Liquid crystal display
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The document discusses liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and light emitting diodes (LEDs). It defines LCDs as thin, flat panels used to display text, images, and video in devices like computers, TVs, and calculators. It explains that LCDs work by rearranging liquid crystals when an electric field is applied. Pros are smaller size, lower power consumption, and lighter weight, while cons include higher cost and narrow viewing angle. LEDs are then discussed, defined as semiconductors that emit light when electric current passes through. Their working involves electrons moving between bands when materials in contact are given an electric field. Pros of LEDs include higher brightness, light weight, no viewing angle differences, and
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Turtle graphics uses a virtual turtle to draw shapes on a canvas by issuing commands to move the turtle and change attributes like its color and pen thickness. The turtle has a location, orientation angle, and a pen that can be in the up or down position. Built-in functions allow controlling the turtle, for example turtle.color() sets the color and turtle.forward() moves the turtle forward while drawing a line if the pen is down. Examples show how to draw basic shapes like squares, circles, triangles, and stars by issuing sequences of forward, backward, right, and left commands to the turtle.
Ray Tracing in Computer Graphics
Ray tracing is a technique for generating images by tracing the path of light rays through pixels and simulating interactions with objects. It works by constructing rays from the eye through each pixel, testing every object to determine intersections, noting the closest object hit, and determining the object's color based on any light sources. Diagrams and explanations demonstrate the basic ray tracing algorithm and how it can render spheres and other objects.
Email security
This document discusses email security and related topics. It covers firewalls, what can be done with firewalls like web filtering and bandwidth filtering. It also discusses screenshots of a college firewall. Other topics include access control lists, TCP connection establishment and termination, DNS, ICMP, common error messages, port numbers, email structure, SMTP, MIME, POP, IMAP, and TLS.
Visible surface detection methods
There are two main categories of visible surface detection algorithms: object-space methods that compare objects in a 3D scene, and image-space methods that determine visibility on a per-pixel basis. The painter's algorithm sorts polygons by depth and draws more distant polygons before closer ones, covering some areas. The binary space partitioning algorithm draws polygons farther from the viewpoint before closer ones. Back face detection identifies whether a surface's normal vector points towards or away from the viewpoint.
Raster scan and random scan
This document discusses raster and random scan display technologies. It defines key concepts like pixels, aspect ratio, and frame buffers. Pixels make up raster images and are arranged in a grid, with more pixels providing higher resolution. A frame buffer is RAM that stores a bitmap driving a video display. Raster scan uses pixels along scan lines and has lower resolution but is less expensive than random scan, which uses mathematical equations to describe images and provides smoother lines but is more costly.
Properties of light
This document discusses various properties and behaviors of light, including reflection, refraction, diffraction, and how light interacts with materials and objects. It notes that light travels in straight lines, is faster than sound, allows us to see by reflecting into our eyes, and causes shadows when blocked by objects. The document also addresses how light can be absorbed or reflected by objects and that the color of an object is determined by the dominant frequency of the light.
Polygon mesh
A polygon mesh is a collection of vertices, edges, and faces that defines the shape of a 3D polyhedral object. It is constructed by joining polygons together at common edges. Popular methods for constructing meshes include box modeling techniques like subdividing and extruding existing geometry. Extruding a face creates a new connected face of the same shape. Mesh representations include vertex-vertex meshes defined by connected vertices, face-vertex meshes defined by faces and vertices, and dynamic meshes that explicitly store face-vertex and vertex-face relationships. Polygon meshes are represented using tables that store vertex coordinates, edge connections, and surface definitions.
Ink jet printer
Inkjet printers work by using electrostatic charges to propel droplets of ink onto paper to create a digital image. The main components of an inkjet printer include the print head which contains nozzles that spray ink, a stepper motor that moves the print head, ink cartridges that hold different color inks, a belt that attaches the print head to the motor, and rollers and circuitry that control paper movement and the printing process. Pros of inkjet printers are their low cost, high quality color output, ease of use, and quiet operation while cons include less durable print heads, expensive ink cartridges, slower speeds than laser printers, and sensitivity of ink to water.
Illumination models
The document discusses various illumination models used in computer graphics including ambient light, point light sources, distributed light sources, Beer Lambert's law, chromaticity diagrams, flat shading, Gouraud shading, the Phong illumination model, and the Ward illumination model. It provides details on how each model calculates light intensity and color values for surfaces and polygons in a 3D scene.
Dot matrix printers
Dot matrix printers print characters by punching dots in a pattern onto paper like a typewriter. Each character is made up of a specific dot pattern, with letters like H having 7 dots in the first column, 2 in the fourth column, and 7 in the last column. While dot matrix printers are the cheapest per page for printing, they have cons of only printing one character at a time, very low resolution, and poor printing speed.
Cathode ray tubes
A cathode ray tube (CRT) is a sealed glass tube that contains an electron gun, phosphor coating, and magnets. When power is supplied to the CRT, the electron gun emits a beam of electrons that is bent by electric and magnetic fields and strikes the phosphor-coated screen, causing it to emit light. While CRTs are cheaper than other displays and have a wide viewing angle, they are bulky, consume more power than LCDs, and are prone to burn-in from displaying static images for long periods.
NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION
NFC requires less power than Bluetooth but has a much shorter range. It transmits data at lower speeds than Bluetooth but can establish connections faster by using inductive coupling without manual pairing. NFC is used for quickly transferring small amounts of data like photos or files between devices by tapping them together, as well as for mobile payments if both the device and vendor support NFC transactions.
RFID
RFID technology uses radio waves to transmit data between a reader and an RFID tag for identification and tracking purposes. RFID has applications in supply chain management, access control, livestock tracking, toll collection and other areas due to benefits like non-contact tracking and large data storage. However, RFID also has drawbacks like higher costs compared to barcode and a limited effective range for reading tags.
Digital libraries
Digital libraries provide reference lists, citations, and metrics for evaluating impact and influence. A reference list contains sources used for research organized by type like books, journals, papers and theses. Citations occur within the text and identify author and source for direct quotes and paraphrases. They provide additional publication information. Citation networks, documents with high impacts, or similar patterns can be identified. The i10-Index represents the number of publications with 10 or more citations. Charles Darwin's i10-Index is provided as an example. The H-Index reflects the number of papers cited at least as many times as the index number, measuring both quantity and impact with a single value.
Covert networks
Covert networks are hidden networks whose users do not disclose their information externally. They use covert channels that are hidden from access controls and security mechanisms, allowing communication to bypass detection. Covert networks employ techniques like steganography to conceal files within other files or messages, and use blind carbon copy to send messages privately to large groups without revealing all email addresses.
Ethernet
Ethernet is a popular wired network cable that was introduced in 1980 to connect devices like PCs and switches. It uses physical addresses called MAC addresses to identify devices on the network. Ethernet addresses are 6 bytes long and can be unicast for point-to-point connections or multicast for one-to-many connections. Common types of Ethernet cables include 10BaseT, 100BaseTX, and 1000BaseT which support speeds of 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, and 1 Gbps respectively over twisted pair copper cables. Faster versions like 10BaseF and 100BaseFX use fiber optic cables.
Wi – fi ( 802.11)
Wi-Fi allows devices to connect to the internet wirelessly using radio waves. It provides data transfer rates up to 600 Mbps within a coverage distance of about 100 meters. Multiple devices can connect to a Wi-Fi network through a router, unlike Bluetooth which only supports 7 devices. Wi-Fi networks use SSIDs to identify the network and access points to connect wireless devices to wired networks. Common standards include 802.11a, b, g, and n which provide higher data rates and backward compatibility. Security measures for Wi-Fi include MAC address filtering and WEP encryption.
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Liquid crystal display
- 2. DEFINITION Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is a thin , flat panel used for displaying information such as text ,images and moving picture. Its is used in Computers, Televisions, calculators etc.
- 3. UnPolarization Light Light emitted by the sun, by a lamp in the classroom, or by a candle flame is unpolarized light. Because light waves traverse in all the directions.
- 4. Polarization The process of transforming unpolarized light into polarized light is known as polarization. (i.e.) Polarized light waves are light waves in which the vibrations occur in a single plane.
- 6. WORKING PRINCIPLE LCD ‘s are made of organic molecules when any electric field is applied the crystals present in the LCD rearrange themselves because they are in liquid state. Whenever Light enters through the first layer, it gets polarized because of the polarized crystals. Afterwards a dark spot appears on the screen.
- 7. PROS OF LCD 1) Smaller size 2) Lower power consumption. 3) Lighter weight 4) Longer life 5) No Suffer in Problem.
- 8. CONS OF LCD 1) Cost is higher than CRT monitors. 2) Narrow Viewing angle.
- 9. LED
- 10. WHAT IS DIODE A diode is an electronic component with two electrodes called the anode and the cathode. The fundamental property of a diode is they conduct electric current in only one direction.
- 11. WHAT IS Light Emitting Diodes A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an electric current passes through it.
- 12. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF LED When 2 materials one with full of electrons and the other filled with holes brought close contact to each other and when electric field is applied the electrons move from valence band to conduction band resulting in emitting of light.
- 13. PROS OF LED 1) Higher brightness. 2) Light weight 3) No viewing angle differences. 4) The screen size is up to 90inches which is higher than other displaying devices.
- 14. PROS OF LED 1) Consumes more power than LCD’s