The document discusses single-shot vaccines and their delivery systems. It defines vaccines and describes traditional types including killed, attenuated, and subunit. It explains antigen uptake, processing, and presentation by cells. Microsphere-based single-shot vaccines provide priming and boosting through delayed antigen release. Factors influencing release include polymer properties and antigen size. Future areas of research include combining pulsatile delivery with existing vaccines to mimic multiple doses through a single injection. Adverse effects are usually mild and include fever and pain, while risks involve potential illness from live vaccines or allergic reactions.
Contents
IntroductionWhat are vaccine?
History of vaccineIdeal properties of vaccine.
Mechanism of vaccine
Types of vaccineUptake of antigen
Single shot vaccine
Mucosal delivery vaccine
Transdermal delivery vaccineReferences
Dr. A. SUMATHI - Transdermal Delivery of VaccinesSumathi Arumugam
M.Pharm - Drug Delivery System Syllabus includes Vaccine Delivery System. Transdermal Delivery of Vaccines is a part of vaccine delivery which describes the various barriers & approaches for delivery of vaccines via skin.
Contents
IntroductionWhat are vaccine?
History of vaccineIdeal properties of vaccine.
Mechanism of vaccine
Types of vaccineUptake of antigen
Single shot vaccine
Mucosal delivery vaccine
Transdermal delivery vaccineReferences
Dr. A. SUMATHI - Transdermal Delivery of VaccinesSumathi Arumugam
M.Pharm - Drug Delivery System Syllabus includes Vaccine Delivery System. Transdermal Delivery of Vaccines is a part of vaccine delivery which describes the various barriers & approaches for delivery of vaccines via skin.
M.pharm (Pharmaceutics) modern pharmacy unit-5 Study of consolidation parameters; Diffusion parameters, Dissolution
parameters and Pharmacokinetic parameters, Heckel plots, Similarity factors – f2
and f1, Higuchi and Peppas plot, Linearity Concept of significance, Standard
deviation , Chi square test, students T-test , ANOVA test
microbes in targeted delivery application
About vaccines…
Mechanism of uptake and transport of antigens…
Delivery systems used to promote uptake…
Lipid carrier systems
Oral immunization
Controlled release micro particles for vaccine development
Single dose vaccine delivery systems using biodegradable polymers..
Peptide based and nucleic acid based vaccines
M.pharm (Pharmaceutics) modern pharmacy unit-5 Study of consolidation parameters; Diffusion parameters, Dissolution
parameters and Pharmacokinetic parameters, Heckel plots, Similarity factors – f2
and f1, Higuchi and Peppas plot, Linearity Concept of significance, Standard
deviation , Chi square test, students T-test , ANOVA test
microbes in targeted delivery application
About vaccines…
Mechanism of uptake and transport of antigens…
Delivery systems used to promote uptake…
Lipid carrier systems
Oral immunization
Controlled release micro particles for vaccine development
Single dose vaccine delivery systems using biodegradable polymers..
Peptide based and nucleic acid based vaccines
vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
HISTORY OF VACCINES-
EDWARD JENNER conduct experiments in 1796 that lead to the creation of the first smallpox vaccine for prevention of smallpox.
A vaccine for RABIES is developed by LOUIS PASTEUR .
Vaccine for COLERA and TYPHOID were developed in 1896 and PLAGE vaccine in 1887.
The first DIPHTHERIA vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMIL ADOLPH BEHRING,WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK.
The whole cell PERTUSIS vaccines are developed in 1914.
A TETANUS vaccine is developed in 1927.
Vaccines (Immunotherapy) along with COVID-19 Overview, Types of Vaccines, Adjuvants, Antigen Uptake Mechanism, COVID-19 Mechanism Of Action, and much more.
vaccine train user immune system to create antibodies, just as it when it is exposed to a disease. However, because vaccine contain only killed or weakened forms of germs like viruses or bacteria, they do not cause the disease or put you at the risk of complications.
vaccine is a biological preparation that improve immunity to a particular disease.
A vaccine typically contain an agent that resembles a disease causing microorganisms and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbes.
Immunity: Protection from an infectious disease. If you are immune to a disease, you can be exposed to it without becoming infected.
Vaccine: A preparation that is used to stimulate the body’s immune response against diseases. Vaccines are usually administered through needle injections, but some can be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.
