Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
Motivation for a specialized MAC (Hidden and exposed terminals, Near and far terminals), SDMA, FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, Wireless LAN/(IEEE 802.11)
Mobile Network Layer: IP and Mobile IP Network Layers, Packet Delivery and Handover Management, Location Management, Registration, Tunneling and Encapsulation, Route Optimization, DHCP
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
Motivation for a specialized MAC (Hidden and exposed terminals, Near and far terminals), SDMA, FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, Wireless LAN/(IEEE 802.11)
Mobile Network Layer: IP and Mobile IP Network Layers, Packet Delivery and Handover Management, Location Management, Registration, Tunneling and Encapsulation, Route Optimization, DHCP
Medium Access Control :-
1.Distributed Operation
2.Synchronization
3.Hidden Terminals
4.Exposed terminals
5.Throughput
6.Access delay
7.Fairness
8.Real-time Traffic support
9.Resource reservation
10.Ability to measure resource availability
11.Capability for power control
Adaptive rate control
Use of directional antennas
In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, media access control (MAC) data communication protocol is a sublayer of the data link layer (layer 2). The MAC sublayer provides addressing and channel access control mechanisms that make it possible for several terminals or network nodes to communicate within a multiple access network that incorporates a shared medium, e.g. an Ethernet network. The hardware that implements the MAC is referred to as a media access controller.
The MAC sublayer acts as an interface between the logical link control (LLC) sublayer and the network's physical layer. The MAC layer emulates a full-duplex logical communication channel in a multi-point network. This channel may provide unicast, multicast or broadcast communication service.
Medium Access Control :-
1.Distributed Operation
2.Synchronization
3.Hidden Terminals
4.Exposed terminals
5.Throughput
6.Access delay
7.Fairness
8.Real-time Traffic support
9.Resource reservation
10.Ability to measure resource availability
11.Capability for power control
Adaptive rate control
Use of directional antennas
In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, media access control (MAC) data communication protocol is a sublayer of the data link layer (layer 2). The MAC sublayer provides addressing and channel access control mechanisms that make it possible for several terminals or network nodes to communicate within a multiple access network that incorporates a shared medium, e.g. an Ethernet network. The hardware that implements the MAC is referred to as a media access controller.
The MAC sublayer acts as an interface between the logical link control (LLC) sublayer and the network's physical layer. The MAC layer emulates a full-duplex logical communication channel in a multi-point network. This channel may provide unicast, multicast or broadcast communication service.
Design Of Hand-Held Alert System Providing Security For Individuals Using Veh...IJMER
Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) and Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) provide a distinguish approach for Intelligent Transport System (ITS). The existing applications in VANET provide secure message passing and circulation of data within the range, but there are very few applications where individual's security is taken into consideration. In new applications we can make one which provides safety for individuals on road or indirectly related to roads or vehicles. For making such an application we will be using Radio Frequency (RF) signals, VANET network, GPS and GSM techniques. RF signals will be generating input signals; vehicles for making an alarm for generated signals; VANET network to spread the information about panic area to the other vehicles in range; GPS & GSM to track the location & position of victim and send this information to authorized helping system respectively. Thus using all above techniques and principles we are designing a scheme which provides safety using VANET protocols
In vehicular ad hoc network (VANETs), the applications mainly focused on the road challenging subclass of Mobile Ad-hoc Network, which empowers smart transmission among vehicles and between vehicles and roadside frameworks. It is an optimistic methodology for the Intelligent Transport System (ITS). There are numerous difficulties to be tended while utilizing VANET. It is flexible and has a high dynamic topology and flexibility which makes the conventional MANET protocols unacceptable for VANET. Trust is a principal element which is used to create a trustful environment to improve the security in vehicular networks. Trust can be calculated by observing the human behavior which creates a trusted communicating environment. In this paper, we define the architecture of VANET, then the communication establishment and various challenges. Some trust models had been defined in this paper to enforce honest information sharing between communicating nodes. Trust establishment is compulsory among communicating vehicles to build a secure messages exchange and reliability.
Technical Review on Different Applications, Challenges and Security in VANETPallavi Agarwal
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) technology has turned out as a vital research field throughout the most recent couple of years. VANETs are the likely an impacting way to deal with giving security of driver and different applications for the activity conditions and additionally travelers. Being dynamic in nature, it created the network, according to the condition and requirement of the users and provides consistent communication between the vehicles. Due to its excessive advantages, it is highly susceptible to numerous attacks and security in VANET should be taken into consideration. This paper presented the security issues such as authenticity, integrity, availability, confidentiality, anonymity and non-repudiation to provide the secure communication between Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I). Numerous research works have been done to recover the performance and security of this network. The fundamental point of this paper is the several security challenges and the applications of VANETs.
Master thesis on Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET)Prof Ansari
The increasing demand for wireless devices and wireless communication tends to research on self-organizing, self-healing networks without the interference of any pre-established or centralized infrastructure/authority [2]. The networks with the absence of any pre-established or centralized authority are known as Ad hoc networks [4]. Ad hoc Networks are the kind of wireless networks that uses multi-hop radio relay.There are many comparative studies and surveys that compare various ad hoc routing in VANET environment. The simulations performed in these comparative studies are very basic do not incorporate with a large number of nodes in real Vehicular Ad hoc Network environment. The main aim of our dissertation work is to firstly investigate the reactive and proactive routeing protocols than examine the performance of selected reactive routing protocols i.e. Destination Sequence Distance Vector Routing (DSDV), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)by taking three performance metrics like network load, throughput and end-to-end delay with varying number of mobile nodes or vehicle node densityOPNET: Optimized Network Engineering Tool (OPNET) is a commercial network simulator environment used for simulations of both wired and wireless networks [20]. Several different OPNET versions have been released over the last few years; the latest version of OPNET is the OPNET 16.0. At present OPNET is licensed under Riverbed technologies. It allows the user to design and study the network communication devices, protocols, individual applications and also simulate the performance of routing protocol. It supports many wireless technologies and standards such as, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.1, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20 and satellite networks. OPNET IT Guru Academic Edition is available for free to the academic research and teaching community.
This thesis presents a new dynamic and adaptive G-AODV routing protocol for VANETs inspired by the genetic algorithm in combination with network delay analysis. Genetic Algorithms have been thoroughly investigated in the past for problems such as the Travelling Salesman problem and even the routing problem in communication networks.
• The proposed G-AODV is compared with another ad hoc routing protocol such as Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) by evaluating the throughput, End-to-End delay. ThesisScientist.com
ANET: Technical and Future Challenges with a Real Time Vehicular Traffic Simu...IJERA Editor
VANET or Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network is a special type of MANET or Mobile Ad-Hoc Network that is
designed specifically for communications between vehicles or V2V and vehicles to infrastructure or V2I. There
is a lot of studies and research that has been dedicated to study this technology due to its importance and
necessity in our life. The fact that each and every module presented must be tested thoroughly before putting it
into action, as there will be severe consequences in case of a system malfunction especially if it's a vehicular
design problem. However, seeing VANETS coming into reality becomes very close with the advancement of
IEEE 802.11p standard that is being dedicated to the DSRC or dedicated short range communication [1]. This
paper will discuss this technology emphasizing some of its applications, current limitations and future challenges
plus simulating a real traffic using SUMO and OpenStreetMap
Challenging Issues in VANET Network and its Routing Algorithms-An Analysisidescitation
Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET), a rapidly
deployed wireless network, is a subclass of mobile ad hoc
networks (MANET) that uses multi-hop routing to provide
network connectivity among vehicles (V2V) or vehicle to road-
side equipments (V2R). VANETs have received increasing
research attention in recent years because of its vast
applications like safety, comfort and entertainment. Variations
with time in network topology impose new challenges for
routing protocols in such networks as traditional routing
protocols are not suitable for VANETs. This work is an attempt
to figure out the challenges in VANET comprehensively in
conjunction with the recommended routing protocols by
comparing the existing routing protocols with respect to
existing challenges.
Review of Prevention Schemes for Modification Attack in Vehicular Ad hoc Netw...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) technology is the basis of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) connectivity that enables the delivery of useful information to and fro between vehicles in vehicle-to-vehicle communication mode; or between vehicle and infrastructure in vehicle-to-infrastructure mode for safety and comfort. However, due to the openness of the wireless medium used by VANET, the technology is vulnerable to security threats in both communication modes. In this study, the essential background of VANET from architectural point of view and communication types are discussed. Then, the overview of modification attack in VANET is presented. In addition, this paper thoroughly reviews the existing prevention schemes for modification attack in VANET. This review paper reveals that there is still a need for a better and more efficient preventive scheme to address the modification attack in VANET.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
4. TECHNOLOGIES USED
• Sensor technologies(Infra-red sensing/Video
and Camera Image Perception/RADAR/gyro
sensor/inertial sensor) come up with a virtual
understanding of the vehicle environment
• Technologies(GPS/WiFi/WiMax) as sensing
systems to accurately identify the vehicle
position and interpret the environment
6. VANET DEFINITION
Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) is a special
type of MANET in which automobiles form the
nodes of the network.
Participating cars become a wireless connection
or router through VANET and it allow the cars
almost to connect 100 to 300 meters to each
other and in order to create a wide range
network.
7. VANET
VANET can help drivers to get warnings and
information from a nearby environment via
messages.
The drivers can also get road condition
information, notification of nearby food malls,
petrol refilling stations etc.
8. VANET
As vehicles fall out of the signal range and drop
out of the network, other vehicles can join in,
connecting vehicles to one another so that a
mobile Internet is created.
9. ABOUT VANET
The primary goal of VANET is to provide road
safety measures where information about
vehicle’s current speed, location coordinates are
passed with or without the deployment of
Infrastructure.
11. DEFINITION
Vehicle to Vehicle communication approach is
most suited for short range vehicular networks.
It is Fast and Reliable and provides real time
safety
It does not need any roadside Infrastructure.
12. INTER VEHICLE COMMUNICATION
NETWORKS
If the message comes from a vehicle in front, the
receiving vehicle sends its own broadcast
message to vehicles behind it.
This ensures that all enabled vehicles moving in
the forward direction get all broadcast messages
14. INTER VEHICLE COMMUNICATION
NETWORKS
1) Base station
It needs base station. Each vehicle
transmits its information and receives another
vehicle’s information.
15. INTER VEHICLE COMMUNICATION
NETWORKS
2) Communication among unknown and
unspecified vehicles
Each vehicle communicates with unknown and
unspecified vehicles accidentally neighboring on
the road.
16. INTER VEHICLE COMMUNICATION
NETWORKS
3) Importance of the distance between vehicles
The importance for a vehicle of another
vehicle’s information grows with decreasing the
distance between the vehicle and another
vehicle.
17. APPLICATIONS OF VANET
Electronic brake lights
It allows a driver to react to vehicles braking
even though they might be obscured by other
vehicles.
Traffic information systems
It uses VANET communication to provide up-to-
the minute obstacle reports to a vehicle's
satellite navigation system
18. APPLICATIONS OF VANET
Platooning
It allows vehicles to closely follow a leading
vehicle by wirelessly receiving acceleration and
steering information
