The document discusses several theories on the norm of morality, including hedonism, utilitarianism, communism, moral rationalism, moral evolutionism, moral positivism, and moral sensism. It also discusses specific determinants of morality like the end of the action, the end of the agent, and the circumstances. Finally, it covers situation ethics and how circumstances can aggravate, mitigate, justify, or exempt acts like murder.
Topic: DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICAL THEORY
Contents:
A. Historical Origin
Early beginning of human civilization
• The word of the king is the law
Deontological
Greek word “dein” or “deon” meaning “To be obligated” or simply “duty”
B.Kants’ Major Contribution to Deontological Theory
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
• Avid defender of deontological theory
• Contributed as many important and brilliant ideas to the philosophical study of ethics
C.The Good Will: The Core of Kant’s Ethics
Morality of an action lies on the inner motive rather than the external effects
Kants’ ethics primarily based on good will
Duty must be done out of pure reverence to the moral law
D.Duty over Inclination
“A person is only acting morally only when he suppresses his feelings and inclinations and does that which he is obliged to do”
Inclination
means doing the things that one’s feels like doing, and thus no obligation exists.
Example:
Helping your neighbor to fix her flat tire.
• Three possible reasons of helping:
1) Expectation of the reward-immoral
2) Pity-immoral
3) Duty-moral
1 is done out of desire to get a reward and 2 is done out of emotion thus, the acts are considered immoral. On the other hand, 3 is done out of obligation and this makes the act moral.
E.Duty is Superior to Happiness
“Our duties cannot consist simply in following rules that promote pleasure and avoidance of pain as the utilitarian’s claim, since that would make right actions depend upon consequences, on how well they satisfied our desires”
Example:
1) Lying
2) Breaking promise
The above examples are immoral actions not because it can create bad consequences but because these are wrong in itself.
F.The Categorical Imperative: The Universalizability Principle
“Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law”
Maxim is a personal and subjective guiding principle
We must universalize our moral judgement
G.The Principle of Humanity (Respect for Persons)
Also known as ’Principle of Ends’
Concerns respect for the dignity of persons
Rational beings are ends in themselves
Do not treat others as means
H.Autonomy of The Will (Kingdom of Ends)
“For without personal autonomy, Morality becomes an impossibility”
Autonomous will
The will becomes autonomous when the genuinely moral actions are chosen:
• Freely
• Rationally
• By The Self (Autonomously)
Kingdom of ends
It is a moral universe of the moral beings in which:
• Respect for Intrinsic Worth
• Respect for Value of All Persons
is exercised by everyone.
Topic: DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICAL THEORY
Contents:
A. Historical Origin
Early beginning of human civilization
• The word of the king is the law
Deontological
Greek word “dein” or “deon” meaning “To be obligated” or simply “duty”
B.Kants’ Major Contribution to Deontological Theory
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
• Avid defender of deontological theory
• Contributed as many important and brilliant ideas to the philosophical study of ethics
C.The Good Will: The Core of Kant’s Ethics
Morality of an action lies on the inner motive rather than the external effects
Kants’ ethics primarily based on good will
Duty must be done out of pure reverence to the moral law
D.Duty over Inclination
“A person is only acting morally only when he suppresses his feelings and inclinations and does that which he is obliged to do”
Inclination
means doing the things that one’s feels like doing, and thus no obligation exists.
Example:
Helping your neighbor to fix her flat tire.
• Three possible reasons of helping:
1) Expectation of the reward-immoral
2) Pity-immoral
3) Duty-moral
1 is done out of desire to get a reward and 2 is done out of emotion thus, the acts are considered immoral. On the other hand, 3 is done out of obligation and this makes the act moral.
E.Duty is Superior to Happiness
“Our duties cannot consist simply in following rules that promote pleasure and avoidance of pain as the utilitarian’s claim, since that would make right actions depend upon consequences, on how well they satisfied our desires”
Example:
1) Lying
2) Breaking promise
The above examples are immoral actions not because it can create bad consequences but because these are wrong in itself.
F.The Categorical Imperative: The Universalizability Principle
“Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law”
Maxim is a personal and subjective guiding principle
We must universalize our moral judgement
G.The Principle of Humanity (Respect for Persons)
Also known as ’Principle of Ends’
Concerns respect for the dignity of persons
Rational beings are ends in themselves
Do not treat others as means
H.Autonomy of The Will (Kingdom of Ends)
“For without personal autonomy, Morality becomes an impossibility”
Autonomous will
The will becomes autonomous when the genuinely moral actions are chosen:
• Freely
• Rationally
• By The Self (Autonomously)
Kingdom of ends
It is a moral universe of the moral beings in which:
• Respect for Intrinsic Worth
• Respect for Value of All Persons
is exercised by everyone.
