This document is a presentation on vaccines that was created by Sana Shaikh for a class. It includes an index listing the topics covered which are an introduction to vaccines, the history of vaccines including the work of Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur, the production process for vaccines, and applications of specific vaccines for measles, polio, typhoid, hepatitis B, tetanus, and current research on vaccine adherence. The presentation provides overviews of the different vaccines discussed, including dosing schedules, and ends with a list of references.

1. Vaccines –Production And
Application
Sana Shaikh
MSc – I; sem - I
Department Of Biochemistry
Institute Of Science
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2. Index
Slide no
Topics
3
Vaccine – An Introduction
4
Vaccine – History
5
Vaccine - Production
7
Application Of vaccine- Measels Vaccine
8
Application Of Vaccine- Polio Vaccine
9
Application Of Vaccine- Typhoid Vaccine
10
Application Of Vaccine- Hepatites B Vaccine
11
Application Of Vaccine- Tetenus Vaccine
12
Current Research
14
Refernces
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3. Vaccines –
An Introduction
• A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a
particular disease.
• The term vaccine derives from Edward Jenner's 1796 use of cow
pox to inoculate humans, providing them protection against smallpox
• Vaccines may be prophylactic or therapeutic .
• Vaccines are killed, attenuated,toxoid, protein subunit or conjugate.
• Vaccines do not guarantee complete protection from a disease.
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4. History
Edward
Jenner
Louis
Pasteur
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• Prior to
vaccination, inoculation was
practised.
• In 1796, Jenner took pus from
the hand of a milkmaid with
cowpox, inoculated an 8-year-old
boy with it, and six weeks
later variolated the boy's arm with
smallpox, afterwards observing
that the boy did not catch
smallpox.
• It was banned in 1840 Louis
Pasteur generalized Jenner's idea
by developing what he called
a rabies vaccine
• The twentieth century saw the
introduction of several successful
vaccines
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5. Production
Vaccines are produced in large scale as they need to be administered to
large populations of children and adults to be effective as a public
health tool. This large scale production is often a challenge.
Stages of vaccine production
Vaccine production has several stages. Process of vaccine
manufacture has the following steps:
Inactivation – This involves making of the antigen preparation
Purification – The isolated antigen is purified
Formulation – The purified antigen is combined with adjuvants,
stabilizers and preservatives to form the final vaccine
preparation.
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6. Applications
Vaccines have been used to prevent many
disease.Now for almost all the disease .
We would be considering Vaccines for
Measles, Poliomyelitis,Typhoid,
Hepatitis B, anti –tetanus.
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7. Measels Vaccine
• Measles vaccine is a highly effective vaccine used against measles.
• The measles-mumps-rubella-varicella combo (MMRV vaccine)
vaccine has been available since 2005
• Measles is rarely given as individual vaccine nowadays and is often
given in combination with mumps and rubella. Two types of vaccines
are available for measles currently.
• Mumps Measles Rubella vaccine, live (MMR-II)
• Mumps Measles Rubella and varicella virus vaccine.
Dose Schedule
1st dose at the age of 12 months
2nd dose at the age of four to six years
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8. Polio Vaccine
Two polio vaccines are used throughout the world to
combat poliomyelitis;
1.
An injected dose of inactivated poliovirus (IPV), is based on three
wild, virulent reference strains, Mahoney (type 1 poliovirus), MEF1 (type 2 poliovirus), and Saukett (type 3 poliovirus)
2. An oral vaccine was developed by using attenuated poliovirus
produced by the passage of the virus through non-human
cellThe vaccine contains small traceof antibiotics neomycin
and vaccine. A single dose of oral polio vaccine (usually
two drops) contains
1,000,000 infectious units of Sabin 1
(effective against PV1),
100,000 infectious units of the Sabin 2 strain, and
600,000 infectious units of Sabin 3
Dose schedule
OPV at birth, OPV and IPV at 6, 10 and 14 weeks. OPV and IPV at 15-18
months and OPV at 5 years.
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9. Typhoid vaccine
Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) is a major public health problem in India.
High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance particularly to quinolones has made
enteric feva difficult disease to treat. All these factors have made vaccines
against typhoid and paratyphoid fever of immense need in our country
There are two effective types:
• Ty21a, which is a live vaccine given orally
• Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine, which is an injectable subunit vaccine
• Ty21a is licensed for use from age six years and older.
Dose Schedule
Boosters are recommended every 5 years. The Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine is
licensed for use from age two years and older, and boosters are required every three
years
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10. Hepatites B
• In India, 1-4% of individuals are chronic carriers of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
• Younger the age of acquisition of HBV infection,
higher the chances of becoming
chronic carrier.
• Infection with HBV is one of the most
important causes of chronic hepatitis,
cirrhosis of liver and hepatocellular carcinoma
• Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin (HBIG)
HBIG provides passive immunity and is indicated along with Hep B vaccine in
management of perinatal/occupational/sexual exposures to Hepatitis B in
susceptible individuals.
• Dose Schedule
a. Birth, 1 and 6 months
b. Birth, 6 and 14 weeks
c. 6, 10 and 14 weeks
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11. Tetanus vaccines
• Tetanus infection is most often the result of wound contamination in an
unimmunized person or someone who has not had vaccine boosters in many years.
• It may also occur following puncture wounds, animal bites, burns, abrasions
and surgery.
• The tetanus toxin causes severe muscle contractions, or spasms.
• The tetanus vaccine is available as:
 DT or Td (in combination with Diphtheria vaccine)
 TT in wound management
 TT in pregnancy
• Dose Schedule
For children who are completely unimmunized, catch up vaccination should be provided by
giving three doses of TT at 0, 1 and 6 months. For partially immunized children catch up
vaccination entails administration of at least 3 doses of TT including previous doses
received. DT for catch up vaccination in those aged above 7 years
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12. Current research
Research:-P1-S6.44 HIV vaccine clinical trial adherence and
retention: high-risk drug-using women
Authors:-J Becher, S Chhatre, M Eisenberg, D Fiore, T
Dominique, D Dunbar, I Frank, D Metzger
Source:-Sex Transm Infect 2011;87:A214 doi:10.1136/sextrans2011-050108.268
Date:-Jul 2011
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13. Abstract
•
•
Background Clinical trial protocol adherence and retention are often considered
challenges that are especially difficult to achieve among certain high-risk populations. The
HIV infection rate among heterosexual African-American women is increasing, making their
participation in clinical trials of HIV behavioural and biomedical prevention interventions
more important. We identify drug use and sex risk factors associated with adherence to
protocol and study retention among this population during the course of an HIV vaccine
trial.
Conclusions Factors commonly assumed to interfere with trial participation were not
associated with adherence to study protocol or retention. These findings suggest that drug
use and sexual risk behaviours do not impede completion of vaccinations and protocol
required visits in clinical trials of experimental HIV vaccines.
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14. Reference
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine
• http://www.vaccines.gov/who_and_when/index.html
• http://www.news-medical.net/health/Vaccine-Production.aspx
• http://www.greenmedinfo.com/Abstract Title:
Hepatitis B vaccine induces apoptotic death in Hepa1-6 cells.Abstract Author(s):
Heyam Hamza, Jianhua Cao, Xinyun Li, Changchun Li, Mengjin Zhu, Shuhong Zhao
 http://www.vaccineschedule.in
• ttp://www.immunizationinfo.org
• http://tav.sagepub.com/; Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines; May 2013 -
September
• http://sti.bmj.com/content/87/Sex Transm
Infect 2011;87:A214 doi:10.1136/sextrans-2011-050108.26
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