The document discusses different types of verbs including: linking verbs, transitive verbs, intransitive verbs, and helping/auxiliary verbs. It explains the five principal parts of verbs - infinitive, present tense, present participle, past tense, and past participle. Regular verbs follow predictable patterns of adding "-ed" or "-d" to form the past tense and past participle. Irregular verbs have unpredictable changes in spelling or endings to form their past tense and past participle. Examples of common irregular verb patterns are provided.
This document summarizes the classification of verbs in English. It discusses the main classifications of verbs including: main verbs and auxiliaries, transitive/intransitive/linking verbs, dynamic and stative verbs, regular and irregular verbs. It also explains the different types of auxiliaries and their uses in forming verb phrases and expressing modality.
This document provides an overview of English grammar, including its core components of phonology, morphology, and syntax. It defines key linguistic terms like phonology, morphology, and grammar. Morphology is described as the study of word structures and formation. The document also outlines the typical elements of a sentence, such as subjects, verbs, objects, and adverbials. It distinguishes between different types of verbs like intensive, extensive, intransitive, and transitive verbs. Additionally, it defines the categories of complements and objects that sentences can include, such as subject complements, object complements, direct objects, and indirect objects.
The document discusses the classification of verbs in English. It describes verbs as denoting processes that occur over time. Verbs are classified based on their lexical meaning as bounded or unbounded. Bounded verbs have an inherent endpoint, while unbounded verbs do not. Unbounded verbs can further be categorized as stative or dynamic. The document also discusses the grammatical categories verbs can possess, such as tense, aspect, mood, and voice. It notes the distinction between regular and irregular verbs in English and describes different subclasses of irregular verbs.
This document provides an overview of different types of verbs in English. It defines verbs and divides them into three main categories: main verbs, auxiliaries, and modal auxiliaries. It then proceeds to explain eight specific types of verbs in more detail, including regular and irregular verbs, transitive and intransitive verbs, special verbs, state verbs, linking verbs, phrasal verbs, verb tenses, and gerund and infinitive verbs. Examples are provided to illustrate the key characteristics and uses of each verb type.
This document discusses the interaction between morphology and syntax. It begins by defining morphology as concerning word formation, and syntax as concerning rules for combining words into phrases and sentences. While morphology and syntax generally deal with different levels, they interact in several ways. Inflectional morphology carries grammatical meaning and is relevant to syntax. Argument structure, passive and anti-passive constructions, causatives, applicatives, and noun incorporation involve interactions between a verb's arguments and morphology. Clitics, phrasal verbs, and phrasal compounds exist at the morphology-syntax interface.
The document is the table of contents for an Honors Spanish 4 grammar book. It lists and briefly describes 14 grammar topics that will be covered in the book, including the present tense, ser and estar verbs, gustar verbs, preterit vs imperfect tense, noun clause subjunctive, commands, object pronouns, possessive adjectives and pronouns, demonstrative adjectives and pronouns, adverb clause subjunctive, reflexive verbs, and uses of por and para.
Derivation is the formation of new words through the addition of affixes. English uses derivational affixes to change the grammatical category of words, such as from verb to noun. There are two types of derivational affixes: class 1 affixes typically change the phonology of the base word, while class 2 affixes are phonologically neutral. Complex derivation can change the grammatical category through multiple affixations. However, derivation is constrained and not all affixes can be added to all bases.
1. The document provides a syntactic analysis of the sentence "Perhaps you will never find a job as a linguist, but you should at least try." It identifies the word classes, noun phrases, clauses, and sentence type.
2. Various activities are described related to morphology and syntax, including identifying verb tenses and aspects, and distinguishing features of verbs like third person/other persons and singular/plural forms.
3. A graphic organizer of sentence patterns is requested, showing examples of transitive/intransitive verbs, adverb clauses, and other grammatical categories.
This document summarizes the classification of verbs in English. It discusses the main classifications of verbs including: main verbs and auxiliaries, transitive/intransitive/linking verbs, dynamic and stative verbs, regular and irregular verbs. It also explains the different types of auxiliaries and their uses in forming verb phrases and expressing modality.
This document provides an overview of English grammar, including its core components of phonology, morphology, and syntax. It defines key linguistic terms like phonology, morphology, and grammar. Morphology is described as the study of word structures and formation. The document also outlines the typical elements of a sentence, such as subjects, verbs, objects, and adverbials. It distinguishes between different types of verbs like intensive, extensive, intransitive, and transitive verbs. Additionally, it defines the categories of complements and objects that sentences can include, such as subject complements, object complements, direct objects, and indirect objects.
The document discusses the classification of verbs in English. It describes verbs as denoting processes that occur over time. Verbs are classified based on their lexical meaning as bounded or unbounded. Bounded verbs have an inherent endpoint, while unbounded verbs do not. Unbounded verbs can further be categorized as stative or dynamic. The document also discusses the grammatical categories verbs can possess, such as tense, aspect, mood, and voice. It notes the distinction between regular and irregular verbs in English and describes different subclasses of irregular verbs.
This document provides an overview of different types of verbs in English. It defines verbs and divides them into three main categories: main verbs, auxiliaries, and modal auxiliaries. It then proceeds to explain eight specific types of verbs in more detail, including regular and irregular verbs, transitive and intransitive verbs, special verbs, state verbs, linking verbs, phrasal verbs, verb tenses, and gerund and infinitive verbs. Examples are provided to illustrate the key characteristics and uses of each verb type.
This document discusses the interaction between morphology and syntax. It begins by defining morphology as concerning word formation, and syntax as concerning rules for combining words into phrases and sentences. While morphology and syntax generally deal with different levels, they interact in several ways. Inflectional morphology carries grammatical meaning and is relevant to syntax. Argument structure, passive and anti-passive constructions, causatives, applicatives, and noun incorporation involve interactions between a verb's arguments and morphology. Clitics, phrasal verbs, and phrasal compounds exist at the morphology-syntax interface.
The document is the table of contents for an Honors Spanish 4 grammar book. It lists and briefly describes 14 grammar topics that will be covered in the book, including the present tense, ser and estar verbs, gustar verbs, preterit vs imperfect tense, noun clause subjunctive, commands, object pronouns, possessive adjectives and pronouns, demonstrative adjectives and pronouns, adverb clause subjunctive, reflexive verbs, and uses of por and para.
Derivation is the formation of new words through the addition of affixes. English uses derivational affixes to change the grammatical category of words, such as from verb to noun. There are two types of derivational affixes: class 1 affixes typically change the phonology of the base word, while class 2 affixes are phonologically neutral. Complex derivation can change the grammatical category through multiple affixations. However, derivation is constrained and not all affixes can be added to all bases.
