GEOGRAPHY CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: SETTLEMENTS CASE STUDY LEDC SAO PAULO. Presentation suitable for Year 11 Cambridge students.

1. IGCSEIGCSEGEOGRAPHYGEOGRAPHY
SETTLEMENTSSETTLEMENTSCASECASESTUDYSTUDYLEDCLEDC
SAOSAOPAULOPAULO
PRESENTATION 3PRESENTATION 3

2. Location of Sao Paulo

3. Background & Location
• Sao Paulo is the largest, fastest growing and most
important city in Brazil.
• It’s located in the South East (Brazil) and although not
on the coast it has emerged as a major trading city
with its links to the nearby port of Santos.
• Although inland (820m above sea level) Sao Paulo is
where major transport routes converge.
• The city serves a rich agricultural hinterland, which is
one of the world’s dominant coffee producing regions.
There is also significant iron resources nearby.

4. The Growth of Sao Paulo
• Founded in 1554, it remained a slow growing rural town until
the late 19th
century (1800’s).
• Since then urbanisation has seen rapid growth in population.
• Between 1950 and 1980 the city grew to over 10
million – 3 million (28%) was due to natural
increase, 7 million (72%) to migration.
• It is now the 6th
largest city in the world with 19.9 million
people within its metropolitan boundary.

5. Reasons for Growth
• The initial reason for growth of this 19th
century small
trading settlement was the expansion of coffee
plantations west and north of the city. This caused rapid
growth of the city, and connecting infrastructure, leading
to it becoming the economic and state capital.
• Labour shortages in 1850 (abolition of slavery) led to large
scale government sponsored migration.
• During the mid 20th
century focus had turned to industry
again sponsored by the government. Sao Paulo had
developed modern infrastructure which attracted multi
national investment e.g. steelworks, car manufacturing
and petrochemical industries.

6. • Industry led to large scale rural-urban migration
and high rates natural increase all resulting in an
‘Urban Explosion” aka rapid urbanisation.
• Migrants now arrive on average at 1000 people per
day.
• Push factors: Natural disasters, widespread rural
poverty and lack of opportunities.
• Pull factors: Employment, better education/medical/
recreational facilities, higher incomes, (the belief of a
better world).

10. Population of Sao Paulo
• Draw a line graph which shows
the pop growth of Sao Paulo.
• Using the formula for calculating
pop growth, calculate the
percentage growth for the
following time periods:
1940 - 1950
1950 - 1960
1960 – 1970
1970 – 1980
1980 - 1990
• Which decade had the highest
rate of pop change?
Year Population
1875
1905
1920
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2015
25 000
200 000
580 000
1 000 000
2 250 000
3 780 000
7 500 000
12 590 000
15 000 000
21 500 000
FORMULA
Pop change = (Pop 2nd
year – Pop 1st
year) / Pop 1st
year x 100

11. SETTLEMENT CHANGE:
PATTERN OF GROWTH &
LAND USE IN SAO PAULO

12. What is the relationship
between the transport
arteries and industrial
areas?
Why do industrial areas
agglomerate around main
transport arteries?
Shanty towns and favelas
have developed around
these highways too – why
is that?
Which settlement model
fits this pattern of
concentration of industry
and lower income residents
near highways?

13. Pattern of
Growth
• Until the late 1960s growth was unplanned resulting in a
chaotic and fragmented city structure.
• The city does conform to a general pattern of concentric
zones. The CBD is in the centre, however unlike MEDC cities
this is surrounded by high class housing becoming lower class
with distance
• In LEDC’s the rich live close to the city centre and the poor
live on the urban periphery in shanty towns on the less
favourable land – an inverse Burgess model / Bid-rent model
• Industrial areas are located away from the city centre on the
main transport routes due to the lack of space – shanties
have grown around them.

14. Transport Infrastructure in Sao
Paulo
The development &
convergence of
highways/railways as
transport arteries into
Sao Paulo caused the
emergence of a hoyts
model of settlement.
Concentric zoning has
been disestablished,
and rather we currently
see sectors of land use
and functions.

15. • Recent growth has seen initial attempts at town
planning with the development of suburban CBD’s
in the effort to eventually create a multiple nuclei
conurbation.

16. Settlement Change

17. Refer back to your Sao Paulo land use maps:
Annotate (label in detail) the commercial & industrial
land use map with:
•A description of the pattern / location of industrial areas.
•A description of the pattern / location of secondary
commercial areas.
•The main arterial highways
•Evidence of the Hoyts Sector model
•Evidence of the Multiple Nuclei model
Annotate the Sao Paulo residential land use map with:
•A description of the pattern of residential zones.
•Evidence of an inverse Burgess model / Bid-rent model

18. This is a typical model showing land use in Brazilian
cities (an inverse Burgess model / Bid – rent model) –
also a typical pattern for LEDC cities.
Cut and paste this
from your hand
out.

19. WHAT WOULD BE SOME OF
THE PROBLEMS ARISING
FROM RAPID URBANISATION
IN SAO PAULO?
AND…WHY??
??? Question ???

20. Problems Arising from Rapid
Urbanisation• Employment: Large scale unemployment, low wages and
exploitation of workers. Large service sector but of low order
services e.g. shoe-shining, taxis, street trading (this is known as
underemployment) led to wide scale poverty
• Housing: Severe shortage >>>> shanty towns (around 16% of
the population live in the Favelas, and rising). Favelas are on
marginal land susceptible to flooding.

21. • Services (sanitation, electricity & water): most of the houses are without
services. Open sewers and water holes result in disease - drinking water
often contaminated by sewerage >> cholera & dysentery. Rubbish is rarely
collected. Drains inadequate during heavy rains >> flooding. Lack of
electricity hinders industrial growth.
• Education & Medical Facilities: Growth of facilities have not kept pace with
population growth. Shortage of teachers, doctors, nurses. Emergency
services unreliable.

22. • Congestion and Pollution: Chaotic growth has led to terrible
congestion on the roads and public transport. Air and water
pollution are both serious problems e.g. 8000 tonnes of
pollutants are released into the air each day.
• Massive Rural Depopulation: Deprives rural areas of young
workers, Causes break-up of traditional extended family,
Inability to escape poverty trap.

25. A city of

26. WHAT COULD BE DONE TO
OVERCOME THE ISSUES
ASSOCIATED WITH RAPID /
OVER URBANISATION???
??? Question ???

27. Attempts to Overcome Problems
• Job Creation: Government incentives and grants to attract more
industry. Jobs mean money for the people to improve their
standard of living. However most industries are Capital intensive
not Labour intensive.
• Provision of housing and basic services: Since the 1960’s
government housing project provide low cost housing with basic
facilities. However 10 times more applicants than houses. The
Cingapura Project – resettle 500,000 from favelas into low-rise
blocks of flats.
• Multiple Nuclei Commercial Centres: Town planning to spread
new development away from CBD. This will take pressure off
CBD resources and reduce congestion.
• Decentralisation: Creation of dormitory towns from rural towns
e.g. Santo Andre, Sao Bernardo & Diadema.
• Self – help scheme / upgrading…

28. CINGAPURA- “A NEW SINGAPORE’’
• Urban renewal has been
underway since the 1960’s.
• This has been modeled on low
cost gvt. housing developed in
Singapore.
• These estates have all the
basic amenities (water,
electricity, sewerage) and have
replaced the old multi-dwellings
in the inner city.
• As with all self help schemes
much of the work has been
carried out by the residents.
Existing favelas were cleared
and building materials
provided by the govt.
• Unfortunately many buildings
were poorly built or
unfinished.

30. The Future
The population of Sao Paulo will continue to grow and planning will
become increasingly important if the economic status of the city and the
quality of life of its inhabitants is to be maintained and enhanced.
Planning for the future involves renovation and environmental recovery
and preservation of various areas around the city.
1968
• first planning strategy began
• Redevelopment of the Central Area through late 1980’s
• area pedestrianised
• historic buildings renovated
Responses to urban change in Sao Paulo
1973 / 1974 – Metropolitan Planning and Administration System set up
Projects to improve rubbish disposal, transportation and housing