The document discusses various categories of verbs including person, number, tense, and aspect. It explains that person associates a process with the speaker, addressee, or others. Number shows if a process involves one or more doers. Tense reflects time and expresses the relation between an action and the moment of speaking. Aspect expresses how an action is portrayed as proceeding, such as with continuous or perfective forms. The document also discusses challenges with classifying verbs and analyzing categories like future tense and aspect in English.

1. THE VERB CATEGORIES
1. The Category of Person
2. The Category of Number
3. The Category of Tense
4. Present Tense
5. Past Tense
6. The Problem of Future Tense
7. The Category of Aspect

2. All verbal forms
Finite
Non-finite
(verbials)
Voice, Aspect and Order
Tense, Person,
Number, Mood

3. The Category of Person
 The category of person serves to
associate the process with three deictic
categories in a communicative act:
 the speaker (I, we) ,
 the addressee (you)
 and the one (ones) not participating in a
communicative act (he, she, it, they).

4. The deictic centre of the
communicative act
 is the speaker, i.e. first person.
 In the process of communication, the
deictic center keeps changing: I you;
you I
 The three deictic categories, or persons,
are lexicalized in personal pronouns.

5. The category of person
 is often grammaticalized, i.e. a special form
of the verb additionally shows which person,
or deictic category, is meant.
 [Я] иду - [мы] идем I go – we go
 [Ты] идешь - [вы] идете You go – you go
 [Он/Она] идет - [они] идут [He, she, it] goes –
They go

6. The modal verbs
 I can speak English
 You can speak English
 He, she can speak English
 I shall speak English
 You will speak English
 He, she will speak English

7. The verb “to be”
 I am/was We are/were
 You are /were You are/were
 He, she, it is/was They are/were

8. The category of person
 is represented in English by two member
oppositions:
 third person singular vs. non-third person singular
 first person,
 second person forms
 singular and plural
 The marked member vs. the unmarked member
 The strong member vs. the weak member
writes - write

9. The Category of Number
 shows whether the process is associated
with one doer or with more than one doer,
 He eats three times a day.

10. The Category of Number
 is a two-member opposition:
 singular and plural.
 Number and person make use of the
same morpheme.

11. Number is restricted to the
Present tense.
 John goes to college. vs. John went to college.
 The students live in dormitories. vs. The
students lived in dormitories.
 I am/ at home.
 John is/ at college now.
 I was at home.
 John was at college.
 You were at home.
 They were at home.

12.  The boys crowded round him. vs. *The
boy crowded round him.
 The soldiers regrouped and opened fire.
vs *The soldier regrouped and opened
fire.

13. The analysis demonstrates
 the weakness of the English verb as
concerns the expression of person and
number
 and its heavy reliance on the subject:
 it is the subject that is generally
responsible for the expression of person
and number in English.

14. Time and Tense
Time
 is an unlimited duration in
which things are
considered as happening
in the past, present or
future.
 stands for a concept with
which all mankind is
familiar.
 is independent of
language.
Tense (Lat. “tempus”)
 stands for a verb form
used to express a time
relation.
 varies in different
languages.
 is unique, specific for
different languages

15. Time
 is expressed in language in two basic
ways:
 1) lexically;
 2) grammatically.
 John is in his study now.
 3) there are languages (e.g. Chinese,
Malay) that do not have tense.

16.  1) He + read + now.
 2) He + read + yesterday.
 3) He + read + tomorrow.
 1) He read yesterday.
 2) He was reading yesterday.
 1) He will read tomorrow.
 2) He will be reading tomorrow.
 1) He read.
 2) He was reading.
 1) He will read.
 2) He will be reading.
English
needs both
ways of
expressing
time –
lexical and
grammatical.

17. Tense and Time
 This guy comes up to me and says that he
wants to see the boss, so I didn’t think
anything of it, and take him back to the
office.
 A rolling stone gathers no moss.
 John walks to school every morning.
 I leave for London tomorrow.

18. Tense and Time
 Tense is a verbal category which reflects
the objective category of time and
expresses on this background the relation
between time of the action and time of the
utterance.

19. Tense and Time
Time
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
BEFORE PAST AFTER PRESENT BEFORE FUTURE AFTER
PAST PAST FUTURE FUTURE
AA AB AC B CA CB CC
ANTE- PRETERIT POST TEMPORAL ANTE- FUTURE POST
PRETERIT PRETERIT CENTRE FUTURE FUTURE

20. Tense is a deictic category
 since it relates processes to the present
moment: processes that occur at the same time
as the present moment are expressed by the
present tense; processes that occur before the
present moment are expressed by the past
tense and processes that occur after the present
moment are expressed by the future tense.
 These tenses are called absolute.
 Tenses that are established with reference to
some other point in time are relative.

21. Mary is walking in the garden
vs. Peter said that Mary was walking in the
garden
TENSES
ABSOLUTE
show the relation of the
action to the moment of
speech directly
RELATIVE
express the time of the
action not directly but
through its relation to
some other moment in
the Present, Past or
Future

22. Tense
 is a system of two-member oppositions
showing the relation of the time of the
process denoted by the verb to the present
moment, or the moment of speaking.