1. The document provides a syntactic analysis of the sentence "Perhaps you will never find a job as a linguist, but you should at least try." It identifies the word classes, noun phrases, clauses, and sentence type.
2. Various activities are described related to morphology and syntax, including identifying verb tenses and aspects, and distinguishing features of verbs like third person/other persons and singular/plural forms.
3. A graphic organizer of sentence patterns is requested, showing examples of transitive/intransitive verbs, adverb clauses, and other grammatical categories.
The document discusses various categories of verbs including person, number, tense, and aspect. It explains that person associates a process with the speaker, addressee, or others. Number shows if a process involves one or more doers. Tense reflects time and expresses the relation between an action and the moment of speaking. Aspect expresses how an action is portrayed as proceeding, such as with continuous or perfective forms. The document also discusses challenges with classifying verbs and analyzing categories like future tense and aspect in English.
This document defines and provides examples of the eight parts of speech: verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Verbs express actions or states of being. Nouns name people, places, things, or ideas. Pronouns replace nouns. Adjectives provide description. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Prepositions show relationships between words. Conjunctions connect words or groups of words. Interjections express emotion.
This document defines and categorizes different parts of speech in English including nouns, pronouns, adjectives and provides examples of each. It discusses how nouns can be classified based on number, gender, etc. and defines different types of pronouns such as personal, reflexive, interrogative and relative pronouns. It then defines adjectives and categorizes them based on their function such as proper, descriptive, quantitative, numeral, demonstrative, indefinite, possessive, interrogative and relative adjectives. The document provides examples for each part of speech and adjective category. It concludes with an exercise asking the reader to identify and classify different adjectives in example sentences.
This document discusses the six basic sentence patterns in English:
1. Subject + verb (intransitive verb)
2. Subject + verb + direct object
3. Subject + verb + indirect object + direct object
4. Subject + verb + direct object + objective complement
5. Subject + linking verb + subjective complement
6. Subject + linking verb + adjective complement
It provides examples for each pattern and explains the key elements - subjects, verbs, objects, and complements. Learning these basic patterns is essential for writing well-structured sentences in English.
This Power Point presentation defines syntax and describes seven syntax rules for the English Language. The Presentation also discusses four issues English Language Learners find so difficult when it comes to learning and acquiring ESL.
1. The document discusses various types of word modification and translation in English and Indonesian, including affixes, compound words, word class changes, and lexical equivalence.
2. It provides examples of prefixes, suffixes, and their meanings in English and Indonesian, as well as strategies for translating words with unknown concepts or culturally unique concepts.
3. The relationship between lexical parts, synonyms, antonyms, and reciprocal words are also examined, highlighting that word meanings may differ across languages and contexts.
We all use grammar from the time that we can speak in intelligible sentences, because Grammar deals with the abstract system of rules in terms of which a person’s mastery of his native language can be explained. We assume that it all happens naturally and are only confronted with the need to understand and define how English works when we learn another language or attempt to teach English to others. so, let us see about functional grammar.
This document discusses different types of phrases that serve as constituents in sentences. It defines a constituent as an element or component that is considered part of a construction, with words making up phrases and phrases making up sentences. The document then provides formulas and examples for different types of phrases, including noun phrases, verb phrases (finite and non-finite), adjective phrases, adverb phrases, prepositional phrases, and appositive phrases. It explains how each type of phrase is formed and the function it serves within a sentence.
Syntactic categories, by dr. shadia yousef banjar.ppt [compatibility mode]Dr. Shadia Banjar
The document discusses the levels of linguistic analysis and syntactic categories. It explains that syntax examines how words are combined to form sentences based on grammatical rules. There are two main types of syntactic categories - lexical categories like nouns, verbs, adjectives which have inherent meaning, and functional categories like determiners and auxiliaries which have grammatical functions. The document provides details on the morphological and syntactic properties of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, determiners and auxiliaries.
The document discusses different approaches to classifying words into parts of speech. There are four main approaches discussed: classical/logical-inflectional, functional, distributional, and complex. The classical approach uses word forms and inflections to classify words, while the functional approach considers meaning and use. The distributional approach focuses solely on word order and substitutability. The complex approach integrates semantic, formal, and functional criteria.
Semantics is the study of meanings of words, phrases and sentences. It involves analyzing conceptual meanings, which are the basic components of a word's meaning, and associative meanings, which are connotations attached to a word. Semantics also examines how words fulfill roles like agent, theme, and experiencer within sentences, and lexical relations between words such as synonyms, antonyms, and polysemy.
This document discusses native speaker intuitions about words and lexical categories. It notes that we intuitively understand that words exist as independent linguistic units, even though there is no clear acoustic evidence delineating words. It then discusses how words can be categorized into lexical categories or parts of speech based on semantic definitions, morphological evidence like suffixes, and syntactic evidence like distributional tests that show how words can be inserted into frames depending on their category. Overall, the document examines how we intuitively understand words and lexical categories even without clear-cut evidence, drawing on semantics, morphology and syntax.
This document provides a review of the parts of speech, including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, interjections, and conjunctions. Nouns name people, places, objects, or ideas and can be common, proper, count, or non-count. Pronouns replace nouns and have subject, object, and possessive cases. Verbs indicate actions or states of being and have different tenses. Adjectives describe nouns and adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Prepositions show relationships between words. Interjections express emotion. Conjunctions connect words or groups of words and can be coordinating or subordin
This document provides an overview of key concepts in English grammar including parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives), word classes (countable vs. uncountable nouns), morphology (morphemes), syntax, spoken vs. written grammar, problems with grammar rules, vocabulary, meaning, and the sounds of language. It discusses topics such as stress, intonation, individual sounds, and paralinguistic features of language including gestures, facial expressions, and proximity. The document is from Uludag University's English Language Teaching Department and focuses on explaining foundational elements of grammar.
Describing language and language skillsSanta Requejo
This document provides an overview of linguistic concepts related to describing language and language skills. It covers the eight parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.), grammatical structures, word formation processes, and elements of language including lexis, phonology and functions. It also discusses topics like compound words, affixes, collocations, pronunciation rules and linguistic functions in communication. The document serves as a reference for teachers in understanding and explaining core components of language.
This document defines and discusses the simple tenses of verbs in English, including the present, past, and future tenses. It covers formation, usage, and examples of the simple present, past, and future tenses in both active and passive voice. Key points include how the present tense expresses habitual or ongoing actions, the past tense expresses completed actions at a definite time in the past, and the future tense expresses actions that will occur beyond the present. Examples are provided to illustrate the different tenses.
