1. The document discusses various types of word modification and translation in English and Indonesian, including affixes, compound words, word class changes, and lexical equivalence. 2. It provides examples of prefixes, suffixes, and their meanings in English and Indonesian, as well as strategies for translating words with unknown concepts or culturally unique concepts. 3. The relationship between lexical parts, synonyms, antonyms, and reciprocal words are also examined, highlighting that word meanings may differ across languages and contexts.

2. WORD
&
TRANSLATION

3. Equivalence
with the Same
1. Affixes
Concept
2. Word
7. Lexical
Modification
Equivalence
3. Explicit with the
Meaning Unknown
4. The Relation Concept
between 8. Compound
Lexical Parts Word
5. The 9. Blending,
Infelicity of Clipping &
Word Acronym
10. Figurative

4. In English there are so many
affixes that use for change
the kind of the word and the
meaning (derivational
affixes) and change the
kind of the word but doesn‟t
change the meaning
(inflectional affixes)
Affixe
s

5. Prefix Meaning English Indonesian
Tidak masuk
Non- not Nonsense
akal
Tidak
Dis- not Disconnect
menyambung
Bad or Miscommunicati Salah
Mis-
wrong on komunikasi
Im - not Impossible Tidak mungkin
In - not Incorrect Tidak benar
Il - not Illegal Tidak resmi
Ir - not Irregular Tidak teratur
Un- not Unvoiced Tidak bersuara
Mono- one Monorail Rel tunggal
Bi - Two Bilingual Dua bahasa
Tri - Three Triangle Segi tiga
Re - Again Rewrite Menulis lagi
Pre - before Prehistoric Sebelum sejarah
Co - Together Cooperate Kerja sama
Hyper- Excessive Hypersensitive Lebih sensitif

6. To Construct Noun
English
Suffix Base form Indonesian
(noun)
-age Marry Marriage Pernikahan
-ant Assist Assistant Pembantu
-al Arrive Arrival Kedatangan
-er Manage Manager Pemimpin
-ing Mine Mining Pertambangan
-ship Fellow Fellowship Persahabatan
Keberangkata
-ure Depart Departure
n

7. To Construct Adjective
Base English
Suffix Indonesian
form (adjective)
-ful Beauty Beautiful Cantik
-ed Talent Talented Berbakat
-less Care Careless Tidak hati-hati
-ous Fame Famous Terkenal
-ly Friend Friendly Ramah
-ial Influence Influential Berpengaruh
-ish Child Childish Kekanak-kanakan

8. To Construct Verb
Base English
Suffix Indonesian
form (verb)
-ize Critic Criticize Mengkritik
-en Wide Widen Melebarkan
-fy Beautiful Beautify Mempercantik
-ate Active Activate mengaktifkan

9. Word
Modification
Sometimes in a text we find some words
that modified into new word with
different word class and different from
the real word. English has known with
its graciousness in modifier words.
Class Modificati Class
BSu BSa
Word on Word
Kelembap
Humid Adjective Humidity Noun
an
Melembab
Humid Adjective Humidify Verb
kan
Humidify Verb Humidifier Noun Pelembab

10. Larson‟s
Example
Word and reading games can sometimes be used for
motivation and reading readiness. Some of these are also
useful for additional drills when more normal instruction
begins. They may actually teach the pupil his first words
while he thinks he is only playing. They make good relief from
concentrated study. (Gudschinsky in Larson, 1984:60)
Playing games in which the pupils use words and read can
sometimes motivate them and prepare them to read. Persons who
teach may also use some of these games to drill the pupils more
when they are later instructing them in regular classes.
The games actually teach the pupil his first words while he thinks
he is only playing. They relief/relax pupils who have been

11. Explicit
• Translator need to decompose the
Meaning choose the best word to
meanings to
tell it. Every word represent
concept such as, thing concept,
event concept, relation concept, and
attribute concept (Larson,
1984:56). For example:
• “Ram” has 3 components : sheep,
male, and old
• “Gabah” has 3 components :
rice(padi), mature and has picked

12. The Relation between
Lexical Parts
1.General –Specific
Some words can have a common
general-specific relation meaning of a
word when the components are owned
by some other word, but some other
words that Sheep a more specific Deer
have Horse Chicken Dog
Dewas meaning component. Example:
Jantan Raw Stallion Rooster Dog Buck
a
Betina Ewe Mare Hen Bitch Doe
Colt/foa
Muda Jantan/Betina lamb Chick Puppy Fawn

