Urbanization and its impact
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-land tenure and urban land markets,
-the informal economy that employs more than half of the population,
-housing strategies and finance
-economic justice issues,
-civil society space and post-conflict peace and reconciliation,
-urban transformations and Chinese financing,
-urban adaptations to environmental & climate change
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A settlement is a place where people live.
A settlement could be anything from an isolated farmhouse to a mega city (settlement with over 10 million people).
Settlements can either be temporary or permanent.
Temporary settlements include things such as refugee camps.
Some temporary settlements have become permanent over time, (the largest in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).
The reason why a settlement developed in the first place is said to be its function.
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This document provides an overview of urbanization and perspectives on urban growth. It discusses the definition of urbanization and causes of urban growth such as improved food supply, healthcare, education and jobs. It outlines functionalist, symbolic and conflict perspectives on urbanization. The functionalist view sees urban development as necessary for societal progress, while increasing rates of anomie. Symbolic perspectives examine how city life shapes social interaction and division of labor. Conflict views emphasize the role of power and wealth in influencing urban development decisions. The document also examines theories of urban growth patterns and current problems faced by developing world cities like pollution, unemployment, and housing shortages.
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Describe basic elements of rural-urban migration.
Rural-urban migration refers to the movement of people from rural agricultural communities to larger urban non-agricultural communities. There are two main types of migration: internal migration within a country, and external or international migration between countries. Rural-urban migration systems involve potential migrants in rural areas being encouraged by poor rural conditions to migrate, facing rural social controls, adjusting to life in urban areas through employment opportunities, and providing feedback to encourage or discourage further migration through information channels.
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It indicates that current consideration of urbanisation are falling far behind the realities, which now see's 30% of the national population living in an urban area, which will increase to 38% ~7 million by 2030 and exceed 50% of the population by 2050. Which poses significant challenges for urban planning, development and management
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The document discusses India's diverse demographics and rural-urban landscape. It notes that India has over 2000 ethnic groups and major religions represented across its 28 states and 7 union territories. Rural areas are defined by revenue villages, which may contain multiple hamlets, while urban areas are defined by population thresholds and economic activity. Census data from 2001 shows India was 72.2% rural by population at that time. Rural areas are becoming less dependent on agriculture as industry and services grow in the rural economy.
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Re-urbanisation
See the last slide of the powerpoint for information on contents. Designed for an A Level class Geography class.
Suburbanisation
Suburbanisation refers to the movement of people, services, and industries from the centers of inner urban areas to the edges of built-up areas. In the 1800-1900 period, industry could pay the most for city center sites, leading to unplanned housing around factories with few amenities. The middle class began moving to suburbs. Suburban areas continued rapidly expanding in the inter-war and post-war periods due to fewer regulations. Causes of suburbanization include decentralization of jobs to cheaper land prices on the outskirts, deindustrialization causing inner city job losses, attractions of suburban locations like space and amenities, and advances in transportation allowing longer commutes. Consequences can be economic, environmental, or social for both the
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The document summarizes a market feasibility analysis for restoring passenger rail service between New York City and the Berkshire region of Massachusetts. It finds that private operation without public subsidies is feasible, estimating 2 million passenger trips annually. Initial capital costs would require public-private funding. Benefits would include increased economic activity, jobs, tourism, and tax revenues, while reducing traffic and environmental impacts.
Why Do Rural
Rural-urban linkages matter for several reasons:
1) Definitions of "urban" and "rural" vary greatly between countries, making international comparisons difficult.
2) Areas surrounding cities, though often classified as rural, have important roles in supplying food and other goods to urban consumers.
3) Rural and urban populations are interdependent, as many rely on economic opportunities and resources in both areas. Ignoring these linkages can increase hardship.
Los angeles vs Mumbai - Comparative Analysis
The document provides a comparative analysis of the master plans and development histories of Los Angeles and Mumbai. It summarizes that both cities' master plans have a vision of sustainable and inclusive development, and address issues like land use, transportation, infrastructure. However, Mumbai's plan has unclear development proposals for slums, while LA's plan focuses on conservation and has more comprehensive zoning and implementation programs. The document also compares the cities' histories of human settlement and drivers of economic growth centered around industries like films.