The document discusses syntax, which are the rules that govern sentence structure in languages. It defines syntax as the mental representation of a speaker's linguistic knowledge about sentence formation. The key components of syntax include parts of speech, phrase structure trees, grammaticality, ambiguity, and the infinite potential for sentence formation through recursive rules.
This document defines and categorizes the different parts of speech in syntax. It discusses lexical categories such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, determiners, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions and auxiliary verbs. It also examines phrasal categories including noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverbial phrases and prepositional phrases. Examples are provided to illustrate different parts of speech and how they are arranged to form sentences.
This document provides an overview of key linguistic concepts related to language use, form and meaning, grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. It discusses:
1) How language is used differently in various contexts like texting, emailing, and internet chatting versus formal writing.
2) The importance of considering both grammar and vocabulary as well as discourse-level features like genre and organization when examining language.
3) Various linguistic concepts related to grammar, word meanings and extensions, collocations, paralinguistics, speaking versus writing styles, and five key issues in pronunciation.
This grammar book provides an overview of key Spanish grammar topics in 14 sections:
1. El Presente - formation of regular and irregular present tense verbs.
2. Ser y Estar - uses of ser and estar with adjectives to describe permanent vs. temporary qualities.
3. Verbs like Gustar - construction and uses of verbs like gustar, encantar, and faltar.
4. Nouns and Articles - agreement of nouns and articles based on gender and number.
5. Adjectives - agreement of adjectives with nouns.
6. Preterite vs. Imperfect - uses of the preterite and imperfect
This slide presentation teaches students about tense shifting in writing. It begins with an introduction that defines and provides examples of the past tense, present tense, and tense shifting. It explains that tense should be consistent within a work unless shifting is needed to describe a completed action and a habitual one. The second part includes practice exercises for identifying tense and appropriate tense shifting.
This document discusses different types of clauses, including independent clauses and dependent clauses. Independent clauses can stand alone as a sentence, while dependent clauses cannot. Dependent clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns and include noun clauses, adjective clauses, and adverb clauses. Adverb clauses can indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, or concession. Proper punctuation is important to distinguish between restrictive and non-restrictive clauses.
The document discusses various categories of verbs including person, number, tense, and aspect. It explains that person associates a process with the speaker, addressee, or others. Number shows if a process involves one or more doers. Tense reflects time and expresses the relation between an action and the moment of speaking. Aspect expresses how an action is portrayed as proceeding, such as with continuous or perfective forms. The document also discusses challenges with classifying verbs and analyzing categories like future tense and aspect in English.
This document defines and provides examples of the eight parts of speech: verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Verbs express actions or states of being. Nouns name people, places, things, or ideas. Pronouns replace nouns. Adjectives provide description. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Prepositions show relationships between words. Conjunctions connect words or groups of words. Interjections express emotion.
This document defines and categorizes different parts of speech in English including nouns, pronouns, adjectives and provides examples of each. It discusses how nouns can be classified based on number, gender, etc. and defines different types of pronouns such as personal, reflexive, interrogative and relative pronouns. It then defines adjectives and categorizes them based on their function such as proper, descriptive, quantitative, numeral, demonstrative, indefinite, possessive, interrogative and relative adjectives. The document provides examples for each part of speech and adjective category. It concludes with an exercise asking the reader to identify and classify different adjectives in example sentences.
This document discusses the six basic sentence patterns in English:
1. Subject + verb (intransitive verb)
2. Subject + verb + direct object
3. Subject + verb + indirect object + direct object
4. Subject + verb + direct object + objective complement
5. Subject + linking verb + subjective complement
6. Subject + linking verb + adjective complement
It provides examples for each pattern and explains the key elements - subjects, verbs, objects, and complements. Learning these basic patterns is essential for writing well-structured sentences in English.
This Power Point presentation defines syntax and describes seven syntax rules for the English Language. The Presentation also discusses four issues English Language Learners find so difficult when it comes to learning and acquiring ESL.
1. The document discusses various types of word modification and translation in English and Indonesian, including affixes, compound words, word class changes, and lexical equivalence.
2. It provides examples of prefixes, suffixes, and their meanings in English and Indonesian, as well as strategies for translating words with unknown concepts or culturally unique concepts.
3. The relationship between lexical parts, synonyms, antonyms, and reciprocal words are also examined, highlighting that word meanings may differ across languages and contexts.
We all use grammar from the time that we can speak in intelligible sentences, because Grammar deals with the abstract system of rules in terms of which a person’s mastery of his native language can be explained. We assume that it all happens naturally and are only confronted with the need to understand and define how English works when we learn another language or attempt to teach English to others. so, let us see about functional grammar.
This document discusses different types of phrases that serve as constituents in sentences. It defines a constituent as an element or component that is considered part of a construction, with words making up phrases and phrases making up sentences. The document then provides formulas and examples for different types of phrases, including noun phrases, verb phrases (finite and non-finite), adjective phrases, adverb phrases, prepositional phrases, and appositive phrases. It explains how each type of phrase is formed and the function it serves within a sentence.
Syntactic categories, by dr. shadia yousef banjar.ppt [compatibility mode]Dr. Shadia Banjar
The document discusses the levels of linguistic analysis and syntactic categories. It explains that syntax examines how words are combined to form sentences based on grammatical rules. There are two main types of syntactic categories - lexical categories like nouns, verbs, adjectives which have inherent meaning, and functional categories like determiners and auxiliaries which have grammatical functions. The document provides details on the morphological and syntactic properties of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, determiners and auxiliaries.
The document discusses different approaches to classifying words into parts of speech. There are four main approaches discussed: classical/logical-inflectional, functional, distributional, and complex. The classical approach uses word forms and inflections to classify words, while the functional approach considers meaning and use. The distributional approach focuses solely on word order and substitutability. The complex approach integrates semantic, formal, and functional criteria.
Semantics is the study of meanings of words, phrases and sentences. It involves analyzing conceptual meanings, which are the basic components of a word's meaning, and associative meanings, which are connotations attached to a word. Semantics also examines how words fulfill roles like agent, theme, and experiencer within sentences, and lexical relations between words such as synonyms, antonyms, and polysemy.
This document discusses native speaker intuitions about words and lexical categories. It notes that we intuitively understand that words exist as independent linguistic units, even though there is no clear acoustic evidence delineating words. It then discusses how words can be categorized into lexical categories or parts of speech based on semantic definitions, morphological evidence like suffixes, and syntactic evidence like distributional tests that show how words can be inserted into frames depending on their category. Overall, the document examines how we intuitively understand words and lexical categories even without clear-cut evidence, drawing on semantics, morphology and syntax.
