This document is a presentation on vaccines that was created by Sana Shaikh for a class. It includes an index listing the topics covered which are an introduction to vaccines, the history of vaccines including the work of Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur, the production process for vaccines, and applications of specific vaccines for measles, polio, typhoid, hepatitis B, tetanus, and current research on vaccine adherence. The presentation provides overviews of the different vaccines discussed, including dosing schedules, and ends with a list of references.
Objectives:
After the end of the presentation we’ll know -
What is cloning vector?
Why cloning vector?
History
Features of a cloning vector
Types of cloning vector
Plasmid
Bacteriophage
Cosmid
Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC)
Yeast Artificial Chromosome (BAC)
Human Artificial Chromosome (HAC)
Retroviral Vectors
What determines choice of vector?
Vector in molecular gene cloning
Cloning vector - The molecular analysis of DNA has been made possible by the cloning of DNA. The two molecules that are required for cloning are the DNA to be cloned and a cloning vector.
A cloning vector is a small piece of DNA taken from a virus, a plasmid or the cell of a higher organism, that can be stably maintained in an organism and into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloning purposes.
Most vectors are genetically engineered.
The cloning vector is chosen according to the size and type of DNA to be cloned.
The vector therefore contains features that allow for the convenient insertion or removal of DNA fragment in or out of the vector, for example by treating the vector and the foreign DNA with a restriction enzyme and then ligating the fragments together.
After a DNA fragment has been cloned into a cloning vector, it may be further subcloned into another vector designed for more specific use.
vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
HISTORY OF VACCINES-
EDWARD JENNER conduct experiments in 1796 that lead to the creation of the first smallpox vaccine for prevention of smallpox.
A vaccine for RABIES is developed by LOUIS PASTEUR .
Vaccine for COLERA and TYPHOID were developed in 1896 and PLAGE vaccine in 1887.
The first DIPHTHERIA vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMIL ADOLPH BEHRING,WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK.
The whole cell PERTUSIS vaccines are developed in 1914.
A TETANUS vaccine is developed in 1927.
Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large number of identical antibodies called monoclonal antibodies.
It was discovered by G.kohler and C.milstein in 1975. they were awarded nobel prize for physiology and medicine in 1975.
The hybrid cells are produced by fusing B- lumphocyte with myeloma cells or tumour cells.
The B-lymphocyte have the ability to produce large number of antibodies and tumour cells have indefinite growth.
This is why two cells are used for the production of hybrid cell
Objectives:
After the end of the presentation we’ll know -
What is cloning vector?
Why cloning vector?
History
Features of a cloning vector
Types of cloning vector
Plasmid
Bacteriophage
Cosmid
Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC)
Yeast Artificial Chromosome (BAC)
Human Artificial Chromosome (HAC)
Retroviral Vectors
What determines choice of vector?
Vector in molecular gene cloning
Cloning vector - The molecular analysis of DNA has been made possible by the cloning of DNA. The two molecules that are required for cloning are the DNA to be cloned and a cloning vector.
A cloning vector is a small piece of DNA taken from a virus, a plasmid or the cell of a higher organism, that can be stably maintained in an organism and into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloning purposes.
Most vectors are genetically engineered.
The cloning vector is chosen according to the size and type of DNA to be cloned.
The vector therefore contains features that allow for the convenient insertion or removal of DNA fragment in or out of the vector, for example by treating the vector and the foreign DNA with a restriction enzyme and then ligating the fragments together.
After a DNA fragment has been cloned into a cloning vector, it may be further subcloned into another vector designed for more specific use.
vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
HISTORY OF VACCINES-
EDWARD JENNER conduct experiments in 1796 that lead to the creation of the first smallpox vaccine for prevention of smallpox.
A vaccine for RABIES is developed by LOUIS PASTEUR .
Vaccine for COLERA and TYPHOID were developed in 1896 and PLAGE vaccine in 1887.
The first DIPHTHERIA vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMIL ADOLPH BEHRING,WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK.
The whole cell PERTUSIS vaccines are developed in 1914.
A TETANUS vaccine is developed in 1927.
Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large number of identical antibodies called monoclonal antibodies.
It was discovered by G.kohler and C.milstein in 1975. they were awarded nobel prize for physiology and medicine in 1975.
The hybrid cells are produced by fusing B- lumphocyte with myeloma cells or tumour cells.
The B-lymphocyte have the ability to produce large number of antibodies and tumour cells have indefinite growth.
This is why two cells are used for the production of hybrid cell
Recombinant viral vectors are genetic engineering tools commonly used for gene transfer purpose with high transfection efficiency and site specific gene insertion.
SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINES AND RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN VACCINED.R. Chandravanshi
What is a Vaccine?
A vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent infection or to control disease due to a certain pathogen (a disease-causing organism, such as a virus, bacteria or parasite). The vaccine “teaches” the body how to defend itself against the pathogen by creating an immune response.
1 Unlike traditional pharmaceuticals, vaccines are biologics since they are made from living organisms (biological sources).
2 Specifically, vaccines are preparations of components derived from (or related to) a pathogen; they can typically induce a protective effect through one to three very small doses, in the range of micrograms to milligrams.
3 Immunity lasts for an extended period, from one year up to lifetime protection, including prevention of disease and/or related sequelae.
Synthetic peptide vaccines represent fragments of protein antigen sequences, synthesizing specific B cell and T cell epitopes offer the potential to induce diseases neutralizing immuno response with completely synthetic structure. Now it is well established that short chain peptides can be used to mimic antigenic sites of viruses and thus can be used the basics for vaccines and development. therefore, attempts have been made to synthesize such peptides which act as the serrogate immuunogens, as an alternative to the existing conventional vaccines.
To synthesize a live attenuated vaccine, the disease-causing organism is grown under special laboratory conditions ,Vaccine production and purification
Recombinant viral vectors are genetic engineering tools commonly used for gene transfer purpose with high transfection efficiency and site specific gene insertion.
SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINES AND RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN VACCINED.R. Chandravanshi
What is a Vaccine?
A vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent infection or to control disease due to a certain pathogen (a disease-causing organism, such as a virus, bacteria or parasite). The vaccine “teaches” the body how to defend itself against the pathogen by creating an immune response.
1 Unlike traditional pharmaceuticals, vaccines are biologics since they are made from living organisms (biological sources).
2 Specifically, vaccines are preparations of components derived from (or related to) a pathogen; they can typically induce a protective effect through one to three very small doses, in the range of micrograms to milligrams.
3 Immunity lasts for an extended period, from one year up to lifetime protection, including prevention of disease and/or related sequelae.
Synthetic peptide vaccines represent fragments of protein antigen sequences, synthesizing specific B cell and T cell epitopes offer the potential to induce diseases neutralizing immuno response with completely synthetic structure. Now it is well established that short chain peptides can be used to mimic antigenic sites of viruses and thus can be used the basics for vaccines and development. therefore, attempts have been made to synthesize such peptides which act as the serrogate immuunogens, as an alternative to the existing conventional vaccines.
To synthesize a live attenuated vaccine, the disease-causing organism is grown under special laboratory conditions ,Vaccine production and purification
This ppt provide information about the conventional methods of animal vaccine production..it is somewhat differ from my earlier ppt of vaccine production techniques..
This was a group presentation at our faculty of pharmacy ain shams university supervised by department of pharmaceutics we were a team of ten members but i was the one concerned with organizing data , collecting photos , choosing a powerpoint template ,adjusting it to fit in with the topic.
Expanded Program of Immunization.
Objectives are:
To learn about EPI and the current situation of EPI in Pakistan
To understand the mechanism of the Cold Chain and the maintenance of vaccines
Understanding the Essential Vaccines for Babiesnowmedical ltd
Vaccinations play a crucial role in safeguarding the health and well-being of our little ones. As parents, it is our responsibility to ensure that our children receive the necessary immunizations during their early years. The importance of vaccinations in early childhood cannot be overstated, as they protect a range of potentially life-threatening diseases.