Allan Cain - The African Urban Research Initiative, 2014/03/19
The African Urban Research Initiative (AURI) is a network of applied research centres to inform and enhance the policy actors and networks in each African country responsible for urban policy and management. Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the fastest urbanizing regions in the world, yet it is the least prepared institutionally to deal with the pressures that will be associated with this process. Development Workshop has participated from the inception of the initiative in Addis Ababa in March 2013 and is one of the three member Steering Committee. The 18 member research centres aim to network together to exchange knowledge, know-how, and expertise to foster a layer of credible and resilient institutions rooted in local realities but engaged with broader trends. The secretariat of AURI is hosted by the Africa Centre for Cities at the University of Cape Town.
The theme of the Nairobi workshop held on the 18th and 19th of February 2014 was, ‘institutional models of knowledge co-production in the African city’. The workshop probed the notion of ‘co-production’ from an African perspective, and to identify the different models and practices of knowledge co-production that exist and are possible in the African context.
Allan Cain made the following presentation on how Development Workshop uses the co-production of urban research to engage with other Angolan non-state actors in ongoing advocacy with public policy makers on:
-land tenure and urban land markets,
-the informal economy that employs more than half of the population,
-housing strategies and finance
-economic justice issues,
-civil society space and post-conflict peace and reconciliation,
-urban transformations and Chinese financing,
-urban adaptations to environmental & climate change
-community-lead basic services
Urbanization
In the digital arena ample of hitches are faced due to urbanization disrupting the living standards of people in the country. Predicted statistics on urbanization is tremendously increasing day by day and again
Rank size rule and primate city concept
zipf's rank size rule and the primacy concept i an important topic for geographers and town planners.
Urban Planning: Settlement size, pattern and structure as a function of socio...
WHAT IS SETTLEMENT ??
A settlement is a place where people live.
A settlement could be anything from an isolated farmhouse to a mega city (settlement with over 10 million people).
Settlements can either be temporary or permanent.
Temporary settlements include things such as refugee camps.
Some temporary settlements have become permanent over time, (the largest in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).
The reason why a settlement developed in the first place is said to be its function.
Gentrification_Chicago
This document analyzes gentrification in Chicago between 1990 and 2000 using U.S. Census data at the census tract level. It finds that many neighborhoods near downtown Chicago experienced increases in income, education, and the percentage of white residents over this period, indicating gentrification. At the same time, many outer neighborhoods saw increases in minority populations, suggesting original residents may have been displaced outward. The author aims to quantify gentrification and examine how initial neighborhood characteristics relate to which areas gentrified.
Suburbanisation
The document discusses the suburbanization of cities and the factors that led to rapid suburban growth in the 20th century. It describes how mass car ownership and changing transport technologies influenced urban morphology. It also outlines the multiple nuclei model of urban development and features of suburban lifestyles, including large regional shopping centers, edge cities, and competition with central business districts.
URBANIZATION & MIGRATION
This document discusses rural to urban migration in India. It outlines several key causes of rural to urban migration, including lack of economic opportunities and amenities in rural areas, as well as the search for better wages, education, and employment in cities. The document also examines the impacts of migration, such as population growth putting pressure on urban housing and the environment, and increasing unemployment and crime rates in cities. Additionally, it categorizes different types of migration and provides recommendations to address the drivers and effects of rural to urban migration in India.
2 Making The Invisible Visible - Abigail Thorne-Lyman
This document discusses how understanding demographic and economic forces is important for comprehensive planning. It provides an overview of key demographic trends like changing household structures, a growing minority population, and an aging population. It also discusses the importance of evaluating the local economy by understanding key industries and how they may change. The document emphasizes that transportation must be considered as it influences the locations of jobs, housing, and economic activity. It concludes by providing four lessons for comprehensive planning: understand opportunities for change in the community; consider the regional economic context; use data to support land use policies; and plan for diverse demographics, industries, and transportation needs.