This document provides a review of the parts of speech, including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, interjections, and conjunctions. Nouns name people, places, objects, or ideas and can be common, proper, count, or non-count. Pronouns replace nouns and have subject, object, and possessive cases. Verbs indicate actions or states of being and have different tenses. Adjectives describe nouns and adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Prepositions show relationships between words. Interjections express emotion. Conjunctions connect words or groups of words and can be coordinating or subordin
This document provides an overview of key concepts in English grammar including parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives), word classes (countable vs. uncountable nouns), morphology (morphemes), syntax, spoken vs. written grammar, problems with grammar rules, vocabulary, meaning, and the sounds of language. It discusses topics such as stress, intonation, individual sounds, and paralinguistic features of language including gestures, facial expressions, and proximity. The document is from Uludag University's English Language Teaching Department and focuses on explaining foundational elements of grammar.
Describing language and language skillsSanta Requejo
This document provides an overview of linguistic concepts related to describing language and language skills. It covers the eight parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.), grammatical structures, word formation processes, and elements of language including lexis, phonology and functions. It also discusses topics like compound words, affixes, collocations, pronunciation rules and linguistic functions in communication. The document serves as a reference for teachers in understanding and explaining core components of language.
This document defines and discusses the simple tenses of verbs in English, including the present, past, and future tenses. It covers formation, usage, and examples of the simple present, past, and future tenses in both active and passive voice. Key points include how the present tense expresses habitual or ongoing actions, the past tense expresses completed actions at a definite time in the past, and the future tense expresses actions that will occur beyond the present. Examples are provided to illustrate the different tenses.
The document discusses syntax, which are the rules that govern sentence structure in languages. It defines syntax as the mental representation of a speaker's linguistic knowledge about sentence formation. The key components of syntax include parts of speech, phrase structure trees, grammaticality, ambiguity, and the infinite potential for sentence formation through recursive rules.
This document defines and categorizes the different parts of speech in syntax. It discusses lexical categories such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, determiners, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions and auxiliary verbs. It also examines phrasal categories including noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverbial phrases and prepositional phrases. Examples are provided to illustrate different parts of speech and how they are arranged to form sentences.
This document provides an overview of key linguistic concepts related to language use, form and meaning, grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. It discusses:
1) How language is used differently in various contexts like texting, emailing, and internet chatting versus formal writing.
2) The importance of considering both grammar and vocabulary as well as discourse-level features like genre and organization when examining language.
3) Various linguistic concepts related to grammar, word meanings and extensions, collocations, paralinguistics, speaking versus writing styles, and five key issues in pronunciation.
This grammar book provides an overview of key Spanish grammar topics in 14 sections:
1. El Presente - formation of regular and irregular present tense verbs.
2. Ser y Estar - uses of ser and estar with adjectives to describe permanent vs. temporary qualities.
3. Verbs like Gustar - construction and uses of verbs like gustar, encantar, and faltar.
4. Nouns and Articles - agreement of nouns and articles based on gender and number.
5. Adjectives - agreement of adjectives with nouns.
6. Preterite vs. Imperfect - uses of the preterite and imperfect
This slide presentation teaches students about tense shifting in writing. It begins with an introduction that defines and provides examples of the past tense, present tense, and tense shifting. It explains that tense should be consistent within a work unless shifting is needed to describe a completed action and a habitual one. The second part includes practice exercises for identifying tense and appropriate tense shifting.
This document discusses different types of clauses, including independent clauses and dependent clauses. Independent clauses can stand alone as a sentence, while dependent clauses cannot. Dependent clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns and include noun clauses, adjective clauses, and adverb clauses. Adverb clauses can indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, or concession. Proper punctuation is important to distinguish between restrictive and non-restrictive clauses.
Here are my analyses of the abstracts based on the criteria:
Case Studies in Agribusiness: An Interview with Ray Goldberg
A) Presents the unit (agribusiness)
B) Clear for the reader
C) Provides background on how case studies have helped define the field and foster communication
D) Outlines the interview highlights and impact of case studies
E) Main issue is the role and impact of case studies in agribusiness education
F) No repetitions
G) Discusses the findings on the impact of case studies
INEQUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES: INTERNATIONAL EVIDENCE FROM PISA
A) Presents the unit (educational
The document discusses the English tense system. It describes the divisions of time as before past, past, after past, present, before future, future, and after future. It then examines several tenses in more detail, including the present simple and progressive, simple past, present perfect, and past perfect tenses. For each tense, it provides examples of usage and discusses how to conjugate verbs in that tense.
The document discusses time expressions and their usage with different tenses. It provides examples of time expressions used with the past simple and present perfect tenses. The purpose is to help students identify and correctly use time expressions. As part of the lesson, students will match time expressions to sentences in an exercise and work together in small groups to complete the activity.
This document discusses English verb tenses. There are three main tenses - present, past, and future. Each tense has four forms: indefinite, continuous, perfect, and perfect continuous. The document provides examples of how to form sentences in the affirmative, negative, and interrogative for each tense and form. It explains the meaning and use of each tense, such as when to use the continuous form to indicate an ongoing action.
This document discusses concepts and principles of evaluation in education. It defines evaluation as a process of making judgements to establish goals, collect evidence of progress, make assessments, and revise procedures and goals based on those assessments. Evaluation is used to improve outcomes, processes, and goals. Formative evaluation refers to assessment during a program to identify progress and make improvements, while summative evaluation examines final effects and outcomes. The document outlines various evaluation types, purposes, characteristics, and models to systematically collect and analyze information to determine how well students are achieving educational objectives.
The document discusses verb tenses and their classification. It describes how tenses can be categorized based on time frame into present, past and future tenses. Tenses can also be categorized based on aspect into simple, continuous, perfect and perfect continuous forms. There are 12 possible verb tenses in total. The document provides definitions and examples of each tense, such as using the present continuous to emphasize ongoing actions and the past perfect to refer to completed past actions.
1) Verbs are words that indicate actions, states of being, or emotions. They may vary in form depending on factors like tense, voice, and whether they agree with the subject.
2) Verbs are divided into transitive verbs (which take a direct object) and intransitive verbs (which do not). Linking verbs connect the subject to a word that renames or describes it. Helping verbs convey additional information like time or possibility.
3) Irregular verbs have unpredictable past tense or past participle forms, while regular verbs follow predictable patterns. There are over 16 tenses in English depending on combinations of aspects like time, continuation, and completeness.
Transitive. intransitive verbs by javier burgosBIZ University
Verbs can express actions or states of being. There are two main types of verbs - action verbs and linking verbs. Action verbs take direct objects, while linking verbs link subjects to nouns or adjectives and do not take direct objects. Verbs have principal parts including the root form, past tense form, present participle form, and past participle form. Helping verbs are used with verb forms to create different tenses. Verbs can also vary by voice, mood, and whether they are transitive or intransitive.
