wind Power
Undoubtedly, the performance and efficiency of wind power system solely dependent
on the power of wind and its availability. Wind is known to be another form of solar
energy because it comes about as a result of uneven heating of the atmosphere by
the sun coupled with the abstract topography of the earth’s surface. With wind
turbines, two categories of winds are relevant to their applications, namely local
winds and planetary winds. The latter is the most dominant and it is usually a major
factor in deciding sites for very effective wind turbines especially with the horizontal
axis types.
These winds are usually found along shore lines, mountain tops, valleys and open
plains. The former is the type you will find in regular environments like the city or
rural areas, basically where settlements are present. This type of wind is not
conducive for effective power generation; it only has a lot of worth when it
accompanies moving planetary winds.
Wind Power Technology
Wind power technology is the various infrastructure and process that promote the
harnessing of wind generation for mechanical power and electricity. This basically
entails the wind and characteristics related to its strength and direction, as well as
the functioning of both internal and external components of a wind turbine with
respect to wind behavior.
As mentioned earlier the effective functioning of a wind turbine is dictated by the
wind availability in an area and if the amount of power it has is sufficient enough to
keep the blades in constant rotation. The wind power increases as a function of the
cube of the velocity of the wind and this power is calculable with respect to the area
in which the wind is present as well as the wind velocity. When wind is blowing the
energy available is kinetic due to the motion of the wind so the power of the wind is
related to the kinetic energy.
20 | P a g e

21. We know:
21 | P a g e
푘 =
1
2
푚푣2 …… (1)
Where k=kinetic energy
The volume of air passing in unit time through an area A, with speed V is AV and its
mass M is equal to the Volume V multiplied by its density ρ so:
푚 = 휌푎푣 …… (2)
Substituting the value of 푚 in equation we get:
So
푘 =
1
2
(휌푎푣)푣2 …… (3)
푘 =
1
2
휌푎푣3 .…… (4)
To convert the energy to kilowatts, a non-dimensional proportionality constant k is
introduced where,
푘 = 2.14 × 10-3
Therefore
푝표푤푒푟 푖푛 푘푤(푝) = 2.14휌푎푣3 × 10−3 ……. (5)
푎푖푟 푑푒푛푠푖푡푦(휌) = 1.2푘푔/푚3/2.33 × 10−3푠푙푢푔푠/푓푡3
With equation above, the power being generated can be calculated, however one
shouldnote that it is not possible to convert all the power of the wind into power for
generation.

22. The power harnessed from the wind cannot exceed 59% of the overall power in the
wind. Only a portion can be used and that usable portion is only assured depending
on the wind turbine being used and the aerodynamic characteristics that accompany
it .
Types of Wind Turbines
Many types of turbines exist today and their designs are usually inclined towards one
of the two categories: horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs) and vertical-axis wind
turbines (VAWTs). As the name pertains, each turbine is distinguished by the
orientation of their rotor shafts. The former is the more conventional and common
type everyone has come to know, while the latter due to its seldom usage and
exploitation, is quiet unpopular.
a. Horizontal axis wind turbine:
Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft and electrical
generator at the top of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind. Small turbines are
pointed by a simple wind vane, while large turbines generally use a wind sensor
coupled with a servo motor. Most have a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of
the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical
generator.
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Fig 3- A First Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

23. Since a tower produces turbulence behind it, the turbine is usually positioned upwind
of its supporting tower. Turbine blades are made stiff to prevent the blades from
being pushed into the tower by high winds. Additionally, the blades are placed a
considerable distance in front of the tower and are sometimes tilted forward into the
wind a small amount.
Downwind machines have been built, despite the problem of turbulence, because
they don't need an additional mechanism for keeping them in line with the wind, and
because in high winds the blades can be allowed to bend which reduces their swept
area and thus their wind resistance. Since cyclical turbulence may lead to fatigue
failures, most HAWTs are of upwind design.
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Fig 4- Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)
b. VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE
Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically.
Key advantages of this arrangement are that the turbine does not need to be pointed
into the wind to be effective. This is an advantage on sites where the wind direction
is highly variable, for example when integrated into buildings. The key disadvantages
include the low rotational speed with the consequential higher torque and hence
higher cost of the drive train, the inherently lower power coefficient, the 360 degree