13. Word that Recoup
Each Other
The differences between this word classes
from general-specific relation is this words
change a word which has been used in the
related text.
Dengan santai Handoko menyetir
Example:mobilnya menyusuri jalan Ijen. Starlet
itupun berjalan mulus di bawah pohon-
pohon palem. Pemuda itu jadi ingat
kejadian lima tahun yang lalu, saat ia
menyusuri jalan kebanggaan malang
bersama Esti.
In the text, there are

14. Synonyms are different words with
almost identical or similar meanings.
S Example:
y  Berkata
 Berggumam
n  Berbisik
m
 Bertanya
o  Berujar
 Bertutur
n We must know that that words although
has similar meaning but can be change
y the meaning in different context. For
example:

15. Antonym is two words that express
A opposing concepts. All of language has
pair antonym
n
English
Bahasa Indonesia
language
Tinggi-rendah/ jangkung-
t
Tall-short
pendek
m Long-short Panjang-pendek
o Much-little Banyak-sedikit
n Many-few Banyak-sedikit
Thin-fat Kurus-gendut
y Far-near Jauh-dekat
Beauty-ugly Cantik-jelek

16. English language Bahasa Indonesia
Recipro
Memberi-
Give-take
menerima
cal Nevertheless,
Bertanya-
menjawab
translator must
Ask-answer
be careful that certain pair
word maybe not same in other
languages. Look at this
reciprocal word below
Words English
language
Bahasa Indonesia
Borrow-lend Meminjam-meminjamkan
Teach-learn Mengajar-belajar
Loan-loan Utang-piutang

17. 1. Infelicity reference
Every single word has a reference like
noun, event, or condition. For example:
“RICE” the reference in English Language
is noun. But in Indonesia language “RICE”
is referenced by more than one word, like
“padi” “gabah” “beras” “nasi”. So, when we
translate “rice” we must look at the context
of the text.
The Infelicity
of Word

18. language
2. represent a
Infelicity group of
meaning. But
of sometimes a
Semantic group of
Part meaning in a
language doesn’t
represented by
the same group

19. English Indonesia
In Mother Ibu
Indonesia Father Ayah
to Uncle Paman
differentia Aunt Bibi
te between Son Anak
“kakak dan Daughter Anak
adik” is Grandfather Kakek
based on Grandmother Nenek
the age, - Kakak
but in - Adik
English is In-laws ipar

20. Every language will have different
concept or unique concept in their own
lexical items. For example:
The differentiation of „house‟ and „rumah‟ in
„rumah‟ (0f Javaness) there are „senthong‟,
„pendhapa‟, and „pringgitan‟ while in „house‟
there are „living room‟ „kitchen‟ „bedroom‟.
3. The Infelicity of
Lexical Culturally

21. looked in choosing the appropriate
lexical equivalents.
There will be concepts of the
source text which are known (shared) in
the receptor language
There will be concepts which are
unknown in the receptor language
There are lexical items in the text
which are the key terms; they are
important to the theme and development
Lexical Equivalence
of a text and need special treatment
with the Same Concept

22. 1 : no literal lexical equivalent
“It will not take us long” translated by
“kita tidak akan butuh waktu lama”.
2nd: descriptive phrases
“I have one dollar” translated by “Saya
memiliki uang sebesar dua belas ribu
rupiah”
3rd: using related words as equivalent
• BSu : Pak Karto memanggul sendiri bakul
padinya.
The Strategies in
• BSa : Pak Karto carry the rice basket himself
Presenting Lexical

23. Lexical Equivalence with
1st Equivalence by modifying generic
Unknown Concept
words:
 by making explicit the form of the
item
 by making explicit the function of the item
by making explicit both the form and the
function
by modifying with a comparison to
some THING and EVENT which does
occur in the target language.

24. 2nd equivalence by modifying loan words
Loan word from English: Komputer,
Motor,Efektif.etc
Loan word from Arabian: Setan, Malaikat,
Hadir etc
3rd equivalence by cultural substitutes
BSu : Ia mengunyah buah duwet dengan
lahapnya.
BSa I : He eats the cherry fruit eagerly.
BSa II : He eats the small fruit called duwet
eagerly.