The document defines and provides examples of different types of verbs:
1) Transitive verbs express an action that passes to an object, like "eat rice" or "kill a snake".
2) Intransitive verbs do not take an object and express a complete action themselves, like "dogs bark" or "the boy ran".
3) Auxiliary or helping verbs are used along with other verbs to express tense, voice, or mood, such as "is", "are", "do", "does", and "will".
The document provides information about Spanish sentence structure and grammar. It lists different sentence types in Spanish including statements, questions, exclamations, and commands. For each type it gives the typical word order and examples. It also discusses the placement of objects, verbs, adjectives, and other parts of speech within sentences. The document concludes with additional vocabulary examples.
The document discusses different parts of speech related to verbs including:
- Verbs express actions or states of being. Examples of verbs and their subjects are provided.
- Different verb tenses are explained such as present, past, future, and their uses in sentences.
- Verb terminology is defined including infinitive form, direct and indirect objects, transitive and intransitive verbs, subjects, participles, active and passive sentences, and conjugation. Examples are given for each term.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of verbs in English, including: regular and irregular verbs, transitive and intransitive verbs, auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, state verbs, linking verbs, phrasal verbs, verb tenses, and gerund and infinitive verbs. It discusses the key characteristics of each verb type and provides examples to illustrate their usage and formation. The document serves as a reference for understanding the different classes of verbs and their functions in the English language.
This document is about Verb. What is verb? Types of Verb? Main verb and auxiliary verbs, helping verbs, primary auxiliary verbs, also it has transitive verbs and intransitive verbs. It also gives you definition and examples of all kinds of verbs. Examples of verbs
The document discusses basic English language skills related to grammar. It covers the 8 main parts of speech - nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. For each part of speech, it provides examples and descriptions of their types and usage. It also discusses tenses, clauses, and learning new vocabularies through understanding parts of speech and constructing sentences.
The document provides a review of English verb tenses for the College Board exam, including the present progressive, past progressive, simple present, future, and simple past tenses. It defines each tense and provides examples of formation, questions, and negatives for each tense. A list of irregular verbs is also included at the end.
This document discusses the different parts of speech in English grammar. It begins by defining what a word is and then outlines the nine main parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, preposition, conjunction, interjection, and determiner. It then provides detailed descriptions and examples of each part of speech, including the different types of nouns, pronouns, and verbs. Key points covered include the definitions of nouns, pronouns, verbs and their various subcategories such as common vs. proper nouns, subject vs. object pronouns, and linking vs. transitive verbs.
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The document discusses the classification of verbs in English. It explains that verbs can be classified based on what they express such as action, state of being, or condition. Verbs are also classified by their form, including whether they are regular, irregular, or phrasal verbs. The document provides examples and explanations of different types of verbs like action verbs, stative verbs, auxiliary verbs, lexical verbs, and linking verbs.
This document discusses verbs and their classification. It begins by explaining that verbs can express actions or states of being. Verbs are then classified as transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs require a direct object to complete their meaning, while intransitive verbs do not take a direct object. Some verbs can be both transitive and intransitive depending on the context. Linking verbs like forms of "to be" connect subjects to nouns or adjectives rather than expressing actions. The relationship between linking verbs and intransitive verbs is explored, noting that intransitive verbs do not act upon any recipient.
Verbs express actions, states of being, or events and come in several types. A verb can be an action verb that shows physical or mental activity, a linking verb that connects a subject to a predicate describing a state, or a helping verb that works with the main verb. Verbs are also regular or irregular in formation and can be dynamic, showing continuous action, or stative, showing a state of being. Proper subject-verb agreement requires matching a verb's number with its subject.
Verbs express actions, states of being, or events and come in several types. A verb can be an action verb that shows physical or mental activity, a linking verb that connects a subject to a predicate describing a state, or a helping verb that works with the main verb. Verbs are also regular or irregular in formation and can be dynamic, showing continuous action, or stative, showing a state of being. Proper subject-verb agreement requires matching a verb's number with its subject.
The document discusses the different types of verbs in English, including regular verbs which form the past tense by adding "d" or "ed" and irregular verbs which are unpredictable in how they change form in the past tense. It provides tips for properly forming regular and irregular past tense verbs as well as past participles. Examples are given to illustrate the rules for forming different verb tenses and avoiding common mistakes.
The document describes the past continuous tense in Spanish. It provides the formation, structure, uses and examples of the past continuous tense. Specifically, it discusses:
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- It is used to describe actions that were interrupted in the past or occurring at a specific time in the past.
- Some verbs like believe, know, have are generally not used in the continuous tenses as they express states rather than ongoing actions.
I. The document discusses different types of pronouns including subject pronouns, predicate pronouns, interrogative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, possessive pronouns, and indefinite pronouns.
II. It also covers possessive adjectives, personal pronouns, object pronouns, reflexive pronouns, intensive pronouns, and kinds of clauses including independent and subordinate clauses.
III. Additionally, the document defines key grammatical terms such as verbs, subjects, predicates, direct objects, common nouns, verb phrases, linking verbs, helping verbs, adverbs, and adverb types.
The document discusses verb tenses and their usage. It outlines 6 main tenses - present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect. For each tense it provides examples of how they are used to indicate the time or continuity of an action. It also discusses regular and irregular verb forms, and provides examples of conjugating the irregular verb "to be" in different tenses and persons.
1. A verb describes an action, occurrence, or state of being and is one of the main parts of speech. Verbs can be regular or irregular, transitive or intransitive, stative or dynamic, auxiliary, phrasal, or gerunds.
2. Verbs are conjugated by tense including past, present, and future tenses which each have simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect progressive aspects.
3. Regular verbs form their past and past participles by adding "-ed" while irregular verbs have unpredictable forms. Transitive verbs act on a direct object while intransitive verbs do not. Stative verbs describe states of being while dynamic verbs describe actions.
The document discusses verb tenses in English, including the six main tenses (present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect, future perfect) and how they are formed. It provides examples of regular and irregular verb conjugations in different tenses and persons. Exercises are included for the reader to practice forming sentences in various tenses.
This document contains sentences with underlined parts to identify errors and questions to select the best version of underlined text. Readers must choose the correct answers about grammar, word choice, and sentence structure.
This document outlines the final requirements for four different communication arts and professional ethics courses, including assignment due dates and exam dates ranging from September 30 to October 17. It also provides contact information for questions or concerns.
