Output equation; Choice of Magnetic and Electric loadings; Main dimensions; Separation of D & L for Salient pole and Turbo m/c. Types; Design of Salient pole machines; Short circuit ratio; shape of pole face; Armature design; Armature parameters; Estimation of air gap length; Design of Rotor; Design of Damper windings; Determination of full load mmf; Design of field windings; Design of Turbo alternators; Rotor design.
speed control of three phase induction motorAshvani Shukla
This document summarizes various methods for controlling the speed of three-phase induction motors. It discusses that induction motors are commonly used in industry due to their low cost and rugged construction but operate at constant speed. Various speed control methods are then outlined, including stator voltage control, stator frequency control, and stator current control. V/F control is also explained in detail along with its advantages for providing efficient motor speed control. The document concludes by discussing applications in industry and topics for further research.
This is the simple ppt explaining about the main components of the power systems. especially we are determining the insulators and its types with real time pictures which are attractive,
This document provides an overview of power factor, including basics, causes of low power factor, disadvantages, correction methods, and advantages of correction. It defines power factor as the ratio of true power to apparent power. Induction motors, transformers, and other inductive loads cause low power factors. Correcting power factor reduces equipment sizes and losses, improves voltage regulation, and avoids penalties under power factor tariffs. Static capacitors and synchronous condensers are common correction methods.
This document summarizes the principles and operation of an induction generator. It explains that an induction generator operates when the rotor spins faster than synchronous speed, inducing a current in the stator. Reactive power is required from an external capacitor bank to generate a rotating magnetic field. Induction generators are simpler and cheaper than other generators but have lower efficiency and cannot independently regulate voltage levels. Their applications include use in variable-speed wind turbines and dynamic braking systems.
Major electrical equipment in power plantsFateh Singh
Major electrical equipment in power plants include alternators, exciters, synchronizing equipment, circuit breakers, current and potential transformers, relays, protection equipment, isolators, lightning arresters, earthing equipment, station transformers, and batteries and motors for driving auxiliaries. The document goes on to describe each type of equipment in more detail, including their purpose and features. It discusses equipment such as generators, exciters, power transformers, voltage regulators, bus bars, reactors, insulators, switchgear, switches, protective equipment like fuses and circuit breakers, relays, current transformers, potential transformers, batteries, and control rooms.
1) A chopper is used to provide variable DC voltage from a constant DC source and is widely used to control DC motors.
2) A chopper-fed DC drive works by connecting a DC chopper between a fixed-voltage DC source and DC motor to vary the armature voltage.
3) A multi-quadrant chopper drive can provide forward power control, forward regeneration, reverse power control, and reverse regeneration by controlling the switching of the thyristors in the chopper circuit.
The document discusses power system stability, including classifications of stability (steady state, transient, and dynamic) and factors that affect transient stability. It also covers topics like the swing equation, equal area criterion, critical clearing angle, and multi-machine stability studies. Some key points:
1) Power system stability refers to a system's ability to return to normal operating conditions after disturbances like faults or load changes.
2) Transient stability depends on factors like fault duration and location, generator inertia, and pre-fault loading conditions.
3) The equal area criterion states that a system will remain stable if the accelerating and decelerating area segments on the power-angle curve are equal.
4)
1. The document discusses power system stability, including classifications of power system states as steady state, dynamic state, and transient state.
2. It describes synchronous machine swing equation and power angle equation, which relate the mechanical power input to the electrical power output of a generator through the power/torque angle.
3. An example calculation is shown to find the steady state power limit of a power system with a generator connected to an infinite bus through a transmission line.
speed control of three phase induction motorAshvani Shukla
This document summarizes various methods for controlling the speed of three-phase induction motors. It discusses that induction motors are commonly used in industry due to their low cost and rugged construction but operate at constant speed. Various speed control methods are then outlined, including stator voltage control, stator frequency control, and stator current control. V/F control is also explained in detail along with its advantages for providing efficient motor speed control. The document concludes by discussing applications in industry and topics for further research.
This is the simple ppt explaining about the main components of the power systems. especially we are determining the insulators and its types with real time pictures which are attractive,
This document provides an overview of power factor, including basics, causes of low power factor, disadvantages, correction methods, and advantages of correction. It defines power factor as the ratio of true power to apparent power. Induction motors, transformers, and other inductive loads cause low power factors. Correcting power factor reduces equipment sizes and losses, improves voltage regulation, and avoids penalties under power factor tariffs. Static capacitors and synchronous condensers are common correction methods.
This document summarizes the principles and operation of an induction generator. It explains that an induction generator operates when the rotor spins faster than synchronous speed, inducing a current in the stator. Reactive power is required from an external capacitor bank to generate a rotating magnetic field. Induction generators are simpler and cheaper than other generators but have lower efficiency and cannot independently regulate voltage levels. Their applications include use in variable-speed wind turbines and dynamic braking systems.
Major electrical equipment in power plantsFateh Singh
Major electrical equipment in power plants include alternators, exciters, synchronizing equipment, circuit breakers, current and potential transformers, relays, protection equipment, isolators, lightning arresters, earthing equipment, station transformers, and batteries and motors for driving auxiliaries. The document goes on to describe each type of equipment in more detail, including their purpose and features. It discusses equipment such as generators, exciters, power transformers, voltage regulators, bus bars, reactors, insulators, switchgear, switches, protective equipment like fuses and circuit breakers, relays, current transformers, potential transformers, batteries, and control rooms.