25. Compound Word
₰ Transparent Compound Word
Booksto
= Book + Store = Toko buku
re
(buku) (toko)
Toothac
= Tooth + Ache = Sakit gigi
he
(gigi) (sakit)
Noteboo Buku
= Note + Book =
k catatan
(catatan) (buku)
Sunflow Bunga
= Sun + Flower =
er matahari
(mataha

26. ₰Unclear
Compound Word
Hot dog = Hot + Dog = Sejenis roti
(panas) (anjing)
Green
= Green + Eyed = Iri
eyed
(bermata
(hijau)
)
Green
= Green + Stuff = Sayur
stuff
(hijau) (bahan)
Grasshop
= Grass + Hopper = Belalang
per
(pelompa
(rumput)
t)

27. ₰Combination of 1 st &
2nd type
Wrist Jam
= Wrist + Watch =
watch tangan
(pergelangan
(jam)
tangan)
Book
= Book + Worm = Kutu buku
worm
(buku) (cacing)
Dry Binatu
= Dry + Clean =
clean kering
(kering) (bersih)
Cease Genjatan
= Cease + Fire =

29. English Indonesia
Motel= Motorway
Patas= Cepat Terbatas
hotel
Brunch= breakfast Aremania = Arema
lunch Maniak
Fridge= Freezer Habibienomics= Habibie
refrigerator Economics
Smog= Smoke fog Asbut= Asap & Kabut
Edutainment= Education
Gibol= Gila Bola
Entertainment

30. English Indonesia
Zoo =
Lab =
Zoological
Laboratorium
Garden
Dorm =
Bang = Abang
Dormitory
Mag = Magazine Dik = Adik
Pub = Public
Pak = Bapak
Bar

31. NASA (National
ABRI (Angkatan
Aeronautics and
bersenjata Republik
Space
Indonesia)
Administration)
VIP (Very Important RSU (Rumah Sakit
Person) Umum)
AIDS (Acquired
AMD (ABRI Masuk
Immune Deficiency
Desa)
Syndrome)
NATO (North Atlantic
Treaty RT (Rukun Tetangga)
Organization)
Laser (Light
Amplification by
RW (Rukun Warga)
Stimulated Emission
of Radiation)
Interpol
(International Markus (makelar
Criminal Police kasus)

32. Figurative
Language

33. generall
y Ibunya telah
harmles berpulang 3
Her mother
passed away 3
s word, tahun yang
years ago
lalu
name, or Putra Pak The Regent’s
phrase Bupati son is
that terganggu mentally
ingatannya imbalanced
substitut
He is a little Ia sedikit
es an slow lambat
offensive example
Ia sedang
She is not

34. language Traditional Creative
Simile Simile
style -keras Hidupku
that as
bagai
My life
was a
adalah
sebuah
karang
compar hard
as
- sekeras
comma,
empty
koma,ko
song,
karang
es two rock
- keras
like that
of Adam
seperti
hidup
sekali
things -tua
in
paradise
Adam di
surga
as old
using as the
Bangka
- tua
An old
Orang tua
hills man like
“as”, sekali to return
in
ingin
menginga
- pucat
“like”,
t kembali
sekali memory
as pale masa
to the
bagai mudanya

35. Universal Cultural
a direct Metaphor Metaphor
comparis You Nasibk I’m
Engkau
on unlike lah
are
u di
hangin
my g on a
thing, Matah
ari
sunshi
ujung
threa
tanduk
similar ne d
with

36. e style …when love
…saat cinta
membuka mataku
that opened my eyes
with its magic
dengan sinar
ajaibnya dan
given an rays and touches
my spirit, for the
untuk pertama
kali menyentuh
animal first with its
fiery fingers, …
jiwaku dengan
tangan-tangan
or an hangatnya, …
… dan saat aku
object … and when I sat
by the seashore I
duduk di tepi laut
aku dengar
human- heard the waves
singing the song
ombak
menyanyikan lagu
like of the eternity.
keabadiaan.
qualitie … and the passion
that drew tears
…dan cinta yang
mengeringkan air
from my eyes mata dari mataku

37. an
Ia adalah
expressi seorang kuli
He is a
reliable
on where tinta yang
journalist
handal
the
Don’t lose
literal your heart.
Jangan patah
semangat.
meaning The sun
Matahari
of the always rises
selalu terbit
in the
words is morning.
setiap pagi.
not the Jangan
Don’t ever
meaning spill the
pernah
membuka