24. rotation of the aerofoil within the wind flow during each cycle and hence the highly
dynamic loading on the blade, the pulsating torque generated by some rotor designs
on the drive train, and the difficulty to model the wind flow accurately and hence the
challenges of analyzing and designing the rotor prior to fabricating a prototype.
24 | P a g e
Fig 5- Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)
With a vertical axis, the generator and gearbox can be placed near the ground,
hence avoiding the need of a tower and improving accessibility for maintenance.
Drawbacks for this configuration include that wind speeds are lower close to the
ground, so less wind energy is available for a given size turbine, and wind shear
more severe close to the ground, so the rotor experiences higher loads. Air flow near
the ground and other objects can create turbulent flow, which can introduce issues of
vibration, including noise and bearing wear which may increase the maintenance or
shorten the service life. However, when a turbine is mounted on a rooftop, the

25. building generally redirects wind over the roof and these can double the wind speed
at the turbine. If the height of the rooftop mounted turbine tower is approximately
50% of the building height, this is near the optimum for maximum wind energy and
minimum wind turbulence. It should be borne in mind that wind speeds within the
built environment are generally much lower than at exposed rural sites.
Subtypes of VAWT:
Darrieus wind turbine:
"Eggbeater" turbines, or Darrieus turbines, were named after the French inventor,
Georges Darrieus. They have good efficiency, but produce large torque ripple and
cyclical stress on the tower, which contributes to poor reliability. They also generally
require some external power source, or an additional Savonius rotor to start turning,
because the starting torque is very low. The torque ripple is reduced by using three
or more blades which results in greater solidity of the rotor. Solidity is measured by
blade area divided by the rotor area. Newer Darrieus type turbines are not held up by
guy-wires but have an external superstructure connected to the top bearing.
25 | P a g e
Fig 6 -Darrieus wind turbine

26. Giromill
A subtype of Darrieus turbine with straight, as opposed to curved, blades. The
cycloturbine variety has variable pitch to reduce the torque pulsation and is self-starting.
The advantages of variable pitch are: high starting torque; a wide, relatively
flat torque curve; a lower blade speed ratio; a higher coefficient of performance;
more efficient operation in turbulent winds; and a lower blade speed ratio which
lowers blade bending stresses. Straight, V, or curved blades may be used.
Savonius wind turbine
These are drag-type devices with two (or more) scoops that are used in
anemometers, Flettner vents (commonly seen on bus and van roofs), and in some
high-reliability low-efficiency power turbines. They are always self-starting if there are
at least three scoops. They sometimes have long helical scoops to give a smooth
torque.
26 | P a g e
Fig 7 - Savonius wind turbine

27. c. COMPARISON BETWEEN HAWT AND VAWT
Energy Conversion Efficiency
Since VAWTs turn parallel with the ground, half the time its rotor blades turn against
the wind. This results in having lesser efficient energy conversion as compared to
HAWTs.
Also, most VAWTs are located near the ground. Since wind speeds are generally
faster in higher altitudes, VAWTs generate less power compared to HAWTs which
are often erected high on top of a tower.
Installation
Since VAWTs can have rotor blades close to the ground, they are easier to install
compared to HAWTs that often require the rotor blades to be at a high altitude
depending on the blade length.
Maintenance
For the same reason as above, VAWTs are easier to maintain since most of them
are installed near the ground.
HAWTs should also be checked constantly so that it faces against the wind, unlike
VAWTs which require less maintenance. Automatic yaw-adjustment mechanisms
have eliminated this need of constant maintenance on HAWTs though.
Land Area Requirement
HAWTs require a tower that can erect the rotor blades to a high enough location that
would maximize wind speeds, whilst VAWTs would require guy cables to ensure that
the machine remains stable. HAWTs require lesser land space compared to VAWTs
since tower bases occupy minimal space whilst the need for guy cables for VAWTs
would entail occupying a much larger land area.
27 | P a g e

28. Recommendations
Since VAWTs are easy to maintain, and can be installed near ground level, they are
preferred over HAWTs when it comes to home use. This way, private home owners
wouldn’t have to spend a lot of resources to get the wind turbine to work if compared
with installing a HAWT. Although the efficiency is lower, it wouldn’t really make much
of a difference since home wind turbines are just supplemental energy generators
and aren’t really needed to supply the primary energy requirements.
For large-scale power generation, it has been tested time and time again that
HAWTs are the more efficient wind turbines. Since they can be situated on top of
towers, very high wind speeds can be gathered, producing lots of electrical power.
Also, since the land area taken up by HAWTs is small, they are ideal for large wind
farms.
28 | P a g e
Fig 8 - HAWT vs VAWT