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The document discusses several theories on the norm of morality, including hedonism, utilitarianism, communism, moral rationalism, moral evolutionism, moral positivism, and moral sensism. It also discusses specific determinants of morality like the end of the action, the end of the agent, and the circumstances. Finally, it covers situation ethics and how circumstances can aggravate, mitigate, justify, or exempt acts like murder.
The document discusses the concepts of morality and ethics. It defines morality as judging actions as right or wrong, and explains that norms of morality establish standards for determining what is morally right or wrong. It then discusses key aspects of ethics, including that ethics deals with human acts that are voluntary, done with consent and knowledge. It also explores the concepts of perfect and imperfect voluntariness as well as direct and indirect voluntariness. The document examines how actions can have both good and evil effects yet still be considered ethical. It concludes by analyzing how factors like ignorance, passion, fear and violence can lessen accountability for human acts.
Ethics is the study of human behavior and morality. It investigates concepts like right and wrong, and seeks to understand the meaning and purpose of human life. Ethics has foundations and premises like other sciences, such as the existence of moral differences between actions. It also considers challenges from schools of thought like moral skepticism and relativism. Overall, ethics examines how humans ought to behave and is concerned with attaining the greatest good of happiness.
This document provides a template for students to analyze a commencement speech, including observing the speaker's body language in areas such as posture, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, and first impressions. Students are to analyze one of two example commencement speeches and comment on the speaker's delivery.
Conjunctions are connecting words that link grammatical elements such as words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. There are several types of conjunctions, including coordinating conjunctions that connect elements of equal rank, subordinating conjunctions that introduce subordinate clauses, and correlative conjunctions that are used in pairs. Proper punctuation is important when using conjunctions to join elements such as placing commas before coordinating conjunctions in a compound sentence. Conjunctions allow writers to combine ideas and elements in sentences economically and to show different relationships between the elements.
The document provides guidelines for using the prepositions "in," "at," and "on" to indicate location and direction. It states that "in" is generally used for enclosed spaces, "at" for points, and "on" for surfaces. Specific examples are given for when to use each preposition, such as using "in" for bodies of water, lines, and names of land areas, and using "at" for addresses and points. The document also discusses rules for using prepositions to indicate motion, relationships in time, and time frames.
The document provides two versions of a short paragraph describing the fall foliage in New England. Version A uses more repetitive language, repeating words like "leaves" and "fall." Version B uses more varied language, replacing repetitions with synonyms and changing sentence structures. The document encourages varying word choice and avoiding repeating the same words too closely in a paragraph to improve writing.
Text C is the strongest writing. It uses varied sentence structures, including compound sentences with "and". It eliminates unnecessary words like "just" and "really". The meaning is clear while being more concise than Texts A and B.
This document provides an overview of different types of pronouns and their usage, including:
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This document discusses different types of prepositions in English and how they are used to indicate spatial and temporal relationships. It covers prepositions of time, place, direction, and dimensions. Some key uses include "on" for days/dates, "in" for parts of the day/months/years, "at" for locations, "over/above" and "under/below" to indicate height and depth, and "to/onto/into" to indicate movement toward a destination, surface, or interior space.
This document provides definitions and examples of key concepts related to voice characteristics and speech prosody. It discusses pitch, intensity, vocal range, speaking rate, prosody, rhythm, intonation, stress, emphasis, content words versus function words, and timing. Examples are provided to illustrate falling intonation for statements and replies, rising intonation for questions, dipping intonation for afterthoughts and tag questions, and peaking intonation for two sense groups. Principal verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs are given as examples of content words, while articles, prepositions, conjunctions and pronouns are provided as examples of function words.
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The document defines the basic components of a sentence and discusses types of clauses.
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Verbs Types, Tenses and Time
1. Verbs: Types, Tenses, and Time handout 1
JOHNSON COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE
VERBS: TYPES, TENSES, AND TIME
Verb--a word used to assert or ask something; usually indicates an action or state of being.
David spoke quickly. (Action)
David seems angry. (State of being)
I. KINDS OF VERBS
A. Linking verbs--These verbs serve as a connection between a subject and its nominal
complement or adjective complement.
Forms of the verb to be (am, is, are, etc.) are the most common linking verbs, but
there are others such as the “sense” verbs:
look appear prove smell become
remain sound continue seem taste
grow feel
Examples:
He looked hopeful.
The President is a citizen like the rest of us.
Although the report appears factual, it is actually inaccurate.
B. Transitive verbs--These verbs have direct objects; the action of the verb is directed
toward some objective.
Examples: She gave ten dollars to charity. (She gave what? Ten dollars.)
Last year, they produced weapons to sell to Iraq. (They produced
what? Weapons.)
2. Verbs: Types, Tenses, and Time handout 2
Transitive verbs can be used in two ways:
As active voice--has a subject that does something to something.
Example: Paul ate steak for dinner. (Paul is doing something
to the steak--eating it.)
As passive voice--the subject is acted upon by something.
Example: The steak was eaten by Paul. (The steak was acted
upon--was eaten--by Paul.)
C. Intransitive verbs--These verbs do not have direct objects; the action of the verb is
not directed towards an objective.
Examples: The baby cried loudly.
Lightning strikes suddenly.
D. Auxiliary or helping verbs--These verbs combine with other verbs to show tense,
aspect, mood, voice, degree, or manner of action.
1. There are two important verbs that help form certain verb tenses.
The first is the verb to be (is, are, were, am, etc.) As noted previously, to
be is a linking verb; however, to be can also function as a helping verb.
Example: I am going to the concert whether you like it or not.
(Am is part of the verb am going; am is being used
as a helping verb.)
The second important verb that helps form certain verb tenses is the verb
to have (has, had, have, etc.). To have can function as a transitive verb
(i.e., I have the book you ordered), but it also can function as a helping
verb.
Example: The office has called you time and time again, but
you never answered the phone. (Has is part of the
verb has called; has is being used as a helping
verb.)
Because helping verbs are important in the formation of various verb tenses, it is
important to understand how the helping verbs themselves are conjugated (broken down
into tenses, formed into tense then further changed depending on person or number).
3. Verbs: Types, Tenses, and Time handout 3
2. Certain helping verbs are used to express possibility. Some examples follow:
may could might be can would
Examples: I may take statistics next semester.
It might be fun to attend that dance.
3. Other helping verbs are used to express emphasis. Several examples follow:
do need will be dared did
Example: I do need to go. I'm already twenty minutes late!
I will be there; I promise.
E. When attempting to identify the verb(s) in a sentence, be careful not to mistake verbals
(gerunds, participles, and infinitives) for verbs. Verbals are formed from verbs, but do not
act as verbs in the sentence. Verbals act as nouns or modifiers.
