The document discusses ecology, ecosystems, and environmental concepts. It defines ecology as the study of organisms and their environment. There are different types of ecology like autecology and synecology. An ecosystem is comprised of biotic and abiotic components that interact and exchange energy and matter. The biotic components include producers, consumers, and decomposers. The abiotic components include climatic, physical, chemical, and medium factors. Various ecosystems are described like forests, grasslands, deserts, aquatic, marine, and freshwater ecosystems. Their biotic and abiotic components and examples of organisms are provided. Environmental issues like waste management, pollution, and their impacts are also summarized.

1. ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM

2.  The sum total of all surroundings of a living
organism, including natural forces and other
living things, which provide
conditions for development and growth as well as
of danger and damage.
 Environment is made up of
 Abiotic Components
 Biotic Components

3.  The study of an organism and its environment is
called as ecology
 Kinds of Ecology
1. Autecology: It is the study of individual organism
or individual species in relation to environment.
2. Synecology: It is the study of group of organisms
and their relationship with the environment.
3. Ecosystemology: It is the study of biotic and
abiotic components.

4. Ecosystem is the group of biotic and abiotic
components and their interaction with each other
exchanging energy and matter.

5.  Biotic
Components
Producers
Consumers
Decomposers
 Abiotic
Components
 Climatic factors
 Medium factors
 Physical factors
 Chemical factors

7. 7

8. Plants harness the sun’s
energy in which process?

9. We call plants producers
because they produce
energy from the sun
directly.

12.  Grazing Food Chain
ProducersHerbivoro
usCarnivores
It is of two type
1) Terrestrial Food
Chain
2) Aquatic Food Chain
 Detritus Food Chain
A detritus food
chain is one in
which the
primary
consumer feeds
on dead plant
matter.

15. 1) Forest Ecosystem:
Abiotic Components:
Inorganic and organic substance present in soil
Temperature, light, rainfall etc
Soil minerals (vary from forest to forest)
Biotic Components:
Producers: Teak, sal, deodar, pine etc apart from trees shrubs and ground vegetation
Consumers:
Primary Consumers: ants, flies, beetles, spiders, elephant ets
Secondary Consumers: snakes, birds, lizards
Tertiary Consumers: lion, tiger etc
Decomposers: Fungi, bacteria (Bacillus, Pseudomonas) and actinomycetes.

17.  What is a grassland?
Regions with enough average annual precipitation to allow grass to
prosper but with precipitation so erratic that drought and fire
prevent large stands of trees from growing.

18.  Abiotic Components: soil, sunlight, water, rock
and air
 Biotic components:
Producers: grass ( Dicanthium, Imparta, Saccharum etc), herbs and
shrubs
Consumers:
Primary Consumer: cows, buffalows, deer, sheep, rabbit, mouse etc
some particular species observed include Leptocorisa, Cicindella
feeds on leaves of grass.
Secondary Consumers: snakes, lizard, birds, fox etc
Tertiary Consumers: Hawks
Decomposers: fungi (mucor, penecillium), bacteria and
actinomycetes.

19.  Deserts are dry and hot. There
are very few clouds.
 Two kinds of deserts:
 Hot deserts
 Cold deserts
 Hot deserts
 Temperatures are very warm all
year round
 The summers are very hot
 Cold deserts
 Short, warm summers
 Long, cold winters
 Found in places near the north and
south poles

20.  Abiotic Components: soil (sand),
sunlight, temperature, air and water.
 Biotic components:
Producers: cacti, desert shrubs, and bush
Consumers: insects, reptiles, birds, camel
etc
Decomposers: Dung beetle and termites
fungi, bacteria that can survive in high
temperature.

21. Roadrunner
Anteater
Scorpion
Gila monster (lizard)
Camel

22.  Many plants are found in the desert.
They usually grow close to the ground.
 These plants have special parts that
help them save water.
 The special parts are: thick stem,
shallow and wide roots, and thick skin
covered with spines instead of leaves.

23. An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem located in
bodies of water. Types of aquatic ecosystems are
The Marine Ecosystem and The Freshwater
Ecosystem.

24.  Abiotic Components: Temperature, sunlight, water
and several organic and inorganic substances like
CO2, O, N, Ca, carbohydrates and proteins.
 Biotic components:
Producers: green photosynthetic organisms,
phytoplankton and macrophytes.
Consumers:
Primary Consumer: Zooplanktons
Secondary Consumers: insects and fish
Tertiary Consumers: large fish
Decomposers: fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes.

25.  Abiotic Components: oxygen
concentrations, PH levels,
discharge, sediment amount
and water
 Biotic components:
Producers: green algae,
phytoplankton and water
grasses
Consumers: insects, snails, fishes
and crocodiles
Decomposers: fungi, bacteria

26.  Abiotic Components: salinity, dissolved oxygen,
light and temperature.
 Biotic components:
Producers:, phytoplankton and large marine plants
Consumers:
Primary Consumer: crustaceans, fish
Secondary Consumers: herring, mackerel
Tertiary Consumers: large fish like cod, shark
Decomposers: fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes.

28. The Water, Carbon and Nitrogen
Cycle, Phosphorus and Oxygen

29. Water never leaves the Earth. It is constantly being
cycled through the atmosphere, ocean, and land.

30. Water never leaves the Earth. It is
constantly being cycled through the
atmosphere, ocean, and land. This process,
known as the water cycle, is driven by
energy from the sun. The water cycle is
crucial to the existence of life on our planet.

31. Evaporation: Process by which the sun heats
up liquid water and changes it to a gas
Where does the water come from via this process?
What speeds up the process of evaporation?

32. Condensation: Process by which water rises
into the atmosphere, cools and becomes a liquir
again.
In what form is water as it rises?
What does it become as it condenses?

33. Precipitation: Process by which water condenses and falls back to the earth.
Where do you think most Precipitation occurs?
What is the difference between rain and snow in the context of the bonds between
water molecules? What are these bonds called?

34. Transpiration: The process of evaporation
from plants
Why would plants release water?
Think back to your properties of water.

35. Runoff: Water that collects in rivers, streams,
and oceans
What could contribute to greater amounts of
runoff?

36. (1) Nitrogen Fixation
(3) Nitrification (2) Ammonification
(4) Denitrification
Nitrogen
Cycle

38. Ammonia (NH3)
Nitrogen combines
with Hydrogen to make
Ammonia
Nitrates (NO3)
Nitrogen combines
with Oxygen to make
Nitrates
Atmospheric
Nitrogen (N2)
N
N
N
N

39. N
N
N
N
N
Oxygen Hydrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen
N

40. Bacteria decomposers break down amino acids into ammonium

41. Ammonium (NH4) is
stored in soil.
Bacteria converts organic nitrogen to
ammonium (NH4)
Ammonium (NH4) is used by
some plants
Bacteria

42. Nitrates (NO3)
in Soil
Nitrogen in atmosphere (N2)

44.  Carbon (as CO2) is accumulated…
 Photosynthesis uses sunlight to
make carbohydrate from CO2.
 Carbon (as CO2) is released…
 Respiration - carbon is oxidized for
energy.
 Combustion - carbon is burned
 Weathering - rain (slightly acidic)
weathers calcium carbonate rocks

47.  Impact Of Human Behaviour And
Technological Advancements On The
Environment
 Necessity of conservation of Natural
resources
 Role of Engineers in achieving
Sustainable Development.

48.  Following points are suggested for carrying out EIA
Status of existing environmental condition
Study of project activities
Suggestions to minimize adverse effects
Pollution abatement
Identifying damages
 Methods of carrying out EIA:
1) Ad hoc method
2) Overlays Method
3) Matrix Method
4) Networks Method
5) Checklist method

49. WASTE
An unusable /unwanted substance or material,
rejected as worthless.
Eg) Rubbish, trash, garbage or junk

51.  Domestic wastes - Eg) paper, plastic, glass,
ceramics, vegetable wastes
 Commercial wastes - Eg) printer paper, meat
remnants
 Ashes - Eg) coal, wood and coke.
Open burning of wastes also generates ashes
 Animal Wastes - Eg)dung of animals
rejected feed

52. Biomedical Wastes - Eg) expired drugs, plastic syringes,
surgical dressings
Construction Wastes- Eg) metal rods, bricks, cement, concrete,
roofing materials, digging activities Eg) telephone, electricity,
drainage
Industrial Solid Wastes-Eg) garment factory would dump
textiles of various kinds
Sewer -removed from sewerage left on the roadside
Hazardous wastes -potentially dangerous react explosively
with air or water.Change in the genetic structure ofindividuals
E Waste- electronics disposed E.g.) Secondary computers,
electronics, mobile phones, television sets & refrigerator
Nuclear waste - containing radioactive material product of a
nuclear fission

53.  Affects our health
 Affects our socio-economic
conditions
 Effects of waste If not managed
 Affects our climate
 Rise in global temperatures ‘
 Rise in sea levels

54.  Disposal Methods
Land fills
 Convenient
 Inexpensive
 Destruction of food sources
 Desalination
Incineration
 Requires minimum land
 Can be operated in any
weather
 Expensive to build and
operate
 Continuous maintenance
Composting
 Recycling methods
Biological Reprocessing
Energy recovery
i) Pyrolysis
ii) Gasification
iii) Biogas

56.  There is no generally accepted definition of e-
waste
 Unwanted, obsolete or unusable electronic
products such as computers, computer
peripherals,televisions,VCRs,DVD Players,
stereo equipment, hand cell phones are
commonly referred to as ‘electronic waste’

57.  Management and disposal of e-waste has
become a serious problem among nationwide
 The problem of electronic waste (e-waste) is
growing at an unsustainable rate.
 E-waste is now the fastest growing, and most
toxic, component of municipal garbage.
 Local governments are facing huge costs to
handle e-waste, and even greater costs if they
do not capture this toxic stream and handle it in
an appropriate manner.

58.  Due to increased public,regulatory and
commercial scrutiny and also a
commensurate entrepreneur interest,there has
been a diversion from energy intensive down
cycling processes to more mature processing
systems
 This has been largely achieved through reuse
and refurbishing

59.  Preventing waste in the first place is the
preferred mngt option
 This can be achieved through
repairing,upgrading used electrical equipment
 Example- adding memory to a
computer,upgrading software

60.  Make use of take back programs
 Through recycling units are either reused or
dismantled for recycling.
 The silver,gold,lead and other heavy metal are
recyclable

61.  The least preferred option is to landfill
electronic waste
 This should only come as a last option but care
to consult with state regulations on disposal of
any hazardous waste