Vaccination: The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce protection from a specific disease.
what is vaccine
History of vaccine
types of vaccines
live attenuated vaccine
inactivated vaccine
taxoid vaccine
reconbinant vaccine
advantages of vaccine
disadvantages of vaccine
vaccine reaction
mechanism of vaccine
antiviral
antiviral mechanism
mechanism of antivirals
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
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1. A seminar on
Presented by
Syed Imran Syed
Usman
M Pharm sem I
Dept. of Pharmaceutics
DBCOP, Besa, Nagpur.
Guided by
Dr. N.M. Mahajan
Asst. Professor
DBCOP, Besa,
Nagpur
1
2. Contents….
About vaccine
History
Definition
Types
Mechanism of uptake and transport
Delivery system used to promote uptake
Single shot vaccine
Introduction
Formulation and processing
Release of antigen
Factor affecting antigen release
Future consideration
Adverse effect, Risk associated, Recent trend, Conclusion
References 2
3. Vaccine -- From the latin word vacca(cow)
The dairy workers would never have the often
fatal disease smallpox because they already have
the cowpox.
3
4. Jenner took the puss from the hand of a milkmaid
with cowpox, scratched it into the arm of an 8 yr old boy
and six weeks later inoculated the body with smallpox, he
observed that boy did not catch smallpox.
4
5. The term vaccines and
vaccinations are derived
from variolae vaccinae
(small pox of the cow), the
term devised by Edward
Jenner to denote cow pox.
Edward Jenner Louis Pasteur
The second generation
of vaccines was introduced
in 1880 by Louis Pasteur
who developed vaccines
for chicken cholera.
5
6. A vaccine is a biological preparations that improves
immunity to a particular disease.
A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a
disease causing microorganism and is often made
from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its
toxins or one of its surface proteins.
6
7. Vaccines are dead or inactivated organisms or
purified product derived from them. The different
types of vaccines are ;
a) Traditional vaccines
b) Innovative vaccines
7
8. a) Traditional vaccines
1. Killed – Some vaccines contain killed, but previously virulent,
microorganism that have been destroyed with chemicals, heat,
radioactivity or antibiotics. Examples are influenza, cholera, polio,
hepatitis A, and rabies.
2. Live, attenuated – Some vaccines contain live, attenuated
microorganisms. Many of these are active viruses that have been
cultivated under conditions that disable their virulent properties or
that use closely related but less dangerous organisms to produce a
broad immune response. Example are yellow fever, measles,
mumps.
8
9. 3. Toxoid - Toxoid vaccines are made from inactivated toxic
compound that cause illness rather than the microorganism.
Examples are Tetanus and Diphtheria.
4. Subunit – Protein subunit –Rather than introducing an
inactivated or attenuated microorganism to an immune system (which
would constitute a whole agent vaccine), a fragment of it can create
an immune response.
9
10. b) Innovative vaccines
1. Conjugate vaccines- Certain bacteria
have polysaccharide outer coats that are poorly
immunogenic. By linking these outer coats to
protein(e.g. toxin), the immune system can be
led to recognize the polysaccharide as if it were
a protein antigen.
2. Recombinant vector vaccine- By
combining the physiology of one
microorganism and the DNA of the other,
immunity can be created against diseases that
have complex infection process.
10
11. 3. T-cell receptor peptide vaccine – They show the
modulation of cytokine production and improve cell mediated
immunity and are under development.
4. Valence –
a) Monovalent- Use to immunize against single antigen.
b) Multivalent- Used to immunize against two or more
microorganism.
5. Heterotypic – Vaccines that are pathogens of other animals
that either do not cause disease or cause mild disease in the organism
being treated.
11
13. UPTAKE
Access of native antigens and pathogens to intracellular pathways
of degradation
DEGRADATION
Limited proteolysis of antigens to peptides
ANTIGEN-MHC COMPLEX
Loading of peptide onto Major histocompatibility complex class II
ANTIGEN PRESENTATION
Transport and expression of peptide-MHC complexes on the
surface of cells for recognition by T-cells .
13
16. UPTAKE
Antigen/pathogens already present in cell
DEGRADATION
Antigens synthesized in the cytoplasm undergo limited proteolytic
degradation in the cytoplasm.