Vaccination during pregnancy is crucial to protect both the mother and the developing baby. It helps prevent serious complications and ensures a healthier start in life. #VaccinateForTwo 🤰💉
Designing vaccines for specific populations and germs - Slides by Professor E...WAidid
The presentation given by Professor Susanna Esposito at ECCMID 2019. A view on vaccines recommendations, combined vaccinations and impact of vaccination practices in the eradication of major infectious diseases.
To learn more, please visit www.waidid.org
Universal Immunization Program is a vaccination program launched by the Government of India in 1985.
It became a part of Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Program in 1992 and is currently one of the key areas under National Rural Health Mission(NRHM) since 2005.
Program consists of vaccination for 12 diseases -
Tuberculosis
Diphtheria
Pertussis
Tetanus,
Poliomyelitis,
Measles,
Hepatitis B,
Diarrhea,
Japanese-Encephalitis,
Rubella,
Pneumonia
Pneumococcal diseases
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Index
Slide no
Topics
3
Vaccine – An Introduction
4
Vaccine – History
5
Vaccine - Production
7
Application Of vaccine- Measels Vaccine
8
Application Of Vaccine- Polio Vaccine
9
Application Of Vaccine- Typhoid Vaccine
10
Application Of Vaccine- Hepatites B Vaccine
11
Application Of Vaccine- Tetenus Vaccine
12
Current Research
14
Refernces
13.09.2013
2
3. Vaccines –
An Introduction
• A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a
particular disease.
• The term vaccine derives from Edward Jenner's 1796 use of cow
pox to inoculate humans, providing them protection against smallpox
• Vaccines may be prophylactic or therapeutic .
• Vaccines are killed, attenuated,toxoid, protein subunit or conjugate.
• Vaccines do not guarantee complete protection from a disease.
13.09.2013
3
4. History
Edward
Jenner
Louis
Pasteur
13.09.2013
• Prior to
vaccination, inoculation was
practised.
• In 1796, Jenner took pus from
the hand of a milkmaid with
cowpox, inoculated an 8-year-old
boy with it, and six weeks
later variolated the boy's arm with
smallpox, afterwards observing
that the boy did not catch
smallpox.
• It was banned in 1840 Louis
Pasteur generalized Jenner's idea
by developing what he called
a rabies vaccine
• The twentieth century saw the
introduction of several successful
vaccines
4
5. Production
Vaccines are produced in large scale as they need to be administered to
large populations of children and adults to be effective as a public
health tool. This large scale production is often a challenge.
Stages of vaccine production
Vaccine production has several stages. Process of vaccine
manufacture has the following steps:
Inactivation – This involves making of the antigen preparation
Purification – The isolated antigen is purified
Formulation – The purified antigen is combined with adjuvants,
stabilizers and preservatives to form the final vaccine
preparation.
13.09.2013
5
6. Applications
Vaccines have been used to prevent many
disease.Now for almost all the disease .
We would be considering Vaccines for
Measles, Poliomyelitis,Typhoid,
Hepatitis B, anti –tetanus.
13.09.2013
6
7. Measels Vaccine
• Measles vaccine is a highly effective vaccine used against measles.
• The measles-mumps-rubella-varicella combo (MMRV vaccine)
vaccine has been available since 2005
• Measles is rarely given as individual vaccine nowadays and is often
given in combination with mumps and rubella. Two types of vaccines
are available for measles currently.
• Mumps Measles Rubella vaccine, live (MMR-II)
• Mumps Measles Rubella and varicella virus vaccine.
Dose Schedule
1st dose at the age of 12 months
2nd dose at the age of four to six years
13.09.2013
7
8. Polio Vaccine
Two polio vaccines are used throughout the world to
combat poliomyelitis;
1.
An injected dose of inactivated poliovirus (IPV), is based on three
wild, virulent reference strains, Mahoney (type 1 poliovirus), MEF1 (type 2 poliovirus), and Saukett (type 3 poliovirus)
2. An oral vaccine was developed by using attenuated poliovirus
produced by the passage of the virus through non-human
cellThe vaccine contains small traceof antibiotics neomycin
and vaccine. A single dose of oral polio vaccine (usually
two drops) contains
1,000,000 infectious units of Sabin 1
(effective against PV1),
100,000 infectious units of the Sabin 2 strain, and
600,000 infectious units of Sabin 3
Dose schedule
OPV at birth, OPV and IPV at 6, 10 and 14 weeks. OPV and IPV at 15-18
months and OPV at 5 years.
