Major electrical equipment in power plants include alternators, exciters, synchronizing equipment, circuit breakers, current and potential transformers, relays, protection equipment, isolators, lightning arresters, earthing equipment, station transformers, and batteries and motors for driving auxiliaries. The document goes on to describe each type of equipment in more detail, including their purpose and features. It discusses equipment such as generators, exciters, power transformers, voltage regulators, bus bars, reactors, insulators, switchgear, switches, protective equipment like fuses and circuit breakers, relays, current transformers, potential transformers, batteries, and control rooms.
A flywheel, in essence is a mechanical battery - simply a mass rotating about an axis.Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy.They take an electrical input to accelerate the rotor up to speed by using the built-in motor, and return the electrical energy by using this same motor as a generator.Flywheels are one of the most promising technologies for replacing conventional lead acid batteries as energy storage systems.
A flywheel, in essence is a mechanical battery - simply a mass rotating about an axis.Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy.They take an electrical input to accelerate the rotor up to speed by using the built-in motor, and return the electrical energy by using this same motor as a generator.Flywheels are one of the most promising technologies for replacing conventional lead acid batteries as energy storage systems.
1. INTRODUCTION
In the future, the cost of energy will increase due to environmental problems and limited resources. The electric motor consumes major part of the electric energy in the industry. The induction motor is the main driven system in the modern industrial society. It would also reduce the production of greenhouse gases and push down the total environmental cost of electricity generation. Also these motors can reduce maintenance costs and improve operation in industry. Energy efficient motors use less electricity, run cooler, and often last longer than NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association) B motors of the same size.
Motors and motor-driven systems account for 43%-46% of all global electricity consumption and 69% of all electricity used by industry. Inefficient electric motors waste electrical energy and therefore cost more to operate. Since most electricity is generated from fossil-fuelled power plants, motors and motor-driven systems are also indirect contributors to greenhouse gas emissions produced by these plants. Hence, there are compelling economic and environmental reasons to increase the use of energy efficient motors.
A synchronous motor is electrically identical with an alternator or AC generator.
A given alternator ( or synchronous machine) can be used as a motor, when driven electrically.
Some characteristic features of a synchronous motor are as follows:
1. It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all i.e. while running it maintains a constant speed. The only way to change its speed is to vary the supply frequency (because NS=120f/P).
2. It is not inherently self-starting. It has to be run up to synchronous (or near synchronous) speed by some means, before it can be synchronized to the supply.
3. It is capable of being operated under a wide range of power factors, both lagging and leading. Hence, it can be used for power correction purposes, in addition to supplying torque to drive loads.
A brief about 33kv Substation........
like and share.................
want some help in your ppt or in any project visit..
https://www.fiverr.com/dawachya
1. INTRODUCTION
In the future, the cost of energy will increase due to environmental problems and limited resources. The electric motor consumes major part of the electric energy in the industry. The induction motor is the main driven system in the modern industrial society. It would also reduce the production of greenhouse gases and push down the total environmental cost of electricity generation. Also these motors can reduce maintenance costs and improve operation in industry. Energy efficient motors use less electricity, run cooler, and often last longer than NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association) B motors of the same size.
Motors and motor-driven systems account for 43%-46% of all global electricity consumption and 69% of all electricity used by industry. Inefficient electric motors waste electrical energy and therefore cost more to operate. Since most electricity is generated from fossil-fuelled power plants, motors and motor-driven systems are also indirect contributors to greenhouse gas emissions produced by these plants. Hence, there are compelling economic and environmental reasons to increase the use of energy efficient motors.
A synchronous motor is electrically identical with an alternator or AC generator.
A given alternator ( or synchronous machine) can be used as a motor, when driven electrically.
Some characteristic features of a synchronous motor are as follows:
1. It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all i.e. while running it maintains a constant speed. The only way to change its speed is to vary the supply frequency (because NS=120f/P).
2. It is not inherently self-starting. It has to be run up to synchronous (or near synchronous) speed by some means, before it can be synchronized to the supply.
3. It is capable of being operated under a wide range of power factors, both lagging and leading. Hence, it can be used for power correction purposes, in addition to supplying torque to drive loads.
A brief about 33kv Substation........
like and share.................
want some help in your ppt or in any project visit..
https://www.fiverr.com/dawachya
Modelling the system dynamics of islanding asynchronous generators / Telemark...Modelon
Study of Håkon Molland Edvardsen & Dietmar Winkler from Telemark University College
Norway (Modelica Conference 2014).
Modelon's Electric Power Library helps in the model-based reconstruction of events behind an earth circuit fault in Grunnåi, Norway.
Excitation System & capability curve of synchronous generatorMANOJ KUMAR MAHARANA
Excitation systems perform control and protective functions essential to the satisfactory performance of the power system.
The amount of continuous reactive power a generator can supply is restricted by various limits. In the over-excitation region limits are imposed by rotor heating or amount of field current and second is the stator current. In the under excitation region the limits are imposed by load angle. So in steady state the generator should always operate within this region and the loci of the various limiters are called the capability curve of the generator.
Chic Export Company was established in Kolkata along with a group of well adept Engineers. The company is fully accredited by ISO 9001:2008 and has an abiding Interest in achieving the topmost stature by delivering products of finest quality and Providing the best of Electrical & Electronics solution services. All the equipments Manufactured are well in accordance with international standards and certified with the standard testing procedures.
We deal with the products are this like AUTO RECLOSER, CIRCUIT BREAKER, DIGITAL ELECTRonICS METER, POWER QUALITY METER, PREPAID ELECTRICITY METER, SWITCHES, COMPUTER MONITOR, MOBILES PHONE, CPU Etc….
Powergrid Corporation India Limited industrial trainingAkriti Gupta
This ppt is overview of a grid;From the electricity generation To power(electricity) distribution.whatt are the basic components are used in the grid and their working and SLD of the grid.The GIS substation at Magarwada is basically a connector between two grids of 400 kV and 220 kV through Inter Connecting Transformers(ICT).The switching and fault protection are broadly done using GIS technology; which requires very less amount of space and Maintainance cost
A switchgear or electrical switchgear is a generic term which includes all the switching devices associated with mainly power system protection. It also includes all devices associated with control, metering and regulating of electrical power system. Assembly of such devices in a logical manner forms a switchgear. This is the very basic definition of switchgear.
⋗To get more with details
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2SvKI7eepP241VLoui1D5A
Presentation on 132/33 KVSubstation Training Sakshi Rastogi
This is a presentation based on the 132/33 KV substation. At which I have done my vocational Training. this presentation uncovers all the aspects related to the substation.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
1. MAJOR ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT IN POWER
PLANTS
Submitted To:- Er. Sonika Singh
Presented By :- Gurdit Singh
1184238
EE 2k10
2. Power plant consists of Variety of electrical
equipment
Major electrical equipment are Alternator,
Exciters, Synchronizing Equipment, Circuit
Breakers, current and potential transformers,
relays and protection equipment, isolator,
lighting arresters, earthing equipment, station
transformer, battery and motor for driving
auxiliaries
Introduction
3. In electricity generation, an electric
generator is a device that
converts mechanical energy to electrical
energy. A generator forces electric current to
flow through an external circuit.
Generator are varies in type according to the
type power plant
Generator decide the size of power plant
Generators
5. Excitation system is required to provide the necessary
field current to the rotor winding of a synchronous
machine. Availability of excitation at all times
important. Larger the load currents, lower the speed
and lagging power factor which require more
excitation.
Types
1. DC Excitation System 2. AC Excitation System
3. Static Excitation System
Exciters
6. Power transformer are used for stepping-up
the voltage for transmission at generating
stations and for stepping-down voltage for
distribution purpose.
Normally naturally cooled, oil immersed, two
winding, three phase transformers are used
up to the rating of 10 MVA.
For regulating the voltage , transformers are
provide with on load tap changers
They are put in operation during large load
hours and disconnected during light load
hours
Power Transformer
8. Every alternator provide with automatic voltage
regulator which perform following function
1. Control of voltage within prescribed limits.
2. Proper division of reactive power b/w alternator
operating in parallel.
3. Prevention of dangerous over-voltage in system.
Types
Using Transformer
Induction Voltage Regulator
Now-a-days Electronic voltage regulators are used for
greater sensitivity and accuracy.
Voltage Regulators
9. Bus bar is a main bar or conductor carrying an electric
current to which many connections are to be made.
Usually two buses are provided in a system one is
called the “Main” bus and other “Auxiliary ” or
transfer bus
There are many shapes of bus bar available like round
tubes, round solid bars or square tube
Material used for bus bar is aluminum because it has
high corrosion resistance than copper and lower cost.
Bus bar of 5 to 6 meter in length
Bus- Bars
11. Reactor is a coil having large inductive reactance in
comparison to its resistance.
It is used in the circuit to limit the short circuit
currents to a safer value in order to protect the
electrical installation
As their reactance is very small, the efficiency of the
system is not affected.
It avoid the faulty current to flow through the healthy
system.
Types of reactor
1. Open type
2. Oil Immersed type
Reactors
12. The porcelain insulators are used to support the bus-bar
It also provide the insulation to the bus-bar from pole to
ground
Current rating of porecelain is above 2000A
Post type insulator
Insulators
13. During the operation of power system the generating
plants, transmission lines, distributors and other electrical
equipment are required to be switched on and off under
both normal and abnormal conditions Switchgears are
used
All the protection equipment like switches, fuse, Circuit
breakers, relays are installed in switchgear
Types
1. Outdoor type
2. indoor type
For the voltage above the 66KV outdoor switchgears are
installed
Switchgear
15. A switch is a device which is used to making or
breaking the electric circuit. By simple motion of a
knob or handle
They can make or break the circuit during normal and
abnormal conditions
Types
1. Air switches
2. Oil switch
Oil switches are used in high voltage and heavy
current circuit
Switches
16. Protective equipment are very important in system to
isolate the abnormal conditions
Feature of protective equipment
1. greater reliability
2. High speed of operation
3. Simple and withstand to large value of fault
Various Protective equipment are
Fuse, Circuit Breakers, Relays, Lightning arresters
Protective Equipment
17. Fuse is a wire of short length or thin strip of material
which melt with the flow of excessive current
Under normal working conditions safe value of
current flows but during short circuit load current
increased which heat the wire so wire melt and circuit
break
Advantages:-
1. cheap in cost
2. needs no maintance
3. it interrupts short-circuit current without noise,
flame, gas or smoke.
Fuse
18. 4. Under short circuit condition it limits the current
5. By the use of inverse time characteristic it is easily
provided for over load protection.
Disadvantages of fuse:-
1. wire should be replaced after every operation
Rewire able Kit-Kat Fuse
19. A circuit breaker is a mechnical device used to open
and close contact under normal and abnormal
conditions
Relay is use as a sensor with circuit breaker for
automatic operation
Circuit breaker carry normal current without over-
heating or damage
Function of circuit breaker:-
1. To carry full load current continuously
2. To open and close the circuit under no load
3. To break the circuit under short-circuit condition
Circuit Breakers
20. According to voltage level
1. Low Voltage CB :- V < 1000Vac , I up to 100A
2. Medium voltage CB:- V up to 72KV , I up to 6300A
3. High voltage CB:- v up to 1200KV , I > 6300A
Miniature Circuit Breaker
Types of Circuit Breakers
21. Relay is electro-mechnical device which sense the
excessive flow of current and send signal to the
circuit breaker
Relay has three essential elements
1. Sensing element- it sense and measure the change
2. Comparing element- compare the measured
quantity to pre-setted value
3. Controlling element- it sends signal to circuit
breaker
Relays
23. It is an instrument transformer which is used to
measure the current from high voltage line with the
use of normal ampere meter.
High currents or voltages of electrical power
system can not be directly fed to relays and meters.
CT steps down rated system current to 1 Amp or 5
The relays and meters are generally designed for 1
Amp, 5 Amp and 110V.
Current Transformer
24. It is normally a step-down transformer
Secondary winding has a 5 ampere value of current to
the rated current of primary winding
25. It is also a instrument transformer which is used to
measure the voltage above 380 volts
PT make the ordinary low voltage instrument suitable
for measurement if high voltage and isolate from high
voltage.
When rated high voltage is applied to primary of PT, it
give the secondary voltage of 110 volts
Potential Transformer
26. All power plant and sub-stations DC supply for
protection and control purpose
DC supply is provided from Storage batteries.
Lead acid battries mostly used in power stations
because their higher cell voltage and lower cost
Batteries
27. Control room is nerve centre of the power station
Various controls like Voltage adjustments, load
control, emergency tripping of tubine and other
equipment and instruments are housed in the control
room.
Location of control room is away from noise and
should near to the switch house
There should be no glare , neat and clean, well
ventilated and free from draughts
Control Rooms