Natural ecosystems provide numerous ecosystem services that are essential to human well-being and economic activity. These services include provisioning services like food, fiber, fuel and medicines; regulating services like climate regulation, flood and drought mitigation, soil formation, and pest control; and cultural services like inspiration, recreation, and spiritual fulfillment. However, many of these services are being degraded or lost due to human activities like habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. Properly valuing ecosystem services and incorporating their value into policy and economic decisions is crucial for ensuring their continued supply for future generations.
Importance
Intrinsic Value
Extinctions
What is Biodiversity?
Genetic Biodiversity
Species Biodiversity
Ecosystem Biodiversity
Ecosystem Function
Marine Biodiversity
Caribbean Diversity
Extinctions
Threats to Biodiversity
Protection & MPA’s
Importance
Intrinsic Value
Extinctions
What is Biodiversity?
Genetic Biodiversity
Species Biodiversity
Ecosystem Biodiversity
Ecosystem Function
Marine Biodiversity
Caribbean Diversity
Extinctions
Threats to Biodiversity
Protection & MPA’s
This is the 4th lesson of the course - Foundation of Environmental Management taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Rising human populations are largely responsible for the environmental degradation that ecological restoration seeks to repair.
the discipline of ecological restoration is likely to face its greatest challenges at a time when human capital and economic resources will be inadequate for the scale of the problem.
Restoration of damaged ecosystems is receiving increasing attention worldwide as awareness increases that humanity must sustain ecosystem structure, functioning, and diversity for its own wellbeing.
Restoration rebuilds an ecosystem little different than the pristine ecosystem that was degraded. It is done to the physical environment and to plants in restoration.
Definition of ecosystem restoration: ‘the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed’.
, there are many approaches to restoration, and the choice of approach should arguably be based on –
1. which is most appropriate given the objectives.
2. which provides the greatest likelihood of success.
These efforts may be conducted on either a small-scale (e.g., tree planting) or
May involve major human and technical efforts (e.g., re-creation of wetlands, acid lake neutralization).
Principles For Restoration
KEY ACTIVITIES FOR ECOSYTEM RESTORSTION
Concept of Agro ecosystem
Difference between manipulated Agroecology and Natural Ecology
Sustainable Agriculture
Biodiversification and Agroecology
Sustainable Agroecosystems
Agroecology and the Design of Sustainable Agroecosystems
+A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail. The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands from other land forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants, adapted to the unique hydric soil.
+Wetlands include a variety of habitats, which may be natural or man made area of water or marsh that can be lotic (standing water) and lentic (running water).
+Types of wetlands
a)Marine water
b)Fresh water
c)Man made
+Why Are Wetlands Important?
+Wetlands and Ecosystem Services
+Wetlands are threatened
+Wetland Protection
+Wetland Conservation Strategy
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
A look at how nature provides us with services and how valuing these services is important to well-being. Slideshow from Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, UNEP
These slides cover the purposes for ecosystem service valuation (ESV), methods for valuation, examples of valuation studies, and government regulation and program related to ESV.
This is the 4th lesson of the course - Foundation of Environmental Management taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Rising human populations are largely responsible for the environmental degradation that ecological restoration seeks to repair.
the discipline of ecological restoration is likely to face its greatest challenges at a time when human capital and economic resources will be inadequate for the scale of the problem.
Restoration of damaged ecosystems is receiving increasing attention worldwide as awareness increases that humanity must sustain ecosystem structure, functioning, and diversity for its own wellbeing.
Restoration rebuilds an ecosystem little different than the pristine ecosystem that was degraded. It is done to the physical environment and to plants in restoration.
Definition of ecosystem restoration: ‘the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed’.
, there are many approaches to restoration, and the choice of approach should arguably be based on –
1. which is most appropriate given the objectives.
2. which provides the greatest likelihood of success.
These efforts may be conducted on either a small-scale (e.g., tree planting) or
May involve major human and technical efforts (e.g., re-creation of wetlands, acid lake neutralization).
Principles For Restoration
KEY ACTIVITIES FOR ECOSYTEM RESTORSTION
Concept of Agro ecosystem
Difference between manipulated Agroecology and Natural Ecology
Sustainable Agriculture
Biodiversification and Agroecology
Sustainable Agroecosystems
Agroecology and the Design of Sustainable Agroecosystems
+A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail. The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands from other land forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants, adapted to the unique hydric soil.
+Wetlands include a variety of habitats, which may be natural or man made area of water or marsh that can be lotic (standing water) and lentic (running water).
+Types of wetlands
a)Marine water
b)Fresh water
c)Man made
+Why Are Wetlands Important?
+Wetlands and Ecosystem Services
+Wetlands are threatened
+Wetland Protection
+Wetland Conservation Strategy
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
A look at how nature provides us with services and how valuing these services is important to well-being. Slideshow from Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, UNEP
These slides cover the purposes for ecosystem service valuation (ESV), methods for valuation, examples of valuation studies, and government regulation and program related to ESV.
The environment provides humans with everything we need to survive. This presentation looks at the services ecosystems deliver humanity and the importance of conserving plant biomass and diversity in order to maintain those services
Shared networks to support VNF high availability across OpenStack multi-regio...Joe Huang
Even now with all the advances to provide high level of resiliency in hardware and software components, it’s possible to have some failures. Those failures are undesirable for Enterprises and they are constantly looking for solutions which tolerate unexpected events to offer steady and unbroken services. Cloud computing solutions are not the exception. One way to achieve that is segregating the Cloud deployment in different regions.
For most of enterprise applications use stateful architectures, which means that they're constantly synchronizing their status among different instances. How to provide continuously service in case of a cloud failure happens?
During this presentation we will demonstrate how to architect an OpenStack multi-region solution through the existing official OpenStack projects like Neutron and Tricircle, demonstrate and compare the pros. and cons. of different tenant level L2/L3 networking topology across OpenStack clouds.
Environment literally means surrounding and everything that affect an organism during its lifetime is collectively known as its environment. In another words “Environment is sum total of water, air and land interrelationships among themselves and also with the human being, other living organisms and property”. It includes all the physical and biological surrounding and their interactions.
Environmental studies provide an approach towards understanding the environment of our planet and the impact of human life upon the environment.
Thus environment is actually global in nature, it is a multidisciplinary subject including physics, geology, geography, history, economics, physiology, biotechnology, remote sensing, geophysics, soil science and hydrology etc. Scope of Environmental Science Environmental science is a multidisciplinary science whose basic aspects have a direct relevance to every section of the society.
Its main aspects are:
• Conservation of nature and natural resources.
• Conservation of biological diversity.
• Control of environmental pollution.
• Stabilization of human population and environment.
• Social issues in relation to development and environment.
• Development of non-polluting renewable energy system and providing new dimension to nation’s security. Importance of Environmental Science Environment belongs to all the living beings and thus is, important for all.
Each and every body of whatever occupation he or she may have, is affected by environmental issues like global warming, depletion of ozone layer, dwindling forest, energy resources, loss of global biodiversity etc.
Environment study deals with the analysis of the processes in water, air, land, soil and organisms which leads to pollute or degrade environment. It helps us for establishing standard,Environment and Ecology for safe, clean and healthy natural ecosystem.
It also deals with important issues like safe and clean drinking water, hygienic living conditions and clean and fresh air, fertility of land, healthy food and development. Sustainable environmental law, business administration, environmental protection, management and environmental engineering are immerging as new career opportunities for environment protection and managements.
Need for Public Awareness With the ever increasing development by modern man, large scale degradation of natural resources have been occurred, the public has to be educated about the fact that if we are degrading our environment we are actually harming ourselves.
To encourage meaningful public participation and environment, it is necessary to create awareness about environment pollution and related adverse effects. The United Nations conference on Environment and Development held in Rio-de-Janeiro, followed by Earth summit on sustainable Development have high-lighted the key issues of global environmental concern and have attracted the general public towards the...