29. 29 | P a g e
Work Description
We have undertaken the project which demonstrates the electrical power generation
by wind energy being the non-conventional form of energy. A blower is used to
supply the wind to the turbine blades which in turn rotates the alternator to produce
the electricity. The project has been completed in 7 different steps which described
in the subsequent sections.
Step-1
In our project we are using iron rod (MS) as a shaft. We adjoin this rod with one
spring for flexible rotation of rod. The turbine blades are mounted on this shaft.
Fig 9 - Mild Steel Shaft

30. Step-2
We usedPVCtransparent pipe in our project for showing clear working.First we insert
one bearing in the rod from top side of spring and then use PVC sheet covering as a
first support.
30 | P a g e
Fig 10 - PVC Pipe Housing Bearing

31. Step-3
Then we fixed one bevel gear mechanism for transmitting vertical rotation to
horizontal rotating.
31 | P a g e
Fig 11 -Bevel Gear Mechanism

32. Step-4
Then we fixed one dynamo with horizontal shaft with the help of a gear train as
shown in fig-.
32 | P a g e
Fig 12 - Power Transmission Schematic

33. Step-5
Two types of blades one is partial helical and other one is circular in shape are used
for quantifying the effect of the blade shape on power generation.
1. We used a rectangle PVC sheet. We curve this sheet with help of heater and
give special shape as shown in fig.
33 | P a g e
Fig 13 .- Partial Helical Blade

34. 2. In second type of the blade we used circular blower which is shown in fig.
34 | P a g e
Fig. 14 - Circular Blade

35. Step-6
Then we attach our blades with vertical rod so that the power can be transmitted to
the shaft through blade by wind energy.
35 | P a g e
Fig. 15 – complete Assembly

36. Step-7
We attach one multi meter with dynamo for checking dynamo output. As per our
project design our generator give 3-12v output (output may be vary according to the
wind speed)
36 | P a g e
Fig 16 - Energy Flow Diagram (Helical Blade)

37. 37 | P a g e
Fig 17 - Energy Flow Diagram (Circular Blade)

38. Components of the setup:
Gears
Gears are categorized into several types. They are used in a wide era of industries
including automotive, milling, paper industry etc. According to different applications
in industries and different materials used they are categorized separately. Different
types of gears are also custom design and are fabricated by gear manufacturing
services as par the specifications.
Angular Bevel Gears
These are bevel gears whose shafts are set at an angle other
than 90 degrees. They are useful when the direction of a
shaft's rotation needs to be changed. Using gears of differing
numbers of teeth can change the speed of rotation.
These gears permit minor adjustment of gears during
assembly and allow for some displacement due to deflection
under operating loads without concentrating the load on the end of the tooth. For
reliable performance, Gears must be pinned to shaft with a dowel or taper pin.
The bevel gears find its application in locomotives, marine applications, automobiles,
printing presses, cooling towers, power plants, steel plants, defence and also in
railway track inspection machine. They are important components on all current
rotorcraft drive system.
Bevel Gears
They connect intersecting axes and come in several types. The pitch surface of
bevel gears is a cone. They are useful when the direction of a shaft's rotation needs
to be changed. Using gears of differing numbers of teeth can change the speed of
rotation. They are usually mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but can be
designed to work at other angles as well.
38 | P a g e

39. These gears permit minor adjustment during assembly and allow for some
displacement due to deflection under operating loads without concentrating the load
on the end of the tooth. For reliable performance, Gears must be pinned to shaft with
a dowel or taper pin.
Types
The teeth on bevel gears can be straight, spiral or bevel. In straight bevel gears teeth
have no helix angles. They either have equal size gears with 90 degrees shaft angle
or a shaft angle other than 90 degrees. Straight bevel angle can also be with one
gear flat with a pitch angle of 90 degrees. In straight when each tooth engages it
impacts the corresponding tooth and simply curving the gear teeth can solve the
problem. Spiral bevel gears have spiral angles, which gives performance
improvements. The contact between the teeth starts at one end of the gear and then
spreads across the whole tooth. In both the bevel types of gears the shaft must be
perpendicular to each other and must be in the same plane. The hypoid bevel gears
can engage with the axes in different planes. This is used in many car differentials.
The ring gear of the differential and the input pinion gear are both hypoid. This allows
input pinion to be mounted lower than the axis of the ring gear. Hypoid gears are
stronger, operate more quietly and can be used for higher
reduction ratios. They also have sliding action along the teeth,
potentially reducing efficiency.
Applications
A good example of bevel gears is seen as the main mechanism
for a hand drill. As the handle of the drill is turned in a vertical
direction, the bevel gears change the rotation of the chuck to a
horizontal rotation. The bevel gears in a hand drill have the added advantage of
increasing the speed of rotation of the chuck and this makes it possible to drill a
range of materials. The bevel gears find its application in locomotives, marine
applications, automobiles, printing presses, cooling towers, power plants, steel
plants, and defense also in railway track inspection machine. They are important
components on all current rotorcraft drive system.Spiral bevel gears are important
components on all current rotorcraft drive systems. These components are required
39 | P a g e

40. to operate at high speeds, high loads, and for an extremely large number of load
cycles. In this application, spiral bevel gears are used to redirect the shaft from the
horizontal gas turbine engine to the vertical rotor.
Spur Gears
They connect parallel shafts, have involute teeth that are parallel to the shaft and
can have internal or external teeth. They cause no external thrust between gears.
They are inexpensive to manufacture. They give lower but satisfactory performance.
They are used when shaft rotates in the same plane.
The main features of spur gears are addendum, addendum, flank, and fillet.
Addendum cylinder is a root from where teeth extend, it extends to the tip called the
addendum circle. Flank or the face contacts the meshing gear, the most useful
feature if the spur gears. The fillet in the root region is kineticallyirrelevant.
Characteristics
The speed and change of the force depends on the gear ratio, the ratio of number of
teeth on the gears that are to be meshed. One gear among the two is on the input
axle; the axle of the motor and the other gear of the pair areon the output axle, the
axle of the wheel.They have higher contact ratio that makes them smooth and quiet
in operation. They are available for corrosion resistant operation. They are among
the most cost-effective type of gearing. They are also used to create large gear
reductions.
Materials
They are available in plastic, non-metallic, brass, steel and cast iron and are
40 | P a g e

41. manufactured in a variety of styles. They are made with many different properties.
Factors like design life, power transmission requirements, noise and heat generation,
and presence of corrosive elements contribute to the optimization of the gear
material.
Applications
Generally used in simple machines like washing machines, clothes dryer or power
winches. They are not used in automobiles because they produce sound when the
teeth of both the gears collide with each other. It also increases stress on the gear
teeth. They are also used in construction equipment, machine tools, indexing
equipment, multi spindle drives, roller feeds, and conveyors.
Support Rollers
Support rollers are the kind of gears that provide support to cable and other related
products. They are used to muffle vibration noise. Many support rollers in web
manufacturing plants are driven to rotate by the friction between the roller surface
and the web. At higher speed operation, air film between the roller surface and the
web can be large enough to cause slippage. Therefore, it is important to keep the
friction torque of the roller bearings very small. Putting rollers close together can
decrease pulling tension.
Over time wear conditions develop on the surfaces of the support rollers making it
difficult to control the axial thrust of the kiln with moderate support roller adjustments.
The wear can also cause high surface stress conditions and higher hertz pressures
41 | P a g e

42. as the wear progresses. The extent of wear is directly proportional to the amount of
support roller adjustment needed to control the axial thrust of the kiln. Resurfacing
enables proper adjustment of the conveyor rollers, decreased power consumption
and therefore lower operating cost.Support rollers are used in industries as an
important component in conveyors, elevators, rollers etc.
Tacho Drives
Tacho drive is the black sheaved cable that goes over the starter at 90° and is held
to the engine by a large nut. There is a small oil seal in the tach drive on the engine
clock. Tacho cable are used in orbital motors.
Thrust Rollers
Thrust rollers are hydraulic 3dimension movable rolls. Thrust rollers limit the lateral
movement of the rotating debarking drum and help maintain equipment balance.
They provide load compensation and are used to accommodate uneven loads.
42 | P a g e

43. There are several types of thrust rollers. They can be single and double acting,
combination roller and cross rollers.Inspection of the load bearing surface or the
thrust rollers should be done at regular intervals to avoid slow and faulty operations.
Thrust rollers can be refurbished and problems like timing marks taper wear and
irregular face profiles can be eliminated.
Gear Trains
A gear train is two or more gear working together by meshing their teeth and turning
each other in a system to generate power and speed. It reduces speed and
increases torque. To create large gear ratio, gears are connected together to form
gear trains. They often consist of multiple gears in the train. The smaller gears are
one-fifth of the size of the larger gear. Electric motors are used with the gear
systems to reduce the speed and increase the torque. Electric motor is connected to
the driving end of each train and is mounted on the test platform. The output end
output end of the gear train is connected to a large magnetic particle brake that is
used to measure the output torque.
Simple Gear Train - The most common of the gear train is the gear pair connecting
parallel shafts. The teeth of this type can be spur, helical or herringbone. The
angular velocity is simply the reverse of the tooth ratio. The main limitation of a
simple gear train is that the maximum speed change ratio is 10:1. For larger ratio,
large size of gear trains is required; this may result in an imbalance of strength and
wear capacities of the end gears.
43 | P a g e

44. The sprockets and chain in the bicycle is an example of simple gear train. When the
paddle is pushed, the front gear is turned and that meshes with the links in the chain.
The chain moves and meshes with the links in the rear gear that is attached to the
rear wheel. This enables the bicycle to move. Compound Gear Train - For large
velocities, compound arrangement is preferred. Two keys are keyed to a single
shaft. A double reduction train can be arranged to have its input and output shafts in
a line, by choosing equal center distance for gears and pinions.
Epicyclic Gear Train -
It is the system of epicyclic gears in which at least one wheel axis itself revolves
around another fixed axis.
Planetary Gear Train - It is made of few components, a small gear at the center
called the sun, several medium sized gears called the planets and a large external
gear called the ring gear. The planet gears rolls and revolves about the sun gear and
the ring gear rolls on the planet gear. Planetary gear trains have several advantages.
They have higher gear ratios. They are popular for automatic transmissions in
automobiles. They are also used in bicycles for controlling power of pedaling
automatically or manually. They are also used for power train between internal
combustion engine and an electric motor.
Applications
Gear trains are used in representing the phases of moon on a watch or clock dial. It
is also used for driving a conventional two-disk lunar phase display off the day-of-the-
week shaft of the calendar.
Bearings
Have you ever wondered how things like inline skate wheels and electric motors spin
so smoothly and quietly? The answer can be found in a neat little machine called a
bearing.
44 | P a g e

45. The bearing makes many of the machines we use every day possible. Without
bearings, we would be constantly replacing parts that wore out from friction. In this
article, we'll learn how bearings work, look at some different kinds of bearings and
explain their common uses, and explore some other interesting uses of bearings.
The Basics
The concept behind a bearing is very simple: Things roll better than they slide. The
wheels on your car are like big bearings. If you had something like skis instead of
wheels, your car would be a lot more difficult to push down the road.
That is because when things slide, the friction between them causes a force that
tends to slow them down. But if the two surfaces can roll over each other, the friction
is greatly reduced.
45 | P a g e

46. Bearings reduce friction by providing smooth metal balls or rollers, and a smooth
inner and outer metal surface for the balls to roll against. These balls or rollers "bear"
the load, allowing the device to spin smoothly.
Bearing Loads
Bearings typically have to deal with two kinds of loading, radial and thrust.
Depending on where the bearing is being used, it may see all radial loading, all
thrust loading or a combination of both.
The bearings that support the shafts of motors and pulleys are subject to a radial
load.The bearings in the electric motor and the pulley pictured above face only a
radial load. In this case, most of the load comes from the tension in the belt
connecting the two pulleys.
46 | P a g e

47. 47 | P a g e
The bearings in this stool are subject to a thrust load.
The bearing above is like the one in a barstool. It is loaded purely in thrust, and the
entire load comes from the weight of the person sitting on the stool.
The bearings in a car wheel are subject to both thrust
and radial loads.
The bearing above is like the one in the hub of your car wheel. This bearing has to
support both a radial load and a thrust load. The radial load comes from the weight
of the car, the thrust load comes from the cornering forces when you go around a
turn.

48. Types of Bearings
There are many types of bearings, each used for different purposes. These include
ball bearings, roller bearings, ball thrust bearings, roller thrust bearings and tapered
roller thrust bearings.
Ball Bearings
Ball bearings, as shown below, are probably the most common type of bearing. They
are found in everything from inline skates to hard drives. These bearings can handle
both radial and thrust loads, and is usually found in applications where the load is
relatively small.
48 | P a g e
Cutaway view of a ball bearing
In a ball bearing, the load is transmitted from the outer race to the ball, and from the
ball to the inner race. Since the ball is a sphere, it only contacts the inner and outer
race at a very small point, which helps it spin very smoothly. But it also means that
there is not very much contact area holding that load, so if the bearing is overloaded,
the balls can deform or squish, ruining the bearing.

49. Dynamo
A dynamo, originally another name for an electrical generator, now means a
generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator. Dynamos were
the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the
foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were
based, including the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary
converter. They are rarely used for power generation now because of the dominance
of alternating current, the disadvantages of the commutator, and the ease of
converting alternating to direct current using solid state methods.
The word still has some regional usage as a replacement for the word generator. A
small electrical generator built into the hub of a bicycle wheel to power lights is called
a Hub dynamo.
49 | P a g e

50. Description
The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical
rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law. A dynamo
machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a
constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called the armature which turn
within that field. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be provided by
one or more permanent magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic field
provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils.
The commutator was needed to produce direct current. When a loop of wire rotates
in a magnetic field, the potential induced in it reverses with each half turn, generating
an alternating current. However, in the early days of electric experimentation,
alternating current generally had no known use. The few uses for electricity, such as
electroplating, used direct current provided by messy liquid batteries. Dynamos were
invented as a replacement for batteries. The commutator is a set of contacts
mounted on the machine's shaft, which reverses the connection of the windings to
the external circuit when the potential reverses, so instead of alternating current, a
pulsing direct current is produced.
Historical milestones
The first electric generator was invented by Michael Faraday in 1831, a copper disk
that rotated between the poles of a magnet. This was not a dynamo because it did
not use a commutator. However, Faraday's disk generated very low voltage because
of its single current path through the magnetic field. Faraday and others found that
higher, more useful voltages could be produced by winding multiple turns of wire into
a coil. Wire windings can conveniently produce any voltage desired by changing the
number of turns, so they have been a feature of all subsequent generator designs,
requiring the invention of the commutator to produce direct current.
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51. Jedlik's dynamo
In 1827, Hungarian AnyosJedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic rotating
devices which he called electromagnetic self-rotors. In the prototype of the single-pole
electric starter, both the stationary and the revolving parts were
electromagnetic. He formulated the concept of the dynamo about six years before
Siemens and Wheatstone but did not patent it as he thought he was not the first to
realize this. His dynamo used, instead of permanent magnets, two electromagnets
opposite to each other to induce the magnetic field around the rotor.
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52. Pixii's dynamo
The first dynamo based on Faraday's principles was built in 1832 by HippolytePixii, a
French instrument maker. It used a permanent magnet which was rotated by a
crank. The spinning magnet was positioned so that its north and south poles passed
by a piece of iron wrapped with wire. Pixii found that the spinning magnet produced a
pulse of current in the wire each time a pole passed the coil. However, the north and
south poles of the magnet induced currents in opposite directions. To convert the
alternating current to DC, Pixii invented a commutator, a split metal cylinder on the
shaft, with two springy metal contacts that pressed against it.
Pacinotti dynamo
These early designs had a problem: the electric current they produced consisted of a
series of "spikes" or pulses of current separated by none at all, resulting in a low
average power output. Antonio Pacinotti, an Italian physics professor, solved this
problem around 1860 by replacing the spinning two-pole axial coil with a multi-pole
toroidal one, which he created by wrapping an iron ring with a continuous winding,
connected to the commutator at many equally spaced points around the ring; the
commutator being divided into many segments. This meant that some part of the coil
was continually passing by the magnets, smoothing out the current.
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53. Siemens and Wheatstone dynamo (1867)
The first practical designs for a dynamo were announced independently and
simultaneously by Dr. Werner Siemens and Charles Wheatstone. On January 17,
1867, Siemens announced to the Berlin academy a "dynamo-electric machine" (first
use of the term) which employed a self-powering electromagnetic armature.On the
same day that this invention was announced to the Royal Society Charles
Wheatstone read a paper describing a similar design with the difference that in the
Siemens design the armature was in series with the rotor, but in Wheatstone's
design it was in parallel. The use of electromagnets rather than permanent magnets
greatly increases the power output of a dynamo and enabled high power generation
for the first time. This invention led directly to the first major industrial uses of
electricity. For example, in the 1870s Siemens used electromagnetic dynamos to
power electric arc furnaces for the production of metals and other materials.
Gramme ring dynamo
Zénobe Gramme reinvented Pacinotti's design in 1871 when designing the first
commercial power plants, which operated in Paris in the 1870s. Another advantage
of Gramme's design was a better path for the magnetic flux, by filling the space
occupied by the magnetic field with heavy iron cores and minimizing the air gaps
between the stationary and rotating parts. The Gramme dynamo was the first
machine to generate commercial quantities of power for industry. Further
improvements were made on the Gramme ring, but the basic concept of a spinning
endless loop of wire remains at the heart of all modern dynamos.
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54. Discovery of electric motor principles
While not originally designed for the purpose, it was discovered that a dynamo can
act as an electric motor when supplied with direct current from a battery or another
dynamo. At an industrial exhibition in Vienna in 1873, Gramme noticed that the shaft
of his dynamo began to spin when its terminals were accidentally connected to
another dynamo producing electricity. Although this wasn't the first demonstration of
an electric motor, it was the first practical one. It was found that the same design
features which make a dynamo efficient also make a motor efficient. The efficient
Gramme design, with small magnetic air gaps and many coils of wire attached to a
many-segmented commutator, also became the basis for the design of all practical
DC motors.
Large dynamos producing direct current were problematic in situations where two or
more dynamos are working together and one has an engine running at a lower
power than the other. The dynamo with the stronger engine will tend to drive the
weaker as if it were a motor, against the rotation of the weaker engine. Such
reverse-driving could feed back into the driving engine of a dynamo and cause a
dangerous out of control reverse-spinning condition in the lower-power dynamo. It
was eventually determined that when several dynamos all feed the same power
source all the dynamos must be locked into synchrony using a jackshaft
interconnecting all engines and rotors to counter these imbalances.
Dynamo as Commutated DC Generator
After the discovery of the AC Generator and that alternating current can in fact be
useful for something, the word dynamo became associated exclusively with the
commutated DC electric generator, while an AC electrical generator using either slip
rings or rotor magnets would become known as an alternator.
An AC electric motor using either slip rings or rotor magnets was referred to as a
synchronous motor, and a commutated DC electric motor could be called either an
electric motor though with the understanding that it could in principle operate as a
generator.
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55. Rotary Converter Development
After dynamos were found to allow easy conversion back and forth between
mechanical or electrical power, the new discovery was used to develop complex
multi-field single-rotor devices with two or more commutators. These were known as
a rotary converters. These devices were usually not burdened by mechanical loads,
but watched just spinning on their own.
The rotary converter can directly convert, internally, any power source into any other.
This includes direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC), 25 cycle AC into 60
cycle AC, or many different output currents at the same time. The size and mass of
these was very large so that the rotor would act as a flywheel to help smooth out any
sudden surges or dropouts.
The technology of rotary converters ruled until the development of vacuum tubes
allowed for electronic oscillators. This eliminated the need for physically spinning
rotors and commutators.
Multimeter
A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an
electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in
one unit. A typical multimeter may include features such as the ability to measure
voltage, current and resistance. There are two categories of multimeters, analog
multimeters and digital multimeters (often abbreviated DMM or DVOM.)
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56. A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service
work or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy.
They can be used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and
household devices such as batteries, motor controls, appliances, power supplies,
and wiring systems.
Multimeters are available in a wide ranges of features and prices. Cheap multimeters
can cost less than US$10, while the top of the line multimeters can cost more than
US$5000.
Quantities measured
Contemporary multimeters can measure many quantities. The common ones are:
 Voltage in volts.
 Current in amperes.
 Resistance in ohms.
Additionally, multimeters may also measure:
 Capacitance in farads.
 Conductance in siemens.
 Decibels.
 Duty cycle as a percentage.
 Frequency in hertz
 Inductance in henrys
 Temperature in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Digital multimeters may also include circuits for:
 Continuity that beeps when a circuit conducts.
 Diodes and Transistors
Various sensors can be attached to multimeters to take measurements such as:
 Light level
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57.  Acidity/Alkalinity(pH)
 Wind speed
 Relative humidity
Sensitivity and input impedance
The current load or how much current is drawn from the circuit being tested may
affect a multimeter's accuracy. A smaller current draw usually will result in more
precise measurements. With improper usage or too much current load, a multimeter
may be damaged therefore rendering its measurements unreliable and substandard.
Meters with electronic amplifiers in them, such as all digital multimeters and analog
meters using a transistor for amplification, have an input impedance that is usually
considered high enough not to disturb the circuit tested. This is often one million
ohms, or ten million ohms. The standard input impedance allows use of external
probes to extend the direct-current measuring range up to tens of thousands of volts.
Most analog multimeters of the moving pointer type are unbuffered, and draw current
from the circuit under test to deflect the meter pointer. The impedance of the meter
varies depending on the basic sensitivity of the meter movement and the range
which is selected. For example, a meter with a typical 20,000 ohms/volt sensitivity
will have an input resistance of two million ohms on the 100 volt range (100 V *
20,000 ohms/volt = 2,000,000 ohms). Lower sensitivity meters are useful for general