Ganga delta( urban development)
Urban Development in Ganga Delta region. Historically relevant of Gangetic basin and how major urban center develop in Ganga delta basically in West Bengal.
Econ
China has experienced rapid urbanization and economic growth fueled by land financing reforms over the past few decades. However, these reforms have also led to corruption, rural land grabs, and potential property bubbles as local governments profit from land sales and foreign capital influences the real estate market. While China's model of urbanization has been successful, adopting a more transparent system like Singapore's public housing model could help address challenges and ensure accessible housing as urbanization continues.
Urbanization
This document provides an overview of urbanization and perspectives on urban growth. It discusses the definition of urbanization and causes of urban growth such as improved food supply, healthcare, education and jobs. It outlines functionalist, symbolic and conflict perspectives on urbanization. The functionalist view sees urban development as necessary for societal progress, while increasing rates of anomie. Symbolic perspectives examine how city life shapes social interaction and division of labor. Conflict views emphasize the role of power and wealth in influencing urban development decisions. The document also examines theories of urban growth patterns and current problems faced by developing world cities like pollution, unemployment, and housing shortages.
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Full event info: https://oe.cd/SMEs-Cities
Describe basic elements of rural-urban migration.
Rural-urban migration refers to the movement of people from rural agricultural communities to larger urban non-agricultural communities. There are two main types of migration: internal migration within a country, and external or international migration between countries. Rural-urban migration systems involve potential migrants in rural areas being encouraged by poor rural conditions to migrate, facing rural social controls, adjusting to life in urban areas through employment opportunities, and providing feedback to encourage or discourage further migration through information channels.
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Urban Planning: Settlement size, pattern and structure as a function of socio...
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2 Making The Invisible Visible - Abigail Thorne-Lyman
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CIUS presentation HRBSP conference -Urbanisation in Cambodia,
A presentation made on the "Urbanisation Trends in Cambodia, Past present and Future" at the international Conference on " Human Rights Based Spatial Planning" November 4-5 2015, in Phnom Penh Cambodia. Organised by PiN and STT with European Union support.
It indicates that current consideration of urbanisation are falling far behind the realities, which now see's 30% of the national population living in an urban area, which will increase to 38% ~7 million by 2030 and exceed 50% of the population by 2050. Which poses significant challenges for urban planning, development and management
Know Your Market
The document discusses India's diverse demographics and rural-urban landscape. It notes that India has over 2000 ethnic groups and major religions represented across its 28 states and 7 union territories. Rural areas are defined by revenue villages, which may contain multiple hamlets, while urban areas are defined by population thresholds and economic activity. Census data from 2001 shows India was 72.2% rural by population at that time. Rural areas are becoming less dependent on agriculture as industry and services grow in the rural economy.
Know your market
The document discusses India's diverse demographics and rural-urban landscape. It notes that India has over 2000 ethnic groups and major religions represented across its 28 states and 7 union territories. Rural areas are defined by revenue villages, which may contain multiple hamlets, while urban areas are defined by population thresholds and economic activity. Census data from 2001 shows India was 72.2% rural by population at that time. Rural areas are becoming less dependent on agriculture as industry and services grow in the rural economy.
Cape Town, South Africa : A City Profile
Our exploration of Cape Town's urban landscape reveals a city shaped by a rich history of urbanization, diverse neighborhoods, and pressing challenges. Additionally, we have delved into South Africa's urban pattern and the historical factors influencing its development. We've also briefly examined the racial segregation in South Africa. As we reflect on Cape Town's dynamic evolution, it becomes evident that sustainable strategies are essential to guide its future growth and development.
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The document discusses India's diverse demographics and the definitions of rural and urban areas used in Indian censuses. It notes that India has over 2000 ethnic groups and major religions represented. It also explains that rural areas are defined as villages, while urban areas must have a population over 5,000, density over 400 per square km, and at least 75% of males working in non-agriculture. Census data from 2001 is presented showing the rural-urban population distribution in India.
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2) India's population reached 1 billion in 2000, 1.2 billion in 2011, and is projected to reach 1.8 billion by 2050, with 50% living in urban areas.
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Infrastructures and services are known to be the backbone of any human settlement . They are known to be determinant of the quality of life and operational efficiency of any city. They are also the one regulating the productivity of the city. Infra remain vital for all the urban residents , communities, city and the state. Accordingly, it becomes important that infrastructures on prescribed norms and standards are made available in both quantity and quality in the human habitation. Providing Infra requires lot of resources and technology know how. Accordingly adequate provision in the budget of urban local bodies need to be provided. in addition to providing infra and services, it is critical that they are also maintained properly. Key issues in the infra is the delivery of services. Government must involve private sector in providing services. Services charges also have to be rational to make them affordable. Providing services and infra remains a difficult and innovative option. It offers both a challenge and an opportunity. All ULBs must ensure adequate services of appropriate quality to all its citizens , even poorest of poor, to lead a dignified living.
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- Urban areas will be critical for India's economic growth but most cities face issues like lack of adequate housing
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Urbanization and its impact
- 1. URBANIZATION AND ITS IMPACT NA M E : - K U NA L A G A RWA L C L AS S : - 9 S E C T I O N : - D, RO L L N O : - 9 1 6 1 S U B J E C T : - H P E
- 2. CONCEPT OF URBANIZATION In population education, urbanization refers to the process of population concentration whereby populations move from a rural area to an urban one, leading to a relative rise in the number of city habitants. Urban geography considers urbanization a local phenomenon.
- 3. CLASSIFICATIONS OF URBAN CENTRES Following can be some efforts of classifying the urban areas in the different census and legal document :- • The 1952/54 census provided data on 10 “prominent” settlement s with a population over 5000. Those prominent settlements can be taken as urban areas. • The 1961 census for the first time defined an urban areas or a “Sahar” as “an area with a population cluster of 5000 and over and having an urban environment such as high school, colleges, judicial and administrative offices, bazaar, communication facilities, mills, factories etc. • The Nagar panchayat act of 1962 mentioned Nagar as the local level urban administrative unit. It specified the population size criteria of ”not less than 10000” for a Nagar.
- 4. According to the local self-governance act 1999 urban centers are classified into three categories: Nagarpalika, Upamahanagarpalika and mahanagarpalika with the following criteria:- i) Municipality: Municipality in an are with :- • A minimum population size of 20000 in the terai and 10000 in the hill/mountains. • An annual revenue of 5 million in the terai and 500000 in the hill/mountains. • Minimum urban facilities such as electricity, road, drinking water, communication and other similar urban facilities ii) Upmahanagarpalika :- • A population size of 100000. • An annual revenue of at least Rs. 100 million.
- 5. • An area that has already received the status of a Nagarpalika. iii) Mahanagarpalika :- • A minimum population size of 300000 • An annual revenue of at least Rs 400 million --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
- 6. TRENDS OF URBANIZATION IN NEPAL Towns and rural areas in Nepal are seeing urbanization increase between 5 and 7 percent each year. This is even more than the country's capital, Kathmandu, with a 4 percent increase every year, and Pokhara, with a growing urbanization rate of 5 percent per year.
- 7. Census Year Number of urban centres Urban population Percent of urban population Urban growth rate 1952/54 10 238,275 2.9 ----- 1961 16 336,222 3.6 4.40 1971 16 461,938 4.0 3.23 1981 23 956,721 6.4 7.55 1991 33 1.695,719 9.2 5.89 2001 58 2,227,879 13.9 6.65 2011 58 4,523,820 17.1 3.38 Population Distribution and Growth by Development Region, Nepal, 2001-2011
- 8. EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT Urbanization can increase population density by restricting animal movement, increasing available forage, or decreasing competition by reducing the population size of competitors Urbanization also affects the broader regional environments. Regions downwind from large industrial complexes also see increases in the amount of precipitation, air pollution, and the number of days with thunderstorms. Urban areas affect not only the weather patterns, but also the runoff patterns for water.
- 9. Thank you