Presentation from Salman Hussain, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) describing TEEB Agriculture and Food, a study designed to provide an economic evaluation of the ‘eco-agri-food systems’ complex. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
Climate Smart aquaculture/Agriculture is the approach towards sustainable development of agriculture and allied sectors reducing the emission of GHG gases from aquaculture sector/agriculture sector at the same time increase the productivity that support the nutritional security of millions of people . Climate Smart aquaculture(CSA) topic was presented by me at college of fisheries lembucherra, agartala CAU, imphal. All the content and important data has been taken from authentic sources.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2. What are ecosystem services? “a wide range of conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems, and the species that are part of them, help sustain and fulfill human life”(Daily et al. 1997:2) Keeping this definition in mind, what are the possible benefits supplied to human societies by natural ecosystems?
10. The regulating and supporting benefits. Purification of air and water Mitigation of droughts and floods Generation and preservation of soils and renewal of their fertility Detoxification and decomposition of wastes Pollination of crops and natural vegetation Dispersal of seeds Cycling and movement of nutrients Control of the vast majority of potential agricultural pests Maintenance of biodiversity Protection of shores by erosion Protection from harmful UV rays Partial stabilization of climate Moderation of weather extremes and their impacts
12. The cultural benefits? Provision of aesthetic beauty and intellectual stimulation that uplift the human spirit Provision of spirituality Provision of spaces that provide opportunities for recreation Also, most if not all human behaviour, whether individual or in groups, is mediated by culture, making anything we engage in (food, shelter, religion…) a cultural act dependant on the goods and services provided by ecosystems.
14. The issue. Regulating and supporting services flowing from natural ecosystems are undervalued by society. Many human-initiated disruptions of ecosystems are difficult or impossible to reverse on a “human relevant” timescale. A continued lack of awareness will dramatically alter the Earth’s remaining natural ecosystems within a few decades.
18. Ecosystem Goods: Aquatic Food In 2006, 6.44 billion people each ate 16.4 kg of fish, for a total consumption of >110 million tonnes (FAO 2008:63) (FAO 2008:62)
19. Ecosystem Goods: Aquatic Food In 2006, fish exports destined for human consumption accounted for only 38% of all production with a value of $85.9 billion US. (FAO 2008:45) (FAO 2008:46)
20. Ecosystem Goods: Aquatic Food 80% of 523 world fish stocks are fully exploited or overexploited [suggesting that] the maximum wild capture fisheries potential from the world’s oceans has been reached. (FAO 2008:34-35) (FAO 2008:33)
21. Ecosystem Goods: Medicine Pilocarpusmicrophyllus Known Natively as “Jaborandi” Found in the Amazonian rain forest of Brazil Active ingredient within the leaves is the alkaloid Pilocarpine Used in the treatment of glaucoma to alleviate intraocular pressure http://www.swsbm.com/Images/New10-2003/Pilocarpus_pennatifolius.jpg
22. Ecosystem Goods: Medicine Pilocarpusmicrophyllus It is now on the endangered species list of Brazilian flora Still…Brazil earns US$25 million/year from the plant The plant is now a domesticated species and is in danger of losing its genetic variability http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/12/21/article-0-0292D5BC00000578-726_468x422.jpg
27. In 2007, biotech crops and seeds were valued at 13.5 billion (Agricultural Biotech Thrives 2008)http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/files/imagecache/feature/files/features/online/20081023_golden_rice.jpg
35. 80% rely on traditional medicines and 85% of those are derived from plant extractshttp://www.impgc.com/images/PlantPictures/Digitalis%20purpurea.jpg
36. Ecosystem Services: Biodiversity Most human benefits realized through close proximity to complex ecosystems housing species richness http://www.yorku.ca/yfile/photos/20070628/Oak_Ridges_Moraine_map_web.jpg
37.