purpose testing especially in power circuits, where source impedances are low
compared to the meter impedance. Some measurements in signal circuits require
higher sensitivity so as not to load down the circuit under test with the meter
impedance.
Sometime sensitivity is confused with resolution of a meter, which is defined as
measure of the lowest voltage, current or resistance that can change measurement
reading. For general-purpose digital multimeters, a full-scale range of several
hundred millivolts AC or DC is common, but the minimum full-scale current range
may be several hundred milliamps. Since general-purpose multimeters have only
two-wire resistance measurements, which do not compensate for the effect of the
lead wire resistance, measurements below a few tens of ohms will be of low
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58. accuracy. The upper end of multimeter measurement ranges varies considerably by
manufacturer; generally measurements over 1000 volts, over 10 amperes, or over
100 megohms would require a specialized test instrument, as would accurate
measurement of currents on the order of 1 microamp or less.
Conclusions and Future Scope:
The device developed in the reported project has shown that the power can be
produced with wind energy. The device generates 3-12V potential difference with the
wind energy supplied by a blower. The blower takes electrical power to rotate. The
study shows that there is great potential in wind energy to generate power.
A careful selection has to be made for the blade profile so that the losses will be
minimum and the power generation can be enhanced. Since the wind energy is not
constant at all the time so the operation of the wind machine will be intermittent and
the power production rate will also vary; the component should be design in such a
manner so that the losses should be at minimum.
In the near future, wind energy will be the most cost effective source of electrical
power. In fact, a good case can be made for saying that it already has achieved this
status. The actual life cycle cost of fossil fuels (from mining and extraction to
transport to use technology to environmental impact to political costs and impacts,
etc.) is not really known, but it is certainly far more than the current wholesale rates.
The eventual depletion of these energy sources will entail rapid escalations in price
which averaged over the brief period of their usewill result in postponed actual costs
that would be unacceptable by present standards. And this doesn't even consider the
environmental and political costs of fossil fuels use that are silently and not-so-silently
mounting every day.
The major technology developments enabling wind power commercialization have
already been made. There will be infinite refinements and improvements, of course.
One can guess (based on experience with other technologies) that the eventual push
to full commercialization and deployment of the technology will happen in a manner
that no one can imagine today. There will be a "weather change" in the marketplace,
or a "killer application" somewhere that will put several key companies or financial
organizations in a position to profit. They will take advantage of public interest, the
political and economic climate, and emotional or marketing factors to position wind
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59. energy technology (developed in a long lineage from the Chinese and the Persians
to the present wind energy researchers and developers) for its next round of
development.
The energy policy of India is largely defined by the country's burgeoning energy
deficit and increased focus on developing alternative sources of energy, particularly
nuclear, solar and wind energy.
About 70% of India's energy generation capacity is from fossil fuels, with coal
accounting for 40% of India's total energy consumption followed by crude oil and
natural gas at 24% and 6% respectively. India is largely dependent on fossil fuel
imports to meet its energy demandsby2030; India's dependence on energy imports
is expected to exceed 53% of the country's total energy consumption. In 2009-10,
the country imported 159.26 million tonnes of crude oil which amount to 80% of its
domestic crude oil consumption and 31% of the country's total imports are oil
imports. The growth of electricity generation in India has been hindered by domestic
coal shortages and as a consequence, India's coal imports for electricity generation
increased by 18% in 2010.
As an emerging country the need of hour for INDIA is to adopt the non-conventional
sources as a major component for power production. Being costly the solar energy
cannot be installed for high capacity plants, so wind will be the definite alternate for
this.
Applications
Due to irregularity in the availability of the wind energy the wind based machines has
got limited applications in some specific areas. Wind based machinery can only be
installed at a place of plentiful air flow, that’s why use of the wind machines are not
so popular. But the availability of the conventional fuels is going to decreases very
fast and only conventional fuel is not sufficient to meet the energy demand of the
modern civilization. Non-conventional sources have to play a significant role to cope
the crises. Wind energy is the cheapest in all the non-conventional sources. Capital
cost in a wind based power plant is lesser than based on solar energy.
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60. A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical
energy. If the mechanical energy is used to produce electricity, the device may be
called a wind generator or wind charger. The mechanical energy is used to
 Drive machinery
 Grinding grain
 Pumping water
The device is called a windmill or wind pump. Developed for over a millennium,
today's wind turbines are manufactured in a range of vertical and horizontal axis
types. The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging or
auxiliary power on sailing boats; while large grid-connected arrays of turbines are
becoming an increasingly large source of commercial electric power.
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