23. Tense
 The category of tense is a verbal category that
reflects the objective category of time.
 Present Past
 Future I Future II
 work worked
 The unmarked member vs. the marked member
 The weak member vs. the strong member

24. Work Worked
The present tense
 is the unmarked member
of the opposition:
 it is the least specific in
meaning and therefore
can be used to express a
wide range of temporal
meanings.
 The present tense is also
unmarked
morphologically (except
for the –s inflection);
 its forms are identical with
the forms of the ‘bare’
infinitive.
The past tense
 is marked both
semantically and
morphologically:
 it refers to a process that
is visualized as remote,
either in time or as
unreality,
 in the vast majority of
verbs it has a distinct past
form.

25. The Present Tense
 The present tense locates the process at
the same time as the present moment.
 John lives in at Oxford now .

26. Three types of relationship between the process and
the present moment:
 1) the duration of the process is the same
as the duration of the report of the
process;
 2) the duration of the process is longer
than the duration of the report of the
process
 3) the duration of the process is shorter
than the duration of the report of the
process

27.  I name this ship the ‘Titanic’
 The Eiffel Tower stands in Paris.
 He shoots an arrow and runs away.

28. The Past Tense
 locates the process prior to the present moment.
 The past form of the verb does not say anything
about whether the past process occupied a
single point or an extended time period.
 At seven o’clock yesterday John promised to
give me ten pounds (a single point).
 John lived in Manchester from 1962 to 1982 (an
extended time period).

29. The Problem of the Future Tense
 Mary will get married tomorrow.
Objections
 concerns the meaning of the future tense in
general: the future describes a non-factive
situation while the past and the present tense
describe a factive situation.
 The second objection concerns the meaning
peculiarities of will
 The third objection concerns the expression of a
future meaning by the present tense

30. The Problem of the Future Tense
 The difference between the past tense and the
present tense on the one hand, and the future
tense on the other, can be treated as a
difference of mood (a speculative one) rather
than that of tense:
 will or shall +infinitive does not describe a real
situation, a feature not peculiar to tense.
 We cannot refer to future events as facts, as we
can to past and present events.
 Events in the future have not yet happened; we
can predict them with more or less success.

31. The Aspect
The Definition
The Problem of Aspect
The Usage and Peculiarities of
Aspect

32. Aspect
 is a grammatical category of the Verb which
expesses a difference in the way the action is
shown to proceed.
 write - is writing
 wrote - was writing
 will write - will be writing
 - be V ing
discontinuous morpheme
 The unmarked member vs. the marked member
 The weak member vs. the strong member

33. Aspect
 The basic meaning of the continuous form is
 used to present a durative situation as dynamic,
or developing at a definite period of time within
certain time limits.
 1. John is working in the library.
 2. This process has been going on ever since
the beginning of time.

34. Aspect
 Being confined to a particular moment,
dynamic durative situations are of
relatively limited duration,
 the limit is established by appropriate
temporal circumstances (now, today, this
week, this month, this year, this century,
this millennium, etc.).

35. Aspect
 Progressive forms are relatively new forms in
English.
 According to B. Ylyish (1973: 288-9), in Anglo-
Saxon (700 A.D. – 1100 A.D.) such forms did not
exist.
 The first instances of the progressive aspect
appear in Middle English (1100 – 1500);
 they were still rare in Early Modern English (in the
17th and 18th centuries).
 In the 17th century they were considered a feature
of spoken English and were not used in poetry.
 William Wordsworth (1770 – 1850) was the first to
use progressive forms in his poem Written in
March (1802).

36. The problem of Aspect
 Some scholars (O.Jesperson, N.V. Yartseva)
either treat aspect forms as tense forms or
assert that the English verb is neutral to aspects.
 Others speak of 9 aspects: iterative,
frequentative, inchoative, intensive, co-
intensive, perfect, resultative, imperfective,
positive.
 I always get it at the same shop.

37. The problem of Aspect
 Curme G.O. finds the so-called ingressive
aspect.
 He begins to work at 7 o’clock.
 Gruzinskaya expresses the point of view that
there are 3 aspects in English: common,
continuous, resultive.
 Professors Жигадло В. Я., Иванова И.Я.,
Иофик Л. Л. stick to the opinion that there are
pure tense forms in English which do not
express aspect at all, but some tense-aspect
forms.

38. The Usage and Peculiarities of
Aspect
 The continuous forms have a smaller range of
distribution.
 With regard to the category of aspect, verbs are
divided into two categories: those that have not
aspect opposites and those that have.
 To the first category belong stative verbs
(mental, relational, and existential);
 to the second category belong process,
achievement, and accomplishment verbs.

39. Any verb
can express specific dynamic duration.
1) “For the moment I’m believing him; he’d better
turn out to be right”.
2) “The trouble is that we’re disregarding
Roosevelt’s advice; we’re fearing fear itself”.
3) “First she likes this and then she likes that; right
now she’s liking Marlon Brando”.
4) “He’s loving Jane this week”.
5) “Did you hurt yourself?” “Well, I’m seeing stars,
but otherwise I’m all right”.
6) “I’m understanding gender in the limited
sense”.
7) “He is putting his pen down”.