38. Cooling drops sea levels via ice accumulation erosion of exposed surfaces fertilize water phytoplankton further sequester carbon = more coolinghttp://www.fao.org/ES/ESA/pesal/img/carbon-diagram.jpg
39. Ecosystem Services: Climate and Life Amazon 2000 Regional and local weather Transpiration adds to the water cycle 50% of the mean annual rainfall in the Amazon is recycled via evapotranspiration Deforestation could dramatically reduce the total precipitation leading to total destruction of the rainforest Amazon 2008 http://www.thedailygreen.com/environmental-news/latest/amazon-rain-forest-4702902
40.
41. Water is slowly dispersed to plants, aquifers, and streams by soil
58. Slow the flow of floodwater through natural retention
59. Allow sediment deposit, keeping it out of streams, rivers, and lakeshttp://open.live.bbc.co.uk/dynamic_images/naturelibrary_640_credits/downloads.bbc.co.uk/earth/naturelibrary/assets/w/we/wetland/wetland_1.jpg
60.
61. Soil provides 5 interrelated services:Shelters seeds and provides plants with physical support Retains and delivers nutrients to plants Plays a central role in the decomposition of organic matter Recycles nutrients Regulates carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles
131. References Borowitzka, Michael A. 1995 Microalgae as sources of pharmaceuticals and other biologically active compounds. Journal of Applied Phycology 7:3-15. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO) 2008 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Electronic Document. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/011/i0250e/i0250e.pdf, accessed January 15,2010 Irwin, Frances and Janet Ranganathan. 2007 Restoring Nature’s Capital: An action agenda to sustain ecosystem services. Washington D.C.: World Resources Institute. Issues in Ecology 1997 Ecosystem Services: Benefits Supplied to Human Societies by Natural Ecosystems. Issues in Ecology 2. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005 Ecosystems and Human Well Being: Synthesis. Washington D.C.: Island Press. Unknown 2008 Agricultural Biotech Thrives. Electronic Document. http://www.allbusiness.com/science-technology/biology-biotechnology-genetic/11652283-1.html, accessed January 15, 2010. Vieira, Roberto F 1999 Conservation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Brazil. Electronic Document. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1999/pdf/v4-152.pdf, accessed January 15,2010
Editor's Notes
Provisioning: food, water, and the wealth of materials thatunderpin all life on this earth. These services are perhaps the ones most easily understoodand currently valued the most.Regulating:water filtration and purification, storm protection(barrier islands, wetlands, and reefs, for example), pollination, erosion control, andcarbon sequestration. Although we are learning about these services, our ignorance ofthem and of their enormous economic value remains profound.Cultural: Recreation is the most obvious; but as important arethe spiritual and aesthetic values that many find in nature.Supporting: soil formation, photosynthesis,nutrient cycling, and water cycling. These underlie all of the other services.
Ecosystem goods are traded on the local, regional, national, and international markets and have a quantifiable monetary value.Goods consist of organisms and their parts and products.
Food:Meat – terrestrial and marineDairy – terrestrialBlood – pudding; MasaiHoney – beesEggs – birdsSeeds – grain and nutsFruit – flowering plantsFlowers –clover, dandelion, lilac…Leaves – lettuce, leek, spinach, dandelion…Stems – broccoli, asparagus, celery, potato…Multicellular fungi – white, Portobello, shitake…Unicellular fungi – yeast Bacteria – yoghurtSeaweed – red algae – sushi wrapped in NoriFeed:Fish – fishmeal – fed to land and marine species as a high protein ingredientMolasses – supplement for weight gain in cattleMeat and bone meal – banned throughout most of the world (BSE) but used in the US for cat and dog foodsFeces – animal feces is fed back to the animalCorn, soybeans, oats, barley – all feed ingredientsSeaweed meal – for goats, fish
Fiber:Collagen – leather and bone productsFeather, fur, silk – all self-explanatoryCotton – around the seedHemp – bast (under the bark)Sisal – leavesJute: bastBamboo: stalksSeaweed: Lululemon “SeaCell” fabricFuel:Dung – since domestication 10kyaFat – lanternsMicroalgae – unicellular - biodiesel, bioethanol, biobutanol
Pharmaceuticalsforeskin: skin grafts, anti-wrinkle creamgallstones: fever reducerVenom: spider and scorpion venoms minimize brain cell death in stroke victims, cone snail is being researched to treat acute and chronic pain, epilepsy, local anesthesia, heart disease, stroke, neuromuscular back pain, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury.Urine: first hormonal birth control, Urea to treat polio and tuberculosis, treats diabetes, eyedrops such as Murine,The hormone replacement drug Premarin, a treatment for menopausal women, is manufactured from the urine of pregnant horses. The fertility drug Pergonal is made from human urine. Urokinase is a drug based on urine ingredients that dissolves blood clots in clogged arteries.Insulin: derived from the pancreas of pigs and cowsDiuretic: promotes the flow of urine. (1010)Astringent: reduces the flow of secretions and discharges of blood, mucus, diarrhoea etc. (851)Febrifuge: Reduces fevers. (641)Diaphoretic: Induces perspiration. (427)Expectorant: Clears phlegm from the chest by inducing coughing. (449)Microalgae:antibacterial, antifungal, antialgal, antiprotozooal, antiviral (extracts of cultured cyanobacteria against Herpes simplex virus type II)Microorganisms: bacterial and fungal infections (penicillin, vancomycin) , cancer (daunorubicin, doxorubicin), transplant rejection (cyclosporin), and high cholesterol (statins such as lovastatin and mevastatin)Others:Animal: shellac (wood finish) - a resin secreted by the female lac bug to form a cocoon, on trees in the forests of India and Thailand.Beeswax: a natural wax produced in the bee hive of honey bees to build honeycomb cells in which their young are raised and honey and pollen are stored.Lanolin: greasy yellow substance secreted by the sebaceous glands of domestic sheep. Tallow: rendered from hard fat found in cattle and sheep; soap, lubrication (guns, steel manufacture)Resin: a hydrocarbonsecretion of many plants, particularly coniferous trees. It is valued for its chemical constituents and uses, such as varnishes and adhesivesWax: wax palm - A wax obtained from the trunk is used for making candlesDye:Maya blue: Indigoferasuffruticosa"Maya blue" first appeared around the 800 A.D, paintings colored by Maya Blue have not faded over timedeodorant: Skunk Bush The roots have been used as a perfume and deodorant.Soap: narrowleaf soap plant. soapy juice from the crushed bulbs as a detergent for washing clothes.BiopesticidesBioremediation
Spirituality: Haploporusodorus is found above 52 degrees latitude in Canada and Northwestern Europe. It is a polypore – a stalkless shelf-like fungus with pores on its undersurface. It is white, hoof-shaped, and grows on willow trees in conifer forests. Upon close observation one can easily notice the unique characteristic of H. odorus – its smell. The fruiting bodies have a strong odor of anise, kind of like licorice. This smell is strong and persistent, and dried specimens retain their odor. Native Americans appreciated the smells of plants like sage and sweet grass and used these plants for purification rituals. Because of its strong fragrance and other medicinal properties, Haploporusodorus has been an important fungus in the culture of Northern Plains Indians.Seaweed: face, hand and body creams or lotions; Seaweeds can be used to reduce the nitrogen and phosphorus content of effluents from sewage treatments; remove heavy metals in cleaning up wastewater
This is a chart from the United Nations publication “The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture” published by the UN Fisheries and Agriculture Organization in 2008 .In 1950, the world captured and cultured 20 million tonnes of aquatic goods for human consumption and other uses.In 2006, this figure has rose to over 140 million tonnes.
Biological diversity, or biodiversity for short, refers to the variety of life forms at all levels of organization, from the molecular to the landscape level. Biodiversity is generated and maintained in natural ecosystems, where organisms encounter a wide variety of living conditions and chance events that shape their evolution inunique ways. Out of convenience or necessity, biodiversity is usually quantified in terms of numbers of species, and this perspective has greatly influencedconservation goals.http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/46692/story.htmGolden Rice -- which includes three new genes, including two from daffodil -- is yellowish and contains beta-carotene, a substance that human bodies convert to Vitamin A. International Rice Research Institute says they expectraise yields by 50 percent in the next 10 years.IRRI calculated the world needed to increase the annual rice output by nearly 70 percent to 880 million tonnes by 2025 from 520 million tonnes currently to meet projected global demand.Together with China, IRRI is also working on dry land rice, known as aerobic rice, that can grow on dry soil like wheat."Water for agriculture is becoming more and more scarce as water is diverted for urban use and industrial use," he said.
http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8325/8325digoxin.htmlDigitalis purpurea L. – FOXGLOVE - Digoxinin use for more than 200 yearsenables the heart to beat more slowly, powerfully and regularly without requiring more oxygenused to treat congestive heart failure and is also used to treat certain arrhythmias$137 million in 2001, for Lanoxin
http://www.mah.gov.on.ca/Page1705.aspxThe Oak Ridges Moraine contains the largest concentration of headwater streams in the Greater Toronto Area. The Moraine acts as a recharge area for groundwater. The Moraine provides a natural habitat for sensitive and threatened plant and animal species not found elsewhere in the Greater Toronto Area. The Greenbelt includes the protected lands of the Oak Ridges Moraine, the Niagara Escarpment, and the headwaters of all major watersheds in the western Greater Toronto Area.Because the moraine is a rich resource of sand and gravel, it has become one of the main sources for the aggregate industry serving the Greater Toronto Area. The Oak Ridges Moraine is more than 90 percent privately owned, with a population of more than 100,000. It crosses 32 municipalities, supplies drinking water to more than 250,000 people, and supports related agricultural, industrial, commercial and recreational uses. In 2001, the Ontario government recognized the need for provincial regulation of the many complex land use issues on the moraine, in order to preserve the health and diversity of its greenspaces.
eight people lived inside a 3.15-acre closed ecosystem for two years (1991-1993). replicas of several ecosystems were constructed – a rainforest, coral reef ocean, desert, forest, intensive agriculture, savannah, marsh. they invested more than $200 million in the design, construction and operation of the model (1987)The eight people were unable to meet their fundamental needs for the 2 year period problems aroseA drop in atmospheric oxygen concentration to 14% (the level normally found at an elevation of 17,500 feet)high spikes in carbon dioxide concentrations, nitrous oxide concentrations high enough to impair the brain,an extremely high level of extinctions 19 of 25 vertebrate species all pollinators which would have ensured the eventual extinction of most of the plant species as well)Overgrowth of aggressive vines and algal mats, and Population explosions of crazy ants, cockroaches, and katydids.the system was not viable and sustainable for either humans or other species
In 2005, the World Resources Institute published a synthesis of their Millenium Ecosystem AssessmentThe report outlines the current state of ecosystems globally and how they have changed in the last 50 years.In 2007, the World Resources Institute published “Restoring Natures Capital: An Action Agenda to Sustain Ecosystem Services”“The Assessment offers public and private sector decision makers a new way of seeingand valuing ecosystems from the perspective of nature’s services. In doing so, theAssessment confronts the status quo in uncomfortable but necessary ways. It forces usto acknowledge what we should have known all along—that ecosystems are a source ofextraordinary wealth and value.”They outline 5 problems and actions to change the predominant view of the value of ecosystem servicesPROBLEM: People fail to make the connection between healthy ecosystems and the attainment of social and economic goals.ACTION: Develop and use information to educate all partiesPROBLEM: Local people lack the rights for use and decision making about ecosystemsACTION: Strengthen the rights of local peoplePROBLEM: Ecosystem services management is fragmented among different agencies that do not communicate ACTION: Create connections between governing bodies to ensure successful managementPROBLEM: Accountability is weak or absentACTION: Create accountability legislation and enforce itPROBLEM: Incentives for responsible management is limited or nonexistentACTION: Align economic benefits with positive stewardship and economic costs with degradation
