This is the 4th lesson of the course - Foundation of Environmental Management taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
A look at how nature provides us with services and how valuing these services is important to well-being. Slideshow from Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, UNEP
The environment provides humans with everything we need to survive. This presentation looks at the services ecosystems deliver humanity and the importance of conserving plant biomass and diversity in order to maintain those services
Ecosystem services are the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems. They are indispensable to the well-being of all living organisms, everywhere in the world. They include provisioning, regulating, and cultural services that directly affect people, and supporting services needed to maintain the other services (Anon., 2005). From the availability of adequate food and water, to disease regulation of vectors, pests, and pathogens, human well-being depends on these services and conditions from the natural environment. Ecosystem services depend on ecosystem conditions, and if these are impacted via pressures, consequently ecosystem services will be as well (Daily G, 1997). Human use of all ecosystem services is growing rapidly. Approximately 60% of the ecosystem services (including 70% of regulating and cultural services) are being degraded or used unsustainably. Certain changes place the sustained delivery of ecosystem services at risk. Human activity is impairing and destroying ecosystem services. Services by the ecosystem are facing some serious threats from urbanization, climate change and introduction of invasive species and pathogens which have come into existence through human activities (Anon., 1997). Ecosystem evaluation is a tool used in determining the impact of human activities on an environmental system, by assigning an economic value to an ecosystem or its ecosystem services. Ecosystem values are measures of how important ecosystem services are to people – what they are worth. Economