This is the simple ppt explaining about the main components of the power systems. especially we are determining the insulators and its types with real time pictures which are attractive,
PPT on earthing, grounding and isolation made by the students of SVIT,Vasad under the valuable guidance of the faculties teaching us Electronics and Electrical workshop(EEW) under the course of GTU.
PPT on earthing, grounding and isolation made by the students of SVIT,Vasad under the valuable guidance of the faculties teaching us Electronics and Electrical workshop(EEW) under the course of GTU.
Modern underground power cables are sophisticated assemblies of insulators, conductors and protective materials. Within these components are sensors, which enable cable operators to monitor conditions along the cable in real time.
The condition of the cable insulation is usually monitored through the following two main methods:
Loss tangent measurements
Partial discharge (PD) measurements
A brief about 33kv Substation........
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Bundle conductors in transmission line chandan kumar
Bundled Conductors are used in transmission lines where the voltage exceeds 230 kV.
At such high voltages, ordinary conductors will result in excessive corona and noise which may affect communication lines.
The increased corona will result in significant power loss. Bundle conductors consist of three or four conductors for each phase.
The conductors are separated from each other by means of spacers at regular intervals. Thus, they do not touch each other.
Modern underground power cables are sophisticated assemblies of insulators, conductors and protective materials. Within these components are sensors, which enable cable operators to monitor conditions along the cable in real time.
The condition of the cable insulation is usually monitored through the following two main methods:
Loss tangent measurements
Partial discharge (PD) measurements
A brief about 33kv Substation........
like and share.................
want some help in your ppt or in any project visit..
https://www.fiverr.com/dawachya
Bundle conductors in transmission line chandan kumar
Bundled Conductors are used in transmission lines where the voltage exceeds 230 kV.
At such high voltages, ordinary conductors will result in excessive corona and noise which may affect communication lines.
The increased corona will result in significant power loss. Bundle conductors consist of three or four conductors for each phase.
The conductors are separated from each other by means of spacers at regular intervals. Thus, they do not touch each other.
Since the loads having the trends towards growing density. This requires the better appearance, rugged construction, greater service reliability and increased safety. An underground cable essentially consists of one or more conductors covered with suitable insulation and surrounded by a protecting cover. The interference from external disturbances like storms, lightening, ice, trees etc. should be reduced to achieve trouble free service. The cables may be buried directly in the ground, or may be installed in ducts buried in the ground.
Main component parts of the overhead line
The most effective method of providing protection to transmission lines against direct lightning strokes is by use of overhead ground wires as shown in Fig 6. For simplicity, one ground wire and one line conductor are shown. The ground wires are placed above the line conductors at such positions that practically all lightning strokes are intercepted by them (i.
e. ground wires). The ground wires are grounded at each tower or pole through a low resistance as possible. Due to their proper location, the ground wires will take up all the lightning strokes instead of allowing them to line conductors. The degree of protection provided by the ground wires depends upon the footing resistance of the tower.
Pin, Suspension, and Strain insulators are used in medium to high voltage systems. While Stay and Shackle Insulators are mainly used in low voltage applications.
EEE- BEE601 - TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION- Dr. V. Jayalakshmi.pdfKarthikkumar Shanmugam
Foundation of Electrical Engineering: Ability to understand the principles and working of electrical components, circuits, systems and control that are forming a part of power generation, transmission, distribution, utilization, conservation and energy saving. Students can assess the power management, auditing, crisis and energy saving aspects.
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it is basic to know of insulator conductor, transformer and ac motors. it is very useful to all electrical engineers. it is not only for engineers it is easily under standed by every one.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
3. MAIN COMPONENTS
Support Cross - arm and clamp Insulator
Guys and stays Conductor Fuses and Isolating switches
Lighting arrestors
Continuous earth wire
Guard wire Bird guards
Vibration damper
Jumpers
10. 4. GUYS AND STAYS
Stays poll over his use of the guy wire clamp power
guys and the Insulator. transmission line fittings
11. 5. CONDUCTOR
copper, Aluminium, or A.C.S.R Through a line of electric coductor power one place to
another must be in place.
ACSR Aluminum conductor Steel
Reinforced conductor
13. 7. FUSES AND ISOLATING SWITCHES
They are different parts of the overhead system, the network can be isolated if necessary.
Disconnecting Switch (Isolator)
High-voltage fuse cutout applied to
alternating current system
14. 8. CONTINOUS EARTH WIRE
Tower or the poll is over the top of the line along the entire Earth trait. The unusual
circumstances created by the additional voltage Discharge line to protect the soil easily.
Protective grounding jumper installation for two-pole and three-pole structures (grounded
structures). OGW denotes overhead ground wire. OGWs must be bonded to the worksite
grounding system if within reach of linemen. OGWs may be bonded to the cluster bars or to
the grounded phase conductors with protective grounds.
15. 8. CONTINOUS EARTH WIRE
The most effective method of providing protection to transmission lines against direct
lightning strokes is by use of overhead ground wires as shown in Fig 6. For simplicity, one
ground wire and one line conductor are shown. The ground wires are placed above the line
conductors at such positions that practically all lightning strokes are intercepted by them (i.
e. ground wires). The ground wires are grounded at each tower or pole through a low
resistance as possible. Due to their proper location, the ground wires will take up all the
lightning strokes instead of allowing them to line conductors. The degree of protection
provided by the ground wires depends upon the footing resistance of the tower.
A lightning stroke hits an earth wire
16. 9. GUARD WIRE
When a power line, telephone or telegraph line crossing, and then find the
line that connects the top and bottom of the Earth Wire is used to guard.
17. 10. BIRD GUARDS
It is created on the side of the saw teeth as long
ebonite basest plate, which is a cross - is prevented in
the presence of arm insulator. The birds of hokier
cross - in the arm and conductor Flash - Over in
the out .
18. 11. VIBRATION DAMPER
vibration damper dimple shape in the presence of these
lines connect to the poll, that tremble down the line. The air
flow through the conductor is conductor vibration, the
vibration is. The pressure on the conductor in the conductor
can be read off tear. The best way to protect against
damage from vibration induced arms rod is used. Bates is
one of the Stock Bridge damper .The shaking intensity is
used to prevent damper betas.
19. 12. JUMPERS
jumpers connection is connected via the
two conductor. Nevertheless, as part of the
phase plate, Danger plate, Barbed wire,
Cradle guard. Etc.
20. 12. JUMPERS
for easy handling of the jumper set by rubber gloves or hot-line tools
21. INSULATORS
Transmission and distribution system leak overhead line of the
by chance current can not flow, so that the line from the Earth, the
Insulator is used for the line. Insulator important role in system
operation.
Transmission line insulators are devices used to contain,
separate or support electrical conductors on high voltage electricity
supply networks. Transmission insulators come in various shapes
and types, including individual or strings of disks, line posts or long
rods. They are made of polymers, glass and porcelain--each with
different densities, tensile strengths and performing properties in
adverse conditions
22. TYPES OF INSULATORS
There are several types of insulators but the most commonly used
are pin type, suspension type, strain insulator and shackle insulator.
23. PIN TYPE INSULATORS
As the name suggests, the pin
type insulator is secured to the cross-
arm on the pole. There is a groove on
the upper end of the insulator for
housing the conductor. The
conductor passes through this groove
and is bound by the annealed wire of
the same material as the conductor.
24. PIN TYPE INSULATORS
Pin type insulators are used for transmission and distribution of
electric power at voltages upto 33 kV. Beyond operating voltage of
33 kV, the pin type insulators become too bulky and hence
uneconomical.
25. PIN TYPE INSULATORS
Pin type insulators are used for the transmission of lower
voltages. A single pin type insulator is used to transmit voltages up to
11 kV (kilovolts) and higher voltages require two-, three- or four-
piece pin insulators. They are not economically feasible for 33 kV and
higher transmission lines.