Examples: Counting money daily is a tedious job for bank tellers. (Gerund--
acting as a noun)
Viewed in the light of day, the woman's disappearance didn't seem
so sinister. (Participle--adjective modifying disappearance)
They agreed upon a plan to win the race. (Infinitive--adjective
modifying plan)
To understand verbals better, you can pick up additional Writing
Center materials. (Infinitive--acting as a noun)
II. PRINCIPLE PARTS OF A VERB
Verbs--transitive, intransitive, or linking--can be classified as either regular or irregular.
A. All verbs have five principal parts:
Examples
infinitive to kick, to go
present tense (base) kick, go
present participle kicking, going
4. Verbs: Types, Tenses, and Time handout 4
past tense kicked, went
past participle kicked, gone
The first three parts (infinitive, present tense, and present participle) are made the
same way for all verbs. However, the past tense of the verb and the past participle
differ depending on whether the verb is regular or irregular.
Infinitive = to + basic verb
Present tense = basic verb
Present participle = basic verb + -ing
B. All regular verbs add -d or -ed to the basic form to make the past tense and past
participle.
Examples: The prisoner escaped from jail. (escaped = past tense)
The prisoner has escaped from jail. (escaped = past participle)
C. Irregular verbs do not add -d or -ed to the present tense; instead, to make the past tense
and past participle, irregular verbs change in spelling or add some other ending.
Examples: If I drive the car today, I'll fill it with gas. (drive = present tense)
If you recall, I drove it yesterday. (drove = past tense; spelling
changed)
In fact, I have driven it three times this week. (driven = past
participle; ending added to present tense)
D. Irregular verbs can be categorized according to how they change.
1. Verbs whose past tense is spelled differently than the present tense and whose
past participle are the same as the past tense.
BASE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE
bend bent bent
bind bound bound
bleed bled bled
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
cling clung clung
5. Verbs: Types, Tenses, and Time handout 5
creep crept crept
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
flee fled fled
fling flung flung
grind ground ground
hang (a painting) hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hold held held
keep kept kept
lay laid laid
lead led led
leave left left
lend lent lent
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
read read (said “red”) read
rend rent rent
say said said
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
shoe shod shod
shoot shot shot
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
slink slunk slunk
speed sped sped
spend spent spent
spin spun spun
stand stood stood
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
string strung strung
sweep swept swept
swing swung swung
teach taught taught
tell told told
think thought thought
weep wept wept
win won won
wind wound wound
6. Verbs: Types, Tenses, and Time handout 6
Example: Please feed the dog before seven o'clock. (feed = present
tense)
I fed him ten minutes ago. (fed = past tense)
Well, if you have fed him already, then don't give him
anything at seven. (fed = past participle)
2. Verbs whose past tense is spelled differently than the present tense and whose
past participle is formed by adding -n or -en to the base word or past tense.
BASE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE
be was been
bear bore borne
bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
choose chose chosen
do did done
draw drew drawn
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
forsake forsook forsaken
freeze froze frozen
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
know knew known
ride rode ridden
rise rose risen
see saw seen
shake shook shaken
speak spoke spoken
slay slew slain
steal stole stolen
stride strode stridden
swear swore sworn
take took taken
tear tore torn
throw threw thrown
wear wore worn
weave wove woven
write wrote written
7. Verbs: Types, Tenses, and Time handout 7
Two verbs show a unique pattern. Like many other verbs, they are derived from
Old English strong verbs, but have evolved differently.
come came come
run ran run
Examples: Some flower bulbs freeze and die if left in the ground
through winter. (freeze = present tense)
Last year, I forgot to take out these sensitive bulbs and they
froze. (froze = past tense)
They had frozen during the cold spells and then thawed
and decomposed when the weather grew warmer in early
spring. (frozen = past participle)
3. Verbs that show a change in vowel, both in the past tense and the past participle.
BASE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE
begin began begun
fly flew flown
lie lay lain
ring rang rung
swim swam swum
Examples: Ring the doorbell, Janet. (ring = present tense)
I rang it, so someone should come to the door soon. (rang = past
tense; vowel changed from i to a)
Maybe if I had rung it harder, we wouldn't still be standing here.
(rung = past participle; vowel changed from i to u)
4. Verbs that show no changes; each form consists of the same word as the base.
bet cost let shut bid cut put split burst hit
set cast hurt shed thrust spread
Example: Who split the wood this morning? (split present tense)
I did, and I split it yesterday, too. (split = past tense)
After tonight, I will have split the wood more than any of you, so
don't expect me to do it next week. (split = past participle)
8. Verbs: Types, Tenses, and Time handout 8
5. Certain irregular verbs are currently undergoing changes. Forms previously used are
gradually being altered or replaced by new forms (or forms previously considered
ungrammatical). A list follows; the newer form is in parentheses ( ).
BASE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE
abide abode (abided) abode (abided)
awake awoke (awaked) awoke (awaked, awoken)
beat beat beaten (beat)
bereave bereaved (bereft) bereaved (bereft)
beseech beseeched (besought) beseeched (besought)
bid [command] bade (bid) bidden (bid, bade)
bide bode (bided) bided
broadcast broadcast (broadcasted) broadcast (broadcasted)
chide chid (chided) chidden (chided, chid)
cleave [adhere] cleave (clove) cleaved (clove)
cleave [split] cleaved (cleft, clove) cleaved (cleft, cloven)
clothe clothed (clad) clothed (clad)
crow crowed (crew [Brit.]) crowed
dive dived (dove) dived
drink drank drunk (drank)
fit fitted (fit) fitted (fit)
forget forgot forgotten (forgot)
get got got (gotten)
heave heaved (hove) heaved (hove)
hew hewed hewed (hewn)
hide hid hidden (hid)
kneel knelt (kneeled) knelt (kneeled)
knit knitted (knit) knitted (knit)
light lighted (lit) lighted (lit)
mow mowed mowed (mown)
quit quit (quitted) quit (quitted)
prove proved proved (proven)
rid rid (ridded) rid (ridded)
saw sawed sawed (sawn)
seethe seethed seethed (sodden)
sew sewed sewed (sewn)
shave shaved shaved (shaven)
shear sheared sheared (shorn)
shine shone (shined) shone (shined)
show showed showed (shown)
shrink shrank (shrunk) shrunk (shrunken)
sing sang (sung) sung
smite smote smitten (smote)
sow sowed sowed (sown)
speed sped (speeded) sped (speeded)
spit spit (spat) spit (spat)
spring sprang (sprung) sprung
stink stank (stunk) stunk
strew strewed strewed (strewn)
strike struck struck (stricken)
9. Verbs: Types, Tenses, and Time handout 9
strive strove (strived) striven (strived)
sweat sweat (sweated) sweat (sweated)
swell swelled swelled (swollen)
thrive throve (thrived) thriven (thrived)
tread trod trodden (trod)
wake waked (woke) waked (woke, woken)
wed wedded (wed) wedded (wed)
wet wet (wetted) wet (wetted)
work worked worked (wrought)
III. CONJUGATION OF VERBS
Verb conjugation--a systematic method of arranging verb forms primarily in terms of
tense (time reference)
person (first person, second person, third person)
number (singular, plural)
A. Tense--the English language allows for many subtle time distinctions. Therefore, in
addition to the five principal parts of a verb, there are various other verb tenses. Each
verb tense identifies a particular moment or period in time. Several verb tenses are
formed with the use of helping verbs, as noted in Part I, D.