13.09.2013
8
9. Typhoid vaccine
Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) is a major public health problem in India.
High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance particularly to quinolones has made
enteric feva difficult disease to treat. All these factors have made vaccines
against typhoid and paratyphoid fever of immense need in our country
There are two effective types:
• Ty21a, which is a live vaccine given orally
• Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine, which is an injectable subunit vaccine
• Ty21a is licensed for use from age six years and older.
Dose Schedule
Boosters are recommended every 5 years. The Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine is
licensed for use from age two years and older, and boosters are required every three
years
13.09.2013
9
10. Hepatites B
• In India, 1-4% of individuals are chronic carriers of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
• Younger the age of acquisition of HBV infection,
higher the chances of becoming
chronic carrier.
• Infection with HBV is one of the most
important causes of chronic hepatitis,
cirrhosis of liver and hepatocellular carcinoma
• Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin (HBIG)
HBIG provides passive immunity and is indicated along with Hep B vaccine in
management of perinatal/occupational/sexual exposures to Hepatitis B in
susceptible individuals.
• Dose Schedule
a. Birth, 1 and 6 months
b. Birth, 6 and 14 weeks
c. 6, 10 and 14 weeks
13.09.2013
10
11. Tetanus vaccines
• Tetanus infection is most often the result of wound contamination in an
unimmunized person or someone who has not had vaccine boosters in many years.
• It may also occur following puncture wounds, animal bites, burns, abrasions
and surgery.
• The tetanus toxin causes severe muscle contractions, or spasms.
• The tetanus vaccine is available as:
DT or Td (in combination with Diphtheria vaccine)
TT in wound management
TT in pregnancy
• Dose Schedule
For children who are completely unimmunized, catch up vaccination should be provided by
giving three doses of TT at 0, 1 and 6 months. For partially immunized children catch up
vaccination entails administration of at least 3 doses of TT including previous doses
received. DT for catch up vaccination in those aged above 7 years
13.09.2013
11
12. Current research
Research:-P1-S6.44 HIV vaccine clinical trial adherence and
retention: high-risk drug-using women
Authors:-J Becher, S Chhatre, M Eisenberg, D Fiore, T
Dominique, D Dunbar, I Frank, D Metzger
Source:-Sex Transm Infect 2011;87:A214 doi:10.1136/sextrans2011-050108.268
Date:-Jul 2011
13.09.2013
12
13. Abstract
•
•
Background Clinical trial protocol adherence and retention are often considered
challenges that are especially difficult to achieve among certain high-risk populations. The
HIV infection rate among heterosexual African-American women is increasing, making their
participation in clinical trials of HIV behavioural and biomedical prevention interventions
more important. We identify drug use and sex risk factors associated with adherence to
protocol and study retention among this population during the course of an HIV vaccine
trial.
Conclusions Factors commonly assumed to interfere with trial participation were not
associated with adherence to study protocol or retention. These findings suggest that drug
use and sexual risk behaviours do not impede completion of vaccinations and protocol
required visits in clinical trials of experimental HIV vaccines.
13.09.2013
13
14. Reference
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine
• http://www.vaccines.gov/who_and_when/index.html
• http://www.news-medical.net/health/Vaccine-Production.aspx
• http://www.greenmedinfo.com/Abstract Title:
Hepatitis B vaccine induces apoptotic death in Hepa1-6 cells.Abstract Author(s):
Heyam Hamza, Jianhua Cao, Xinyun Li, Changchun Li, Mengjin Zhu, Shuhong Zhao
http://www.vaccineschedule.in
• ttp://www.immunizationinfo.org
• http://tav.sagepub.com/; Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines; May 2013 -
September
• http://sti.bmj.com/content/87/Sex Transm
Infect 2011;87:A214 doi:10.1136/sextrans-2011-050108.26
13.09.2013
14