ANTIGEN-MHC COMPLEX FORMATION
Loading of peptide antigens onto MHC class 1 molecules
PRESENTATION
Transport and expression of antigens-MHC complexes on the
surface of cells.
16
19. Delivery system used to promote uptake….
Absorption enhancers ;
The term absorption enhancer usually refers to an agent whose
function is to increase absorption by enhancing membrane
permeation , rather than increasing solubility, so such agents are
sometime more specifically termed as permeation enhancers.
Absorption enhancers are functional excipients included in
formulation to improve the absorption of a pharmacologically
active drug.
Ex ; Skin permeation enhancer include non-ionic surfactant which
causes changes in the intracellular proteins of stratum corneum
and increase permeability by this mechanism.
19
20. Lipid carrier systems …..
Liposomes are concentric bilayered vesicles in which hydrophillic
moities are enclosed by a membranous lipid bilayer mainly
composed by natural or synthetic phospholipids.
20
21. The single-shot vaccine is a combination product of a prime
component antigen with an appropriate adjuvant and a
microsphere component that encapsulates antigen and provides the
booster immunizations by delayed release of the antigen.
To provide effective patient protection, many traditional vaccines
require multiple injections, which results in a costly and
inconvenient regimen. These disadvantages have spurred the
development of single-shot vaccines that can provide protection
against infection with only one injection.
21
23. Delayed antigen release from dex-HEMA
microspheres
Once the freeze-dried microsphere product is rehydrated by
reconstitution in an aqueous solution, hydrolysis of the carbonate
ester groups in the dex-HEMA will be initiated.
This will increase the mesh size in the hydrogel network. The
encapsulated protein will be released when the mesh size exceeds
the hydrodynamic diameter of the protein.
23
24. Factor affecting antigen release
1. Polymer nature
2. Crystallinity
3. Method of preparation
4. Molecular weight of drug
5. Carrier size and morphology
24
25. Future consideration for single dose vaccine
delivery
As most vaccines in the current immunization schedule are given
as two or more discrete doses at set time intervals, combining
pulsatile delivery with the currently licensed vaccines
formulations in an attractive possibility.
In this setting the existing vaccine in its soluble form constitutes
the prime , and the encapsulated forms acts as the boost.
Single vaccinations that mimic multiple doses through pulsed
release of antigen should be as immunogenic as multiple dose
regime, providing that the polymer dose not alter the immune
response.
The development of encapsulated vaccine technology with
pulsatile release could offer a realistic opportunity to replace
existing repeated immunization vaccine and significantly improve
immunization.
25
27. The primary risk associated with vaccines, especially
vaccines that utilize live organisms, is that the vaccine
itself causes illness.
The vaccine may behave as a super antigen and over
stimulate the immune system.
Some individual may have an allergic reaction to the
vaccines.
27
28. o Approaches for designing a preventive HIV
vaccine.
o Vaccine against Dengue.
o Malaria is mosquito born disease caused by a
parasite. Recent studies showed that upon
encapsulating a subunit malarial antigen
SPF66 in PLGA-mixture microspheres
resulted in high antibody levels in mice.
28
29. Vaccines are one of the most effective health interventions
ever developed for several diseases, research is still in progress to
develop vaccines for life threatening diseases like cancer ,AIDS
etc. Some boosters(adjuvants) are also used in association with
vaccines for increasing the immune response. As the vaccines have
benefits, they carry some harmful effects too.
29
30. 1. Leo De Leede, Rianne Roukema, Bas Kremer “Advances in
Single-shot Vaccine Development” Biopharm International
Volume 2009(1).
2. Aungust BJ. International permeation enhancers ,J Pharm
Sci.2000;89::429442.doi:10.1002/(SICI)15206017(200004)89:4<
429::AID-JPS 1>3.0.CO;2-J.
3. Vivek Shrivastava and U.K. Jain “Design of Single Dose Control
Release Device for Antigen Delivery based on Poly (Lactic-Co-
Glycolic Acid)” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Nanotechnology, Volume-3,Oct-Dec 2010.
4. Adam A. Walters, Christos Krastew, Adrian V.S. Hill and Anita
Milicic, “Next Generation Vaccines: Single-dose Encapsulated
Vaccines for Improved Global Immunization Coverage and
Efficacy” Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Nov 9,2014
doi:10.1111/jphp.12367.
30