1. Present Time:
a. Present tense--indicates something that happens or can happen in the
immediate present. (I eat at this time every evening.)
Formula: No change = immediate present
b. Present progressive tense--indicates something that is going on at the
present time. (I am eating dinner, so please don't disturb me.)
Formula: to be verb + present participle = continuing present
2. Past Time:
a. Past tense--indicates something that happened at a particular time in the
past. (I ate twenty minutes ago.)
Formula: add –ed to present tense or irregular form
b. Past progressive tense--indicates something going on during a time in
the past. (I was eating dinner when someone knocked on the door.)
Formula: past to be verb + present participle = continuing period in past
c. Perfect tense--indicates something that has happened at various times
in the past. (I have eaten dinner at this same time for many years.)
Formula: past participle + have or has = past tense extending to future
10. Verbs: Types, Tenses, and Time handout 10
d. Past perfect tense--indicates something that happened before some
time in the-past. (I had eaten dinner at an earlier hour before my habits
changed.)
Formula: past participle + had = in the past before another past time
3. Future Time:
a. Future tense--indicates something that can happen at some time in the
future. (I will eat at this time tomorrow night, too.)
Formula: will + present tense = future time extending from the present
b. Future perfect tense--indicates something that will take place before
some particular time in the future. (I will have eaten by the time you get
home from work.)
Formula: future tense of have + past participle = past time in some future
time
A verb, then, has many tenses. Furthermore, each tense can be written in six
different ways according to person and number.
B. Person--a writer can write in first person, second person, or third person.
1. First person = the one speaking
2. Second person = the one spoken to
3. Third person = the one spoken about
C. Number--The verb changes to show whether one person or thing is doing the action or
is being acted upon, or more than one person or thing is doing the action or is being acted
upon.
Person and number are combined in the following way:
First person, singular = I + verb
Second person, singular = you + verb
Third person, singular = he, she, it + verb
First person, plural = we + verb
Second person, plural = you + verb
Third person, plural = they + verb
A singular subject takes the appropriate singular verb form; a plural subject takes
the appropriate plural verb form. This is referred to as subject-verb agreement.
11. Verbs: Types, Tenses, and Time handout 11
Examples:
John looks sick. (Third person, singular--he; third person singular
verb form--looks)
His brothers look sick, too. (Third person plural--they; third person
plural verb form--look)
We were attacked by wild dogs. (First person, plural--we; first
person, plural verb form--were)
I was attacked by wild dogs. (First person, singular--I; first person
singular verb form--was)
NOTE: Do not confuse noun plurals with verb plurals. The plural form of a noun
is formed differently than the plural form of a verb.
D. To summarize, all three--tense, number, and person--must be considered when
conjugating a verb. The format is as follows:
CONJUGATIONS OF VERBS
Following is a complete conjugation of the verb to call in order to illustrate how a tense
is "broken down" or conjugated. Also noted are "formulas" for forming each tense.
Singular Plural
Tense (present, past, future, …)
1. First person First person
2. Second person Second person
3. Third person Third person
Regular verb: to call (active voice--subject does something to something)
Singular Plural
Present Tense = Base Verb
1. I call We call
2. You call You call
3. He, she, it calls They call
12. Verbs: Types, Tenses, and Time handout 12
Progressive Present Tense = am/is/are + present participle
1. I am calling We are calling
2. You are calling You are calling
3. He, she, it is calling They are calling
Past Tense = Base verb with -ed ending
1. I called We called
2. You called You called
3. He, she, it called They called
Progressive Past Tense = was/were + present participle
1. I was calling We were calling
2. You were calling You were calling
3. He, she, it was calling They were calling
Future Tense = shall/will + present tense
1. I shall call We shall call
2. You will call You will call
3. He, she, it will call They will call
Present Perfect Tense = have/has + past participle
1. I have called We have called
2. You have called You have called
3. He, she, it has called They have called
Past Perfect Tense = had + past participle
1. I had called We had called
2. You had called You had called
3. He, she, it had called They had called
Future Perfect Tense = shall have/will have + past participle
1. I shall have called We shall have called
2. You will have called You will have called
3. He, she, it will have called They will have called
Regular verb: to call (passive voice--subject is acted upon by something)
Singular Plural
Present Tense = am/is/are + past participle
1. I am called We are called
2. You are called You are called
3. He, she, it is called They are called
13. Verbs: Types, Tenses, and Time handout 13
Past Tense = was/were + past participle
1. I was called We were called
2. You were called You were called
3. He, she, it was called They were called
Future Tense = shall be/will be + past participle
1. I shall be called We shall be called
2. You will be called You will be called
3. He, she, it will be called They will be called
Present Perfect Tense = have/has been + past participle
1. I have been called We have been called
2. You have been called You have been called
3. He, she, it has been called They have been called
Past Perfect Tense = had been + past participle
1. I had been called We had been called
2. You had been called You had been called
3. He, she, it had been called They had been called
Future Perfect Tense = shall/will have been + past participle
1. I shall have been called We shall have been called
2. You will have been called You will have been called
3. He, she, it will have been called They will have been called
Two important auxiliary (helping) verbs that help form certain verb tenses are as follows:
verb: to be
Singular Plural
Present Tense
1. I am We are
2. You are You are
3. He, she, it is They are
Past Tense
1. I was We were
2. You were You were
3. He, she, it was They were
Future Tense
1. I shall be We shall be
2. You will be You will be
3. He, she, it will be They will be
14. Verbs: Types, Tenses, and Time handout 14
Present Perfect Tense
1. I have been We have been
2. You have been You have been
3. He, she, it has been They have been
Past Perfect Tense
1. I had been We had been
2. You had been You had been
3. He, she, it had been They had been
verb: to have
Singular Plural
Present Tense
1. I have We have
2. You have You have
3. He, she, it has They have
Past Tense
1. I had We had
2. You had You had
3. He, she, it had They had
Future Tense
1. I shall have We shall have
2. You will have You will have
3. He, she, it will have They will have