Our exploration of Cape Town's urban landscape reveals a city shaped by a rich history of urbanization, diverse neighborhoods, and pressing challenges. Additionally, we have delved into South Africa's urban pattern and the historical factors influencing its development. We've also briefly examined the racial segregation in South Africa. As we reflect on Cape Town's dynamic evolution, it becomes evident that sustainable strategies are essential to guide its future growth and development.

1. Cape Town City Profile
Student ID: 230404
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2. Presentation Overview
Country Context of South Africa
- South Africa: Demographic Information
- Population Density & Rate of Urbanization
- 2022 Census Counts of South Africa’s Urbanization
- Immigration Flows in South Africa
- The Economies of Nine Provinces
City Context of Cape Town
- Cape Town: The Primate City of South Africa
- Cape Town: Population
- Change In Population Density
- Urban development patterns in Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality
-The Economies of Nine Provinces
Neighborhood of Cape Town & Their Urban Issues
- Types of Neighborhood Based on Income
- Neighborhood Typologies
- Urban Issues in The Neighborhoods
- Socio-economic Status of Neighborhoods (2001–2011)
- Segregation on Housing Type
- Violent Crime is soaring in Cape Town
- Climate Change and High Carbon Footprint
- Water Crisis “The Day Zero”

3. South Africa: Demographic
Information
• South Africa: The southernmost country on the African continent, renowned for
its varied topography, great natural beauty, and cultural diversity
• Economy: South Africa is a middle-income country with a mixed economic
system, characterized by a blend of private enterprise and government
intervention, Has GDP of 405.27 Billion USD
• Population: Has population of 61 Million and over 42 Million population Lives in
urban area
• Government: Parliamentary Democracy
• Languages: Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana,
Venda, Xhosa, Zulu
• Nine Provinces: Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo,
Mpumalanga, North West, Northern Cape, Western Cape
• Major Cities: Johannesburg, Cape Town and Durban as major cities in South
Africa, play significant roles in both the economic and political spheres of the
country. Each city, with its unique strengths and challenges, adds to the diverse
tapestry of South Africa’s socio-economic landscape
• Urbanization Issues: In South Africa has been significant over the years.
Urbanization has led to challenges such as housing shortages, infrastructure
strain, social inequality, water crisis in South Africa

4. South African Urban Evolution
Stage
Preindustrial Stage:
• Until the 1860s, South African towns were relatively small. For instance, Cape Town, the
largest town at the time. Urbanization began to accelerate in the late 19th century due to
factors such as railway construction, mining activities, and overall economic expansion.
• However, it was Johannesburg, established in 1886, that rapidly surpassed Cape Town in
size, becoming a major urban center
Industrial Stage:
• During the first half of the 20th century, rapid industrialization attracted people from rural
areas to migrate toward cities in search of livelihoods.
• 1920s Prolonged drought accelerated rural-to-urban migration, boosting town
populations.
• Intense industrial development post-1933 spurred creation of new towns, particularly in
dynamic industrial regions.
Post-Apartheid Era:
• Apartheid policies historically shaped South African urbanization. These policies aimed to
control the movement and settlement of black people.
• Black South Africans were often confined to “homelands”, predominantly rural areas with
limited economic bases.
• From the 1980s onward, apartheid policies began to break down, leading to increased
migration to cities.
Background Sources: HAL_SHS

5. Population Density &
Rate of Urbanization
• The rate of urbanization means the projected average rate of change
of the size of the population over the given period of time.
• Gauteng’s population grew dramatically, overtaking that of KwaZulu-
Natal – which saw significant growth of its own. Limpopo,
Mpumalanga, North West and the Western Cape also had notable
increases in population.
• By contrast, the populations of the Eastern Cape, Free State and
Northern Cape remained fairly static, as people migrated to other
provinces.
Background Sources: South Africa Gateway

6. 2022 Census Counts of
South Africa’s
Urbanization
• Urbanization accelerated rapidly from the 1870s
as railway building, mining, and economic
expansion proceeded. Although the population of
the Cape Town metropolitan area reached
130,000 by the turn of the 20th century,
Johannesburg, which was established in 1886,
had already surpassed it in size.
• In 2022, over 68.34 percent of South Africa's total
population lived in urban areas and cities.
• Just like urbanization, the population density
within the nation has risen, reaching 46
inhabitants per square kilometer, meaning more
people are sharing less space.
• Many opportunities for work and leisure can be
found in the urban locations of South Africa, and
as such the five largest municipalities each now
have over three million residents.
Background Sources: Statista