Pin type insulators are secured with steel or lead bolts onto
transmission poles. These are typically used for straight-running
transmission lines
26. SUSPENSION TYPE INSULATORS
For high voltages (>33 kV), it is a usual practice to use suspension
type insulators shown in Figure. consist of a number of porcelain
discs connected in series by metal links in the form of a string.
27. SUSPENSION TYPE INSULATORS
The conductor is suspended at the bottom
end of this string while the other end of the
string is secured to the cross-arm of the
tower. Each unit or disc is designed for low
voltage, say 11 kV. The number of discs in
series would obviously depend upon the
working voltage. For instance, if the working
voltage is 66 kV, then six discs in series will be
provided on the string.
Suspension type transmission line insulators suspend and
support high voltage transmission lines. They are cost effective for
higher voltage transmission, typically replacing multiple pin type
insulators. Suspension type insulators have a number of
interconnected porcelain discs, with each individual unit designed to
support a particular voltage.
28. SUSPENSION TYPE INSULATORS
Together, a system of these discs is capable of effectively supporting
high voltages. There are three types of suspension insulators:
cemented cap suspension insulators; interlinking or Hewlett
suspension insulators; and link or core suspension insulators.
29. ADVANTAGES OF SUSPENSION TYPE INSULATORS
1. Suspension type insulators are cheaper than pin type insulators for voltages
beyond 33 Kv.
2. Each unit or disc of suspension type insulator is designed for low voltage,
usually 11 kV. Depending upon the working voltage, the desired number of discs
can be connected in series.
3. If any one disc is damaged, the whole string does not become useless because
the damaged disc can be replaced by the sound one.
4. The suspension arrangement provides greater flexibility to the line. The
connection at the cross arm is such that insulator string is free to swing in any
direction and can take up the position where mechanical stresses are minimum.
5. In case of increased demand on the transmission line, it is found more
satisfactory to supply the greater demand by raising the line voltage than to
provide another set of conductors. The additional insulation required for the
raised voltage can be easily obtained in the suspension arrangement by adding
the desired number of discs.
6. The suspension type insulators are generally used with steel towers. As the
conductors run below the earthed cross-arm of the tower, therefore, this
arrangement provides partial protection from lightning.
30. STRAIN TYPE INSULATORS
When there is a dead end of
the line or there is corner or
sharp curve, the line is
subjected to greater tension. In
order to relieve the line of
excessive tension, strain
insulators are used. For low
voltage lines (< 11 kV), shackle
insulators are used as strain
insulators.
31. STRAIN TYPE INSULATORS
However, for the high voltage
transmission lines, strain insulator consists of
an assembly of suspension insulators as
shown in Figure. The discs of strain insulators
are used in the vertical plane. When the
tension in lines is exceedingly high, at long
river spans, two or more strings are used in
parallel.
32. STRAIN TYPE INSULATORS
Strain type insulators are horizontally suspended suspension
insulators. They are used to handle mechanical stresses and take the
pressure off a conductor at the end of a transmission line, at a sharp
corner or curve or over long river crossings. Strain insulators are
typically used for higher voltage transmissions
33. SHACKLE TYPE INSULATORS
Shackle type insulators, similar to strain type insulators, are used on
sharp curves, end poles and in section poles.
34. SHACKLE TYPE INSULATORS
However, unlike strain insulators,
shackle insulators are designed to
support lower voltages. These insulators
are single, round porcelain parts that are
mounted horizontally or vertically. In
early days, the shackle insulators were
used as strain insulators.
But now a days, they are frequently used
for low voltage distribution lines. Such
insulators can be used either in a
horizontal position or in a vertical position.
They can be directly fixed to the pole with
a bolt or to the cross arm
37. STAY TYPE INSULATORS
Stay insulators, also called egg insulators, are primarily used to
prevent stay wires from becoming energized from accidentally
broken live wires. They, therefore, function to provide insulation
between stay clamps and transmission poles. Stay insulators are
mounted at a height of at least 3 meters (118 inches) from ground
level.