1) A chopper is used to provide variable DC voltage from a constant DC source and is widely used to control DC motors.
2) A chopper-fed DC drive works by connecting a DC chopper between a fixed-voltage DC source and DC motor to vary the armature voltage.
3) A multi-quadrant chopper drive can provide forward power control, forward regeneration, reverse power control, and reverse regeneration by controlling the switching of the thyristors in the chopper circuit.
The document discusses power system stability, including classifications of stability (steady state, transient, and dynamic) and factors that affect transient stability. It also covers topics like the swing equation, equal area criterion, critical clearing angle, and multi-machine stability studies. Some key points:
1) Power system stability refers to a system's ability to return to normal operating conditions after disturbances like faults or load changes.
2) Transient stability depends on factors like fault duration and location, generator inertia, and pre-fault loading conditions.
3) The equal area criterion states that a system will remain stable if the accelerating and decelerating area segments on the power-angle curve are equal.
4)
1. The document discusses power system stability, including classifications of power system states as steady state, dynamic state, and transient state.
2. It describes synchronous machine swing equation and power angle equation, which relate the mechanical power input to the electrical power output of a generator through the power/torque angle.
3. An example calculation is shown to find the steady state power limit of a power system with a generator connected to an infinite bus through a transmission line.
Winding
What is Armature winding?
Terms related to armature winding.
Single layer and double layer windings.
Comparison between closed and open windings.
Types of DC armature winding.
Types of AC armature winding.
The document discusses the components and structure of an electric power system. It describes how power is generated at power stations and stepped up in voltage for transmission over long distances before being stepped down for distribution to consumers. The key components are generators, transformers, transmission lines, control equipment, and distribution systems. Power flows from generation through transmission and distribution before reaching ultimate consumers.
The document presents information on a PWM rectifier. It discusses that a PWM rectifier is an AC to DC power converter using controlled semiconductor switches. It has features like bi-directional power flow, nearly sinusoidal input current, unity power factor regulation, and low harmonic distortion. The document includes a circuit diagram of a PWM rectifier and mentions it can be a current or voltage type. Advantages are listed as reduced harmonics and controlled output voltage. Future applications are in traction and as an active filter. The future scope is reduced input harmonics and improved power factor for PWM rectifiers.
This document discusses the calculation of ampere turns for the air gap and teeth in a DC machine. It covers several key points:
1. The effective area of the air gap is calculated using the field form factor, which accounts for variations in air gap length across the pole pitch.
2. The reluctance of an air gap is increased in a slotted armature due to the additional length of the air gap from slots and fringing effects around the tooth edges.
3. The exact calculation of ampere turns for teeth is difficult due to varying flux density along tapered teeth and lower actual flux passing through teeth compared to air gap flux. Simpson's rule and flux density at 1/3rd section methods
The document discusses reference frame theory for modeling electrical machines. It describes how reference frame transformations were developed to simplify differential equations for machines by reducing complexity. Specifically, it outlines transformations developed by Park, Stanley, Kron, Brereton, Krause/Thomas, and Clarke for modeling synchronous and induction machines using rotating reference frames. The advantages of these transformations are that they reduce the number of equations, make coefficients time-invariant, and allow easier analysis and control implementation.
Unit 2.Converter and Chopper fed Dc drivesraviarmugam
This document discusses different types of DC drives fed by converters or choppers. It describes phase controlled rectifier fed DC drives which can be single or three phase. It also discusses various types of chopper fed DC drives including one, two and four quadrant drives. Specific circuits are presented for single phase half wave and fully controlled rectifiers used in DC drives. Operation of two and four quadrant choppers for motoring, regenerative braking and reverse braking modes are also covered.
This document discusses the synchronous motor, including its introduction, construction, and operating principle. A synchronous motor runs at a constant synchronous speed determined by the supply frequency. It consists of a stator winding and a rotor with salient poles. The rotor is excited by direct current to synchronize with the rotating stator field. A synchronous motor is not self-starting and requires an auxiliary method like an induction motor principle or separate starting motor.
A permanent magnet AC (PMAC) motor is a synchronous motor, meaning that its rotor spins at the same speed as the motor's internal rotating magnetic field. Other AC synchronous technologies include hysteresis motors, larger DC-excited motors, and common reluctance motors.
(c) beta.machinedesign.com
An inverter is a device that converts DC power from batteries into AC power. It allows appliances that run on AC power to operate from a DC power source. There are different types of inverters based on their output waveform: square wave, modified sine wave, and pure sine wave. Square wave inverters are the cheapest but produce a less stable output. Modified sine wave inverters produce a three-step waveform and are suitable for basic appliances. Pure sine wave inverters have the best waveform quality but are the most expensive. Inverters are commonly used in UPS systems, with solar panels, for backup power, and in HVDC transmission.
The document discusses the mechanical design of overhead power lines. It describes the main components of overhead lines which include conductors, supports, insulators, and cross arms. Conductors carry electric power and are made of materials like copper, aluminum, and steel that have high conductivity and strength. Supports can be wooden poles, steel poles, or lattice towers and must withstand mechanical loads. Insulators provide insulation between conductors and supports to prevent leakage currents. The document also covers factors that affect overhead line design like line voltage, conductor spacing, and methods to reduce corona effects like increasing conductor size.
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report details the simulation and implementation of a Fixed Capacitor Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR) for improving power factor by compensating reactive power. It includes simulation of the FC-TCR circuit in Proteus software and MATLAB. The report provides background on power factor, describes the methodology used, and outlines the software and hardware components involved including Arduino, Proteus, and MATLAB. It also includes mathematical calculations, future applications, and conclusions.
Speed Control of Induction Motor using Variable Frequency DriveSandeep Kaushal
Induction motor is constant speed motor at a particular frequency and consumes almost same power irrespective of load demand. Let's talk about two different load one is high load and other low load. AT low load motor is delivering the load with some current and thereby torque is maintained. If load goes high, to maintain the same speed and developed torqued, motor will draw extra current and will corresponds to more losses. If speed of motor is reduced corresponding too low load and is increased corresponding to high load, then substantial amount of power can be saved. And speed can be changed by changing the frequency of input supply.
Design of transformer: Design of cooling system-design of tank with tubeAsif Jamadar
The document discusses the design of a transformer. It focuses on designing the tank that will hold the transformer and its tubes. The tank must be designed to safely and securely hold the transformer components while also allowing efficient heat dissipation to prevent overheating.
Pulse Width Modulation, or PWM, is a technique for getting analog results with digital means.
Digital control is used to create a square wave, a signal switched between on and off.
The document discusses electrical drives and converters used in electric drive systems. It describes controlled rectifiers, switched-mode converters, and various types of converters including two-quadrant and four-quadrant converters. It also discusses DC motor drives, induction motor drives, and field-oriented control of induction motors. Simulation examples using Simulink are provided for different drive systems.
Permanent Magnet Synchronous motor (PMSM) or Permanent Magnet AC motor:
Introduction to PMSM motor.
Types of PMSM Motor.
Mathematical modelling of PMSM motor.
Advantages and dis Advantages of PMSM motor
This document discusses various speed control methods for DC motors. It summarizes that the speed of a DC motor is directly proportional to the back EMF and inversely proportional to flux. For shunt motors, speed can be controlled through flux control by adding resistance to the field winding, armature control by adding resistance in series to the armature, and voltage control by varying the supply voltage. For series motors, speed is controlled through flux control methods like field and armature diversion, tapped fields, and paralleled fields as well as adding resistance in series with the armature. Series-parallel control is also described for variable speed applications.
Output equation of Induction motor; Main dimensions; Separation of D and L; Choice of Average flux density; length of air gap; Design of Stator core; Rules for selecting rotor slots of squirrel cage machines; Design of rotor bars and slots; Design of end rings; Design of wound rotor; Magnetic leakage calculations; Leakage reactance of polyphase machines; Magnetizing current; Short circuit current; Operating characteristics; Losses and Efficiency.
This document discusses hybrid grounding schemes for the electrical power system of offshore oil and gas installations. Due to space constraints in offshore utility plants, multiple generators often feed directly into 11kV switchgear without generator transformers. This introduces high capacitive charging currents that can damage generator cores during earth faults.
The document evaluates different grounding methods, including high resistance grounding through a neutral earthing resistor for generators and low resistance grounding for the 11kV switchgear through a zig-zag transformer. This hybrid scheme aims to limit fault currents while preventing core damage during single grounding occurrences. Factors like capacitive currents, third harmonic voltages, generator core damage curves, and neutral earthing resistor specifications are also analyzed
Winding
What is Armature winding?
Terms related to armature winding.
Single layer and double layer windings.
Comparison between closed and open windings.
Types of DC armature winding.
Types of AC armature winding.
The document discusses the components and structure of an electric power system. It describes how power is generated at power stations and stepped up in voltage for transmission over long distances before being stepped down for distribution to consumers. The key components are generators, transformers, transmission lines, control equipment, and distribution systems. Power flows from generation through transmission and distribution before reaching ultimate consumers.
The document presents information on a PWM rectifier. It discusses that a PWM rectifier is an AC to DC power converter using controlled semiconductor switches. It has features like bi-directional power flow, nearly sinusoidal input current, unity power factor regulation, and low harmonic distortion. The document includes a circuit diagram of a PWM rectifier and mentions it can be a current or voltage type. Advantages are listed as reduced harmonics and controlled output voltage. Future applications are in traction and as an active filter. The future scope is reduced input harmonics and improved power factor for PWM rectifiers.
This document discusses the calculation of ampere turns for the air gap and teeth in a DC machine. It covers several key points:
1. The effective area of the air gap is calculated using the field form factor, which accounts for variations in air gap length across the pole pitch.
2. The reluctance of an air gap is increased in a slotted armature due to the additional length of the air gap from slots and fringing effects around the tooth edges.
3. The exact calculation of ampere turns for teeth is difficult due to varying flux density along tapered teeth and lower actual flux passing through teeth compared to air gap flux. Simpson's rule and flux density at 1/3rd section methods
The document discusses reference frame theory for modeling electrical machines. It describes how reference frame transformations were developed to simplify differential equations for machines by reducing complexity. Specifically, it outlines transformations developed by Park, Stanley, Kron, Brereton, Krause/Thomas, and Clarke for modeling synchronous and induction machines using rotating reference frames. The advantages of these transformations are that they reduce the number of equations, make coefficients time-invariant, and allow easier analysis and control implementation.
Unit 2.Converter and Chopper fed Dc drivesraviarmugam
This document discusses different types of DC drives fed by converters or choppers. It describes phase controlled rectifier fed DC drives which can be single or three phase. It also discusses various types of chopper fed DC drives including one, two and four quadrant drives. Specific circuits are presented for single phase half wave and fully controlled rectifiers used in DC drives. Operation of two and four quadrant choppers for motoring, regenerative braking and reverse braking modes are also covered.
This document discusses the synchronous motor, including its introduction, construction, and operating principle. A synchronous motor runs at a constant synchronous speed determined by the supply frequency. It consists of a stator winding and a rotor with salient poles. The rotor is excited by direct current to synchronize with the rotating stator field. A synchronous motor is not self-starting and requires an auxiliary method like an induction motor principle or separate starting motor.
A permanent magnet AC (PMAC) motor is a synchronous motor, meaning that its rotor spins at the same speed as the motor's internal rotating magnetic field. Other AC synchronous technologies include hysteresis motors, larger DC-excited motors, and common reluctance motors.
(c) beta.machinedesign.com
An inverter is a device that converts DC power from batteries into AC power. It allows appliances that run on AC power to operate from a DC power source. There are different types of inverters based on their output waveform: square wave, modified sine wave, and pure sine wave. Square wave inverters are the cheapest but produce a less stable output. Modified sine wave inverters produce a three-step waveform and are suitable for basic appliances. Pure sine wave inverters have the best waveform quality but are the most expensive. Inverters are commonly used in UPS systems, with solar panels, for backup power, and in HVDC transmission.
The document discusses the mechanical design of overhead power lines. It describes the main components of overhead lines which include conductors, supports, insulators, and cross arms. Conductors carry electric power and are made of materials like copper, aluminum, and steel that have high conductivity and strength. Supports can be wooden poles, steel poles, or lattice towers and must withstand mechanical loads. Insulators provide insulation between conductors and supports to prevent leakage currents. The document also covers factors that affect overhead line design like line voltage, conductor spacing, and methods to reduce corona effects like increasing conductor size.
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report details the simulation and implementation of a Fixed Capacitor Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR) for improving power factor by compensating reactive power. It includes simulation of the FC-TCR circuit in Proteus software and MATLAB. The report provides background on power factor, describes the methodology used, and outlines the software and hardware components involved including Arduino, Proteus, and MATLAB. It also includes mathematical calculations, future applications, and conclusions.
Speed Control of Induction Motor using Variable Frequency DriveSandeep Kaushal
Induction motor is constant speed motor at a particular frequency and consumes almost same power irrespective of load demand. Let's talk about two different load one is high load and other low load. AT low load motor is delivering the load with some current and thereby torque is maintained. If load goes high, to maintain the same speed and developed torqued, motor will draw extra current and will corresponds to more losses. If speed of motor is reduced corresponding too low load and is increased corresponding to high load, then substantial amount of power can be saved. And speed can be changed by changing the frequency of input supply.
Design of transformer: Design of cooling system-design of tank with tubeAsif Jamadar
The document discusses the design of a transformer. It focuses on designing the tank that will hold the transformer and its tubes. The tank must be designed to safely and securely hold the transformer components while also allowing efficient heat dissipation to prevent overheating.
Pulse Width Modulation, or PWM, is a technique for getting analog results with digital means.
Digital control is used to create a square wave, a signal switched between on and off.
The document discusses electrical drives and converters used in electric drive systems. It describes controlled rectifiers, switched-mode converters, and various types of converters including two-quadrant and four-quadrant converters. It also discusses DC motor drives, induction motor drives, and field-oriented control of induction motors. Simulation examples using Simulink are provided for different drive systems.
Permanent Magnet Synchronous motor (PMSM) or Permanent Magnet AC motor:
Introduction to PMSM motor.
Types of PMSM Motor.
Mathematical modelling of PMSM motor.
Advantages and dis Advantages of PMSM motor
This document discusses various speed control methods for DC motors. It summarizes that the speed of a DC motor is directly proportional to the back EMF and inversely proportional to flux. For shunt motors, speed can be controlled through flux control by adding resistance to the field winding, armature control by adding resistance in series to the armature, and voltage control by varying the supply voltage. For series motors, speed is controlled through flux control methods like field and armature diversion, tapped fields, and paralleled fields as well as adding resistance in series with the armature. Series-parallel control is also described for variable speed applications.
Output equation of Induction motor; Main dimensions; Separation of D and L; Choice of Average flux density; length of air gap; Design of Stator core; Rules for selecting rotor slots of squirrel cage machines; Design of rotor bars and slots; Design of end rings; Design of wound rotor; Magnetic leakage calculations; Leakage reactance of polyphase machines; Magnetizing current; Short circuit current; Operating characteristics; Losses and Efficiency.
This document discusses hybrid grounding schemes for the electrical power system of offshore oil and gas installations. Due to space constraints in offshore utility plants, multiple generators often feed directly into 11kV switchgear without generator transformers. This introduces high capacitive charging currents that can damage generator cores during earth faults.
The document evaluates different grounding methods, including high resistance grounding through a neutral earthing resistor for generators and low resistance grounding for the 11kV switchgear through a zig-zag transformer. This hybrid scheme aims to limit fault currents while preventing core damage during single grounding occurrences. Factors like capacitive currents, third harmonic voltages, generator core damage curves, and neutral earthing resistor specifications are also analyzed
The electrical power system in offshore oil & gas installation, consists of a large
distribution network, generally operating in island mode i.e., without grid support. For a compact
utility plate form design, multiple gas turbine-generators without generator transformers, feed
directly to 11kV switchgear. Such a configuration however, introduces high capacitive charging
current (Ico), which is more than the preferred high resistance grounding of generator neutral
through 10A, 10sec resistor, to safeguard the generator core from damage during an earth fault.
Therefore, some utility prefers to select low resistance grounding to limit the fault current above
Ico; however this can cause severe damage to generator core. Generally, oil & gas installation is a
customized design. So, earthing scheme of 11kV generating utility system should be selected
judiciously at basic engineering stage to avoid equipment damage and protection mal-operation
during operation. Different methods of earthing scheme are available to mitigate the same. One of
the method is presented here in which generator neutral is connected to high resistance grounding
and 11kV switchgear connected to low resistance grounding though zig-zag transformer, subject to
single grounding operation at a time. Prior to synchronization or under complete load throw
scenario, generator circuit breaker is opened. So, an earth fault in generator or evacuation system,
create over-voltage or ferro-resonance conditions, stressing insulation of generator and associated
system. This is mitigated by putting neutral earthing resistor into service at generator neutral. This
paper presents the experience learned in designing neutral earthing scheme for off-shore utility
plant in view of high capacitive charging current at 11kV voltage level, outlines impact on stator
core damage, mitigation and conclusion
Design Approach To High Voltage High Power Steam-Turbine Driven AlternatorIJPEDS-IAES
The paper deals with the design methodology of high voltage high power
alternators driven by steam turbines. These alternators run at a high speed of
3000 rpm in most part of the world (at 3600 rpm in USA) and are of
cylindrical pole construction. The design procedure suggested in the textbooks
of design does not well-suit for large alternators of modern time.
Modern high power alternators are designed with a low value of SCR to
reduce the size, inertia and cost of the rotor. The diameter is limited by the
consideration of centrifugal stresses. The no.of stator slots are determined by
the no. of turns. The ventilating circuit has to be designed for hydrogen as
coolant and in addition with water flowing through hollow conductors, if
required. The data for the design variables and the design constraints are
quite different from those for small power ratings. The materials to be chosen
must be of very high quality. The computer programme has been chalked out
and the case-study has been conducted keeping all these points in view.
The document discusses the design and components of a wind turbine for power generation. It describes the basic parts including the generator, blades, hub, tower, and connection to the electric grid. The generator converts mechanical energy from the rotating blades into electrical energy. Modern wind turbines typically have 3 blades made of composite materials attached to a central hub. Tall towers are used to take advantage of faster winds at higher altitudes. The electricity is connected to the grid through inverters and transformers. Foundations must be robust enough to support the tall structures against wind and seismic loads. Cost is primarily determined by structural elements to meet performance and durability requirements under varying conditions.
This document discusses harnessing wind power from high altitude winds using tethered wind turbines. It describes two designs - a four-rotor tethered craft and the HK design, which is an array of small units each with four rotors. Both designs use generators and conductive tethers to transmit the generated electrical power to the ground. Projections indicate the cost of energy from these systems would be competitive at $0.01-$0.02/kWh. Harnessing high-altitude winds is a promising renewable energy source due to the strong, persistent winds and limited environmental impacts.
IRJET- Application of Small Wind Turbine in Small Grid using Permanent Magnet...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) for small wind turbines connected to small grids. It first provides background on PMSGs and their advantages over other generator types for wind applications. It then describes the methodology of using a PMSG connected to a voltage source converter and low pass filter to integrate the output of a small wind turbine into a small grid. The document concludes that using small electrical machines modified as PMSGs can provide a low-cost alternative for generating power from small wind turbines and connecting it to small grids or microgrids.
Iaetsd a decisive fuzzy controlled single switch basedIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes a proposed fuzzy logic controller for a switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive system. It presents a new single-switch converter topology for SRM drives that aims to improve performance with a simple design. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink show that the proposed converter fed SRM drive has faster response and settling times under closed-loop control compared to open-loop operation, and further improvement when using a fuzzy logic controller. The fuzzy logic controller design and simulation results validating its ability to enhance the dynamic performance of the SRM drive are discussed.
This document describes a project to generate electricity through speed breakers. It introduces the team members and outlines the contents which include introduction, objectives, mechanisms, components, and applications. The main objective is to tap into the wasted kinetic energy of vehicles passing over speed breakers. It explores using spring coils, rack-pinions, crankshafts, and rollers to convert vehicle motion into rotating a generator. Spring coils and rack-pinions were selected. A block diagram and flow chart illustrate the process. As vehicles pass over, springs compress water which spins a turbine connected to a generator to produce electricity that can power streetlights. The components, specifications, voltage outputs, and merits of the design are discussed along with its potential
By this we tried to generate the electricity by waste energy from speed breaker arrangement.
in this we use the spring coil mechanism of power generation through speed breaker. also our main principle of project is based on hydro electric power generation.
This document discusses various trends in wind power generation. It begins with an introduction to wind energy and its advantages over fossil fuels. It then covers traditional horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines. The document also explores emerging technologies like airborne wind turbines, kite generators, and flying power stations that aim to harness wind at higher altitudes with stronger winds. Small-scale residential wind power is also discussed. Both advantages like being renewable and inexpensive and disadvantages like high capital costs and intermittent output are summarized. The conclusion is that efficient wind power techniques could help address future energy demands while avoiding pollution.
The document discusses the design and components of a wind turbine for power generation. It describes the key parts of a wind turbine including the generator, blades, hub, tower, and how it is connected to the electric grid. The generator converts the kinetic energy of the rotating blades into electrical energy. Blades are made of composite materials and their shape and count are optimized for aerodynamic efficiency. The tower needs to be tall to access stronger winds higher above the ground.
This document is a student project report on an AC generator. It includes sections on the theory, working, components, efficiency, results, uses, losses, and precautions of an AC generator. The key components discussed are the field, armature, prime mover, rotor, and stator. It explains that an AC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy using electromagnetic induction as the rotor rotates within a magnetic field. Efficiency is calculated as the ratio of output power to input power. Common uses include power generation and appliances. Losses occur from internal resistance, hysteresis in the iron cores, and mechanical factors like bearing friction.
The document discusses wind energy and wind turbines. It begins by explaining that wind is caused by convection currents in the atmosphere driven by solar energy. It then classifies different types of winds and describes the Beaufort scale for measuring wind speed. The document focuses on horizontal axis wind turbines, describing their components, working principle, and equations of motion. It also discusses wind farms and criteria for selecting wind farm sites. Overall, the document provides an overview of wind energy production from atmospheric winds to powering wind turbines.
The document provides an acknowledgement and thanks for those who supported the completion of a physics project. It thanks God, the principal, physics teacher, parents, and classmates for their guidance and support. The acknowledgement indicates the project was completed successfully with their help.
IRJET- Implementation of Lenz Law for the Application of Electromagnetic ...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes the implementation of Lenz's law for an electromagnetic disk braking system. It discusses how an electromagnet produces a magnetic field when powered by a current, inducing eddy currents in a rotating disk that generate a drag force opposing the disk's motion. The system is designed to slow rotation without friction by converting kinetic energy to heat in the disk. A prototype is constructed and tested, showing it can reduce the disk's speed from 340 to 31 RPM within 4-6 seconds using a 24V power supply. While heating is not a problem in the disk, the electromagnets' coils do heat up. Further optimization is needed to apply braking more quickly while preventing overheating.
This document describes a student project to design and build a small-scale hydroelectric power system using a residential water supply. It includes:
1) Calculations to design a Pelton water turbine based on the water pressure and flow rate available from a typical home water system.
2) Design of 3D printed turbine runner molds and construction of prototype runners from the molds.
3) Plans to assemble the full system including a DC motor/generator, test the power output, and measure the maximum load the system can power.
The goal is to gain experience with combined electrical and mechanical applications, known as mechatronics, by designing and testing a working "green" power system for small
Small Scale Horizontal Wind Turbine System Using DC-DC Boost ConverterIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a small-scale horizontal wind turbine system that uses a DC-DC boost converter. The system captures kinetic energy from wind using blades connected to a generator. The generator produces a variable voltage direct current. A boost converter maintains a constant voltage to charge a battery. An inverter then converts the stored battery power to alternating current to power loads. The system was designed to generate electricity for small, off-grid applications using inexpensive and accessible materials like PVC pipes for the blades. Test results showed the system could generate electricity from wind speeds of 4-6 m/s and successfully power a 60W AC load.
Electrical machines for renewable energy converters keynoteozikeysan
The document summarizes electrical machines and power conversion technologies for renewable energy applications such as wind, wave, and tidal energy. It discusses challenges including low generator speeds, variable prime movers, and the need for direct drive or single stage gearboxes. Solutions presented include transverse flux and air-cored machines, novel support structures, switched reluctance machines, and high temperature superconducting generators. A comparative design process for evaluating different permanent magnet machine topologies is also outlined.
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UNIT V Design of Electrical Apparatus
1. 11/12/2019
1
Outline
Constructional details
Winding design
Output equation
Choice of specific loadings
Main dimensions
Short circuit ratio
Design of stator and rotor
Design of Damper winding
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8
Advantages of Revolving Field
System
Since the armature winding is stationary, load can
be directly connected.
Easier to insulate stationary armature winding for
high voltage AC machines.
More area is available for housing conductor in
stator than in rotor
Due to the availability of more area in the stator,
cooling will be easier
It requires only 2 slip rings if the output is to be
taken from rotor
Less weight of field system so high speed can be
achieved
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9
Construction of synchronous
machines
Synchronous machines are AC machines that have
a field circuit supplied by an external DC source
In a synchronous generator, a DC current is applied
to the rotor winding producing a rotor magnetic field.
The rotor is then turned by external means
producing a rotating magnetic field, which induces a
3-phase voltage within the stator winding.
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10
Construction of synchronous
machines
In a synchronous motor, a 3-phase set of stator
currents produces a rotating magnetic field causing
the rotor magnetic field to align with it. The rotor
magnetic field is produced by a DC current applied
to the rotor winding.
Field windings are the windings producing the main
magnetic field (rotor windings for synchronous
machines); armature windings are the windings
where the main voltage is induced (stator windings
for synchronous machines).
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11
Classification of Synchronous
Machines
Salient pole/Projected Pole/Non- Cylindrical
Alternator
Driven by water wheel or diesel Engine
Operate at low speed
Large number of poles are required to produce
frequency
Hydro Power Station
15. 11/12/2019
15
Types of Synchronous Machines
(based on prime mover used)
Hydro- generators
Driven by water turbines
Rating up to 750 MW
Speed: 100 – 1000 rpm
Turbo-alternators
Driven by steam turbines
High efficiency
Ratings up to 1000 MW
Speeds up to 3000 rpm
16. 11/12/2019
16
Types of Synchronous
Machines
Engine driven generators
Driven by different forms of
internal combustion engines
Ratings up to 20 MW
Speeds up to 1500 rpm
Motors
Plain synchronous machines or synchronous
induction machines
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18
Construction of synchronous
machines
Two common approaches are used to supply a DC current to the field
circuits on the rotating rotor:
1. Supply the DC power from an
external DC source to the rotor by
means of slip rings and brushes;
2. Supply the DC power from a
special DC power source mounted
directly on the shaft of the
machine.
Slip rings are metal rings completely encircling the shaft of a machine but
insulated from it. One end of a DC rotor winding is connected to each of the
two slip rings on the machine’s shaft. Graphite-like carbon brushes
connected to DC terminals ride on each slip ring supplying DC voltage to
field windings regardless the position or speed of the rotor.
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21
Run-Away Speed
Speed which the prime mover would have, if it
is suddenly unloaded when working at it’s
rated load
When suddenly unloaded racing occurs
Speed governor is produced
Pelton wheel - 1.8 times rated speed
Francis turbine - 2 to 2.2 times rated speed
Kalpan turbine - 2.5 to 2.8 times rated speedMaximum peripheral speed
for salient pole machine = 140 m/s
for Turbo alternators = 175
m/s
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23
Choice of specific magnetic loading
(Bav)
Low Bav is preferred
Iron loss- High Bav leads to High Iron loss;
Voltage- High volt- Insulation takes larger space and teeth
is mechanically weak.
Transient Short Circuit element- High Bav results in
decrease leakage reactance and increase Isc.
High Bav is preferred
Stability- P=EV/X; High Bav – Reduces X;
Parallel operation
Range: 0.52 to 0.65
Wb/m2
24. 11/12/2019
24
Choice of specific electric loading
(ac)
Low ac is preferred
Copper loss- High ac- loss increased
Temperature Rise- High ac- Temp rise increased
Voltage- High ac is suitable for low volt. Machine.
Synchronous Reactance- ac affects XL and
armature reaction
Stray Load Loss- High ac – loss steeply increased
High value of ac machine has poor volt. regulation,
low s/ckt current and instability.
Salient pole m/c- 20K to 40 KA/m
Turbo alternators- 50K to 75 KA/m
25. 11/12/2019
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Design of Salient Pole
Machines
Main Dimensions – Stator Diameter (D) and
Stator Length (L)
Selection of Diameter depends upon
Types of poles used and allowable speed
Types of poles- 2 types
Round pole and Rectangular pole
The ratio of pole arc to pole pitch is in between
0.6 to 0.7 for round pole and 1 to 3 for
rectangular pole.
Diameter is decided based on peripheral speed.
Rotor should be designed to withstand
centrifugal force produced under runaway
26. 11/12/201926
Main Dimensions: D & L
D: Depends on type of pole & Va
Two types of salient poles:
Round pole , Rectangular Pole
Round Poles:
Ratio: b/τ=0.6 to 0.7
For round poles,square pole shoes can be
used. Hence L = b
Thus L/ τ=0.6 to 0.7
27. 11/12/201927
Rectangular Poles:
Ratio: L/τ=1 to 5,
Maintained as 3 for economic field
system
Value of Peripheral Speed at runaway
speed:
Depends on type of pole attachment
For Bolted pole structure: Va=50m/s
Dovetail construction: Va= 80 m/s
28. 11/12/2019
28
Stator Winding (Armature)
Star connected with neutral earthed.
It eliminates all triple frequency harmonics
from the line voltage.
Present practice is to use double layer lap or
wave winding.
Fractional slot windings are used to reduce the
higher order harmonics.
32. 11/12/2019
32
Advantages of Single and Double
layer windings
Double layer windings have more advantages over
single layer windings
Easy manufacture of coils
Lower cost
Fractional slot windings can be used
Single layer winding Advantages
Higher efficiency
Quieter operation
Modern practice all over the world, double layer
winding is preferred.
33. 11/12/2019
33
Number of Armature Slots (S)
Factors
Balance windings- unbalance may lead to overheat
Cost- If S is small leads to fewer coils to wind,
insulate.
Temperature- If S is Small and it gives rise to high
internal temperature.
Leakage Reactance- If S is small, it is increased.
For High voltage and large capacity machines, it is
desirable to use a larger slot pitch. (25 mm- 60 mm)
In a Salient pole m/c, number of slots/pole/phase- 2 to
4.
34. 11/12/2019
34
Turns per phase and Conductor
section
Turns per phase is always calculated from
induced EMF equation.
Tph = Eph/ (4.44*f*flux*Kw)
Area of the conductor is calculated from
current and permissible current density.
35. 11/12/2019
35
Length of Air gap (lg)
It influences the performance of the machine.
Large Lg offers large reluctance to magnetic
flux path.
Adv of larger air gap (smaller X and higher
SCR)
Better cooling
Better voltage regulation
High stability limit
Smaller UMP
Quiet operation
36. 11/12/2019
36
Estimation of Air gap length (lg)
Length of air gap is calculated from the MMF
required for air gap equation.
MMF required across the air gap is approx. 80
% of the no load field mmf.
ATfo= ATa * SCR
ATfo = 2.7 * (Iph *Tph* Kw/ P ) * SCR
MMF required for Air gap ATg= 0.8 * ATfo
800000 * Bg* Kg* lg = 0.8 * ATfo
Lg= 0.8 * ATfo/ (800000 * Bg* Kg* lg)
37. 11/12/2019
37
Factors Affecting Size
Efficiency: Power increases efficiency also increases.
1 KW – 50%, 10 MW– 90%, 100 MW- 98%
Power output per kg increases as the alternator power
increases.
Cooling: large machines produce high power loss per
unit surface area W/m2
Upto 50 MW circulating cold air system is adequate.
1000 MW machines need hydrogen or water cooled
system.
Cost: fixes upper limit of machine size.
Speed: low speed machines always bigger than large
machine.
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Effect of Power factor of the
load
Unity power factor: EMF is distortional.
Zero pf lagging: Weakening the main flux, less
emf is generated. To compensate this increase
field excitation.
Zero pf leading: Armature reaction is totally
magnetising, which results in greater induced
emf.
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Voltage Regulation
Definition: Rise in voltage when full load is
removed.
Field excitation and speed remaining same.
Methods of Finding voltage regulation:
Synchronous impedance method or EMF
method
Ampere Turn or MMF method
Zero power factor or Potier method
All these methods require
Ra, OCC, SCC characteristics curve.
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Short Circuit Ratio (SCR)
SCR is defined as the ratio of filed current
required to produce rated open circuit voltage
and field current required to produce rated
short circuit current.
It is reciprocal of synchronous reactance (Xd)
Modern turbo alternator, SCR is normally 0.5 -
0.7.
Hydroelectric Generator, 1-1.5.
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Effect of SCR on Machine
Performance
Voltage Regulation : Low SCR- Higher Xd, Poor
voltage regulation due to higher changes in
voltage under load.
Stability: Max. power output is inv. proportional
to Xd. Low SCR- lower stability limit.
Parallel operation: low SCR machines is difficult
to operate in parallel.
Self Excitation: Machine feeding long
transmission line should not be designed with a
small SCR. It leads to large voltage on open
circuit.
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Advantages of Higher SCR value
Machine
Higher stability limit.
Better voltage regulation
Better cooling effect (lg is higher)
DISADV
Costly
Present Trend
Low SCR with recent advancement in fast acting
control
and excitation systems.
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Elimination of Harmonics
Harmonics means non sinusoidal wave form
Multiples of Fundament frequency
Elimination methods
Distribution- windings are distributed not
concentrated
Use Short pitched coils- Adv- save cost, pure
sine.
Skewing the pole face
Fractional slot windings
Large air gap length
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45
Synchronous Motor
150 KW to 15 MW and 150 -1800 rpm
Characteristic features
Runs only at synchronous speed or not at all
Not self starting
Capable of operating under a wide range of
power factors, both lagging and leading.
Working Principle: Magentic locking.
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Comparison b/w Synchronous and
Induction motor
Factor Synchronous motor Induction motor
Speed Constant average speed whatever
the load
Falls with increase in
load
Power factor Wide range of power factor Runs with a lagging pf
Starting Not Self staring Self starting
Changes in
applied
voltage
Don’t affect synchronous motor
torque
Affect the induction
motor torque
D.C field
Excitation
Required Not required
Cost Costly Cheap
Suitability Low speed dives and Power factor
correction and voltage regulation.
High speed drives
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Applications of Synchronous
Motor
Power factor correction
Constant speed application: pumps,
compressors, blowers, line shafts, rubber and
paper mills.
Voltage Regulation: by varying its field
excitation voltage rise and drop can be
controlled.
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Height of Pole
By estimating of full load Field MMF
ATfo= ATa * SCR
Find Height of field winding required
Total field winding area= ATfl/ Current density
hf= total winding area/ depth of winding
Space factor= copper area/ total space reqd
Space factor- 0.8 to 0.9
Height of pole
hpl= hf+ clearance for winding in mm
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Design of Damper Winding
Damper windings are provided in pole face of rotor. It
is copper or Al bar housed in slots of pole faces. Ends
are short circuited by end rings.
Purpose:
In Syn. Gr. It is provided to suppress the negative
sequence field and damp out the oscillations when the
machines starts hunting.
In Syn. Motor. To provide starting torque and to
develop damping power when the machine starts
hunting.
Design:
1. Area of Damper winding 2. Number of damper
winding 3. Dia and Length of damper winding.