Hedonism is a philosophical doctrine that originated from ancient Greece. It comes from the Attic-Greek word hēdonē, which means “pleasure”. The basic argument in hedonism is that the maximization of pleasure and the minimization of pain motivate human behavior.
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. identify the moral challenges of globalization
2. compare responses to shared moral dilemmas of baby boomers and millennials
3. state qualities of the filinnials
4. construct a plan for the coping with the challenges of globalization .
Hedonism is a philosophical doctrine that originated from ancient Greece. It comes from the Attic-Greek word hēdonē, which means “pleasure”. The basic argument in hedonism is that the maximization of pleasure and the minimization of pain motivate human behavior.
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. identify the moral challenges of globalization
2. compare responses to shared moral dilemmas of baby boomers and millennials
3. state qualities of the filinnials
4. construct a plan for the coping with the challenges of globalization .
Business Ethics Introduction,Ethical Reflection,Nature & Purpose of Ethical Reflection,Characterstics of Moral Standards,Morality,Mediating between Moral Demand & Interest,Relative Autonomy of Business Morality,Studies of Business Ethics,Role of Ethics in Business,Theory of Voluntary Mediation,Participatory Ethics,Duty Ethics
This is the course on Medical/clinical ethics presented to the MBE (Master of Bioethics) students at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University. It includes the main topics only. Please note that the sources of almost all slides are listed as links at the bottom of the slide itself.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AI
PREFINAL HANDOUT#3
1. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Norms of Morality
c Ethics has two fundamental questions that it
seeks to answer:
q What is morality?
q What is the ultimate purpose of man?
c The science of ethics directs us to do which is
right.
c The right and good things are the only way to
happiness.
c Why do you think so?
Norms of Morality * Property of STI
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2. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Norms of Morality
c Good act befits human nature.
c This is because it gives him happiness and peace
of mind.
c Human nature is a complex concept
q Man is an economic being having basic needs to
survive
q Man is a social being (“no man is an island”)
q Man is a logical being
THESE ARE JUST SOME OF ASPECTS OF HUMAN
NATURE!
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3. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Norms of Morality
c Morality is therefore based on human nature.
c Difference of opinion does occur as to what is the
interpretation of right and wrong.
c There may be a difference but there is a
distinction.
c Theories have been devised to understand what is
the metric of morality – the standard or norm.
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4. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Theories on the
Norm of Morality
c HEDONISM is an ethical theory based on pleasure.
c Man seeks to act on anything that is pleasurable
to him.
c Morality is grounded on the pleasure or
satisfaction of an act.
c Good actions equates pleasure, bad actions
equates pain.
c Could you name some pleasurable acts?
q Sleeping
q Eating
q Surfing the net
q Sex
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5. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Theories: Utilitarianism
c A theory closely linked to hedonism where utility is
the main norm of morality.
c Good brings temporal welfare and happiness to
man where as bad produces the opposite.
c As one would note, the basis on assessing the act
to be good or bad is the consequence or the effect
of the action.
c There are two types of utilitarianism:
q Individual
q Social
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6. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Kinds of Utilitarianism
c Individual utilitarianism is based on the self
q Actions that bring welfare to the self is good
q Actions does not regard the effect on others but on
personal effect that links this theory to hedonism
q Other names include egoistic utilitarianism or
egoism
c Social utilitarianism is based on society
q Actions that bring welfare and temporal happiness
to society is deemed good
q Other names include altruistic utilitarianism or
altruism
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7. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Critical Thoughts on Hedonism
and Utilitarianism
c Both theories have merit in bringing into light that
man is also an emotional being
c Good acts bring pleasure to man but there is a
limit. Do you agree?
c On the negative side, it makes morality relative.
Since all good acts must result in pleasure or
welfare, morality is constantly assessed on the
results.
“The goodness of an act must be based on the act
itself and not the effect.”
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8. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Theories: Communism
c Communism is primarily an economic theory.
c Since we have stated that part of man is him
being an economic being there is warrant in
looking at this theory.
c Communism holds that matter is the only reality.
Anything beyond that does not exist. This results in
the denial of the following:
q God
q Freedom of will
q Immortality (spirit)
c Since all of these is not matter to begin with it is
denied!
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9. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Communism
c The classless state is the ultimate goal.
c Any means to achieve this is accepted as good.
c Use of violence resulting in bloodshed, war or
famine is acceptable.
c Primary source of the end justifies the mean
concept.
c The primacy of economic theory is present.
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10. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Thoughts on Communism
c Economic theory is given high importance but man
is more than an economic being.
c What is the difference between Christian ethics
and communism?
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11. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Theories: Moral
Rationalism
c Rationalism is a branch of epistemology which
maintains that all knowledge and truths are based
on reason.
c Human reason is the source of all knowledge,
truths, laws and principles.
c Immanuel Kant is a German philosopher that
advocated this theory.
c Moral rationalism means that all moral laws and
moral obligations is human reason.
c Reason commands and those commands are
absolute and unconditional binding all men.
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12. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Theories: Moral
Rationalism
c Categorical imperative is what the previous
statement is termed by Kant.
c Good must be done because we must and
virtuous acts must be practiced for virtues sake.
c Reason makes the law and that same reason
compels the entity that has reason to obey it.
c Since reason is universal the test of goodness
could be made universally without contradiction.
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13. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Criticism of Moral
Rationalism
c Merit lies in the acceptance of the absoluteness of
morality.
c Negative side is the absence of motive behind
actions.
c Moral rationalism maintains that an act must be
done for the sake of the act. Motivation could also
be a basis to judge whether an act is moral.
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14. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Theories: Moral
Evolutionism
c Under this theory, morality is never constant.
c Morality and ethics are constantly changing.
c It is an application of biological evolution theory to
morality.
c Friedrich Nietzsche, a German philosopher,
believed that in the beginning there is no
distinction between right and wrong.
c According to Nietzsche, the laws we have are laws
of slaves with the aid of priests when they
overcame aristocrats.
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15. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Theories: Moral
Evolutionism
c These are the laws that Christianity seeks to
propagate.
c These laws elevates and glorifies the weak
according Nietzsche.
c Nietzsche stated that we must produce the strong.
c The survival of the fittest is applied to morality as
well. The production of superman.
c The superman is a product of hardship, hatred,
cruelty, war etc.
c This is the end of morality.
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16. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Theories: Moral
Evolutionism
c Good would produce the “superman”
c Bad would produce the weak
c This theory resonates the militaristic theory of the
Germans during the war
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17. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Theories: Moral Positivism
c Theory that states that morality is based on the
laws of the state.
c Good which is in accord with the law; Bad which is
prohibited.
c One famous exponent is Hobbes, English
philosopher.
c He stated that prior to the formation of states and
law that man was in constant war.
c In order to ensure the survival of the race the
state and laws were established.
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18. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Critic on Moral Positivism
c The existence of laws are indeed utilized for
litigations. It is the metric to which actions are
given sentence.
c The problem however arises because under this
theory murder is wrong because it is prohibited by
laws rather than murder is prohibited because it is
wrong.
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19. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Theories: Moral Sensism
c This theory asserts that man is endowed with a
special moral sense separate and distinct from
reason.
c There is however no positive proof that would
substantiate this claim.
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20. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Specific Determinants of
Morality
c An act to be morally good must be good in all
aspects.
c A healthy person is not considered healthy if the
consideration is only to the physical.
c Health comes as a totality so does morality.
c An act must be entirely and wholly good, anything
that lacking would make it bad.
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21. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Specific Determinants of
Morality
c The End of Action
c The End of Agent
c The Circumstance
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22. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
The Circumstance
c The specific determinants
c Affect the goodness and badness of an action
c Aside from that which determine the quality of an
action
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23. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
End of Action
c Natural purpose of an act
c The act in its nature terminates or results
c Learning is the by-product of the end action
c Primary determinant of morality of an action
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24. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
End of Agent
c The intent
c The aim of the entity that initiates and finishes the
action
c Would vary between agents whereas the end of
action would always be the same
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25. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Situation Ethics
c A modern approach to assessing the ethical
weight of an action.
c It does advocate the relativity of moral standards
meaning there is no absolute right or wrong.
c It takes two forms:
q The total denial of moral standards
q Softening the role of morality standards to solve
dilemmas
c The circumstance must be taken into
consideration because this is where ethical
assessment is based.
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26. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Situation Ethics
c There are categories of circumstance:
q Aggravating – adds seriousness to an offense
q Mitigating – lessens the gravity of the crime
q Justifying – makes the action right
q Exempting – exempts the agent from liability
c Take the case of Murder
c When does it become aggravating, mitigating,
justifying, and exempting?
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27. Professional Ethics with Values Formation
Situation Ethics Example
c MURDER
q Aggravating when
• There is planning
• There is real intent
• Use of influence or money to undertake the crime
q Mitigating when
• There was no planning
• No real intent or by accident
q Justifying
• Self-defense
q Exempting
• Mental illness
• Underage
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