7. Immigration Flows In
South Africa
• South Africans migrate away from poverty to
where the jobs are. They move from poorer
provinces to the richer cities, and from rural areas
to the cities.
• Johannesburg and Cape Town is South Africa’s
wealthiest and highest populated city, mostly a
city region and the center of the country’s
economy. They have the largest population,
constantly swelled by migration. But
Johannesburg net migration rate (number of
people moving in minus people moving out)
• South Africa’s social pressure areas due to high
population densities and population growth (the
red arrows are an indication and/or proxy for the
internal
• migration patterns and/or movement between
1999 and 2009).
Background Sources: ResearchGate

8. The Economies of Nine Provinces
In 2016 the main industries in each province were:
Eastern Cape: government services 21%, trade, catering and accommodation 18%, finance 16%
Free State: government services 15%, finance 14%, trade, catering and accommodation 13%
Gauteng: finance 23%, government services 19%, manufacturing 14%
KwaZulu-Natal: manufacturing 16%, finance 15%, government services 15%
Limpopo: mining 25%, government services 18%, trade, catering and accommodation 13%
Mpumalanga: mining 20%, trade, catering and accommodation 13%, manufacturing 13%
Northern Cape: mining 19%, government services 15%, finance 12%
North West: mining 30%, government services 12%, finance 12%
Western Cape: finance 23%, trade, catering and accommodation 15%, manufacturing 14%
Background Sources: South Africa Gateway
• The Western Cape’s largest industry is finance, followed by trade, catering
and accommodation (a sector that roughly corresponds to shopping, leisure
and tourism)
• Gauteng’s biggest sector is finance, real estate and business services,
which makes up almost a quarter of the province’s economy, followed by
general government services, and then manufacturing.

9. Cape Town: The Primate City of South Africa
• Cape Town is the second-most populous urban area in South Africa after Johannesburg. The city has a
population of 4.6 Million inhabitants and the metropolitan municipality a population of 3.7 million inhabitants.
• Cape town is called the “Mother City” of South Africa. It is also the capital and primate city of the Western
Cape province.
[Absolute primacy= city population/state population.]
• The Mother City is South Africa’s oldest city, with an area of 2 461 km2. It is the country's second-largest city,
after Johannesburg it has a population of 4.6 Million. It is the legislative capital of South Africa, the administrative
and economic center of the Western Cape Province.
• It is one of the most multicultural cities in the world, reflecting its role as a major destination for immigrants and
expatriates to South Africa.
• The city was named the World Design Capital for 2014 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial
Design

10. Cape Town: Population
• According to Stats SA (2011), the City of Cape Town
has a total population of 3,740,025 according to the
statistics on the City, dated 2012. Now the population is
4.6 Million.
• The 1913 Land Act prohibited "black" people from
buying or renting land in areas designated as "white".
• Groups Based on Race: Colored 42,4%, black African
38,6%, white 15,7%, Indian / Asian 1,4% and other
1,9%.
• Groups Based on Age: Young (0-14) 24.8%, Working
Age (15-64) 69.6%, Elderly (65+) 5,5%
• Growth rate: 2.57% (2001-2011)
• Population density: 1530 persons/km2
• Unemployment rate: 23.9%
Background Sources: www.statssa.gov.za/

11. Change In Population Density
• A closer investigation into how densities have changed
between 1996 and 2011 is instructive of wider socio-
economic inequalities.
• The limited change in the affluent core city (4.8%) and
southern suburbs (3.2%) is very striking, considering how
well-located these areas are in relation to economic and
social opportunities in the city.
• While there are some precincts with apartment buildings
in and around the inner city, the suburbs mostly comprise
free-standing houses, some of which are located in gated
security estates.

12. Urban development
patterns in Cape Town
Metropolitan Municipality
• Most new low-density housing has been developed
along the fringe of the metropolitan area.
• New low-income, low-density public housing
developments in Delft and Khayelitsha have been
developed along the urban fringe close to erstwhile
black townships.
• Newer high-density housing shows similar patterns of
decentralization with concentrations along the extreme
edge of the urban fringe and outlying suburbs of Cape
Town, north and east of the historic high-density
residential footprint.
• Recently, informal housing settlements have continued
to concentrate near the apartheid-era low-income
townships near the metropolitan fringe.
• Although the tendency of the poor to urbanize is
motivated by protectionism, the continuing trend of
local decentralization towards the metropolitan fringe is
an indication of the impact of path dependency and
social embeddedness on settlement patterns.
Background Sources: ResearchGate

13. Types of Neighborhood Based on Income
No Name Income
Group
Weighted
Percentage
Observation
In Sample
Average
Household
Size
1 Cluster 1: Low-density
free-standing houses,
mostly white, highest
income
Highest 20.2% 179 2.4
2 Cluster 2: Higher-
density apartments,
mixed, middle-high
income
High 12.6% 186 2.3
3 Cluster 6: Mostly
Afrikaans speaking
colored, lower-middle
income
Middle 30.9% 210 3.9
4 Cluster 8: Established
townships with free-
standing housing and
high concentration of
backyarders
Low 26.6% 211 2.9
5 Cluster 10: informal
settlements with
electrification
Lowest 9.8% 210 2.7
Location of surveyed neighborhood of Cape Town
Racial composition of surveyed neighborhoods
Background Sources:
www.centreforsustainablecities.ac.uk/

14. Neighborhood Typologies
• Neighborhoods in South Africa show clear racial
divisions. Informal settlements are predominantly black
African (>95%), while large houses are mostly white
(78%). Notable differences exist among colored
communities in terms of language and wealth.
• Low-to-medium-income neighborhoods have distinct
black African, colored, and mixed communities.
• Rented apartments/flats house a diverse 'middle-class'
population.
Background Sources:
www.centreforsustainablecities.ac.uk/

15. Urban Issues in The Neighborhoods
1. Access to Services
2. Rating of personal health and healthcare services
3. Education Access
Almost 40% of residents in the
poorest neighborhoods accessed
water outside their properties,
which imposes a particular burden
on women and children. Access to
sanitation was also worse for
people in the low- and lowest-
income neighbor-hoods, where
approximately 20% and 36%
respectively relied on communal
shared toilets.
There was a bigger difference in the
quality of healthcare services across
the clusters. 90% of residents in the
highest-income areas rated their
healthcare as very good or good,
com-pared with under 60% for
residents in middle- and lower-income
neighborhoods. This is a big
discrepancy.
In all areas, most residents were very satisfied
or satisfied with their schools. This is
surprising considering the marked contrasts in
school quality that are well known to exist
across Cape Town neighbor-hoods. The
survey detected a subtle difference in that the
majority of respondents in the high in-come
areas said they were very satisfied, whereas
elsewhere the majority were just satisfied
Background Sources:
www.centreforsustainablecities.ac.uk/

16. Socio-economic Status of Neighborhoods (2001–
2011)
• The status of most neighborhoods appears to
have been stable over time, with two
exceptions.
• First, some parts of the Cape Flats changed
from low to low-middle SES, or from low-
middle to middle SES.
• Second, selected parts of the Southern
Suburbs apparently shifted from high to low or
polarized SES.
Background Sources: ResearchGate

17. Segregation on Housing Type
• Informal land occupations have surged within the last few years,
partly because economic conditions have deteriorated, and many
people can no longer afford backyard housing rents.
• According to a senior politician in the city, 358 hectares of private
and public land has been invaded between 2018 and mid- 2020.
• The first map presents a variety of housing types in Cape Town,
ranging from free-standing houses to shacks.
• The second map, on the other hand, illustrates population density
segregated by race.
• A common pattern emerges upon examination: Black Africans
predominantly inhabit areas with free-standing shacks and
impoverished settlements.
• In contrast, the majority of apartments and free-standing houses are
occupied by White residents in Cape Town.
• This analysis provides a clear picture of the racial and socio-
economic disparities in the city’s housing landscape.

18. Violent Crime is soaring in Cape Town
• A statistic data from The economist shows that
the increase in violence is particularly striking in
city, Cape Town.
• Anine Kriegler, a criminologist at the University
of Cape Town, calculates that the city’s murder
rate has risen 60% from 43 to 69 per 100,000
population in the eight years to 2017/18.
• Worryingly, last year’s rise was the biggest
since comparable data became available in
2005/06.
• Today its rate is more than twice that of
Johannesburg and higher than in any large city
outside of the Americas.
Background Sources: The Economist

19. Climate Change and
High Carbon Footprint
• Cape Town mirrors the national mix of
electricity production, the majority of which
generated by Eskom.
• South Africa’s electricity is mostly coal-based
with a small amount of nuclear power and
renewable energy.
• The City being 96% electrified, wood fires
are still used, which has implications for
particulate pollution.
Background Sources: www.capetown.gov.za/

20. Water Crisis “The Day
Zero”
• In 2018 there were genuine fear that Cape
Town would become the first major city in the
world to completely runout of water.
• In preparation for “Day Zero,” which is
predicted to occur on July 9 officials advised
Cape Town’s 4 million residents to limit water
use to 50 liters (13.2 gallons) per person per
day.
• By Sep 28 high level or rain fall, absent for
past 3 year finally brought back the 6 dams
up to 70% Capacity.
Background Sources: https://groundup.org.za/
Background Sources:
www.riskmanagementmonitor.com/

21. THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME