A vaccine is an antigenic material that stimulate adaptive immunity to a disease. Vaccines can prevent the effects of infection by many pathogens. Vaccine’s are generally considered to be the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases. The material administered can either be live but weakened forms of either bacteria or viruses, killed or inactivated forms of these pathogens, or purified material such as proteins.

1. Vaccines
NEW VACCINE TECHNOLOGY,
DNA VACCINES, SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE
VACCINES, MULTIVALENT SUBUNIT VACCINES
Submitted By
VIPIN E.V
Roll No: 373
M.Sc Applied microbiology

2. What is a Vaccine?
• A vaccine is an antigenic material that stimulate adaptive
immunity to a disease. Vaccines can prevent the effects
of infection by many pathogens. Vaccine’s are generally
considered to be the most effective method of preventing
infectious diseases. The material administered can either
be live but weakened forms of either bacteria or viruses,
killed or inactivated forms of these pathogens, or purified
material such as proteins.

3. History of Vaccines
• Smallpox was the first disease people tried to prevent by
purposely inoculating themselves with other types of
infections. smallpox inoculation was started in India before
200 BC. In 1796 British physician Edward Jenner tested
the possibility of using the cowpox vaccine as an
immunization for smallpox in humans for the first time.
The word vaccination was first used by Edward
Jenner. Louis Pasteur furthered the concept through his
pioneering work in microbiology.

4. Vaccination
• Vaccination (Latin: vacca—cow) is named because the
first vaccine was derived from a virus affecting cows,
the relatively benign cowpox virus, which provides a
degree of immunity to smallpox, a contagious and
deadly disease. Vaccination and immunization have the
same meaning but is different from inoculation which
uses unweakened live pathogens. The word
"vaccination" was originally used specifically to
describe the injection of the smallpox vaccine.

5. Inactivated
Attenuated
Subunitvaccine

6. 1. Subunit Recombinant Vaccines
peptide vaccines
Genetic immunization
2. Attenuated Recombinant Vaccines
3. Vector Recombinant Vaccines

7. Small peptide sequences corresponding to important
epitopes on a microbial antigen can be synthesized readily
economically.
Some long ones are also being invented, but are more
expensive to manufacture.
Synthetic peptides can be highly immunogenic in their
free form provided they contain, in addition to the B cell
epitope, T cell epitopes recognised by T helper cells.
The T cell epitopes must be linked to the B cell epitope

8. Such T cell epitopes can be provided by carrier protein
molecules, foreign antigen or within the synthetic
peptide molecule itself.
Eg: МSP-3-LSP

10. DNA vaccines are usually circular plasmids(super coild)
that include a gene encoding the target antigen (or
antigens) under the transcriptional control of a promoter
region active in human cells.
With DNA vaccines, the subject is not injected with the
antigen but with DNA encoding the antigen.
The plasmid carrying DNA vaccine normally contains a
promoter site, cloning site for the DNA vaccine gene,
origin of replication, a selectable marker sequence

14. Provide a mixture of peptide to the immune system
Produce vigorous Humoral and Cell mediated
response
A vaccine that immunizes against more than one
strain of an antigen.

15. In modern concept, vaccination involves the
administration of an antigen to elicit an antibody
response that will protect the organism against
future infection.
Three types of vaccines are currently used in humans:
attenuated(avirulent) microorganisms, inactivated
(killed)microorganisms, or purified macromolecules
Plasmid DNA encoding a protein antigen from a
pathogen can serve as an effective vaccine inducing
both humeral and cell-mediated immunity.
Vaccines are developed to stimulate immune response
as well as adaptive
Helps to cure chronic infection

16. 1. U. Sathyanarayana,Biotechnology
2. Immunology by Kubey
3. Pharmaceutical Microbiology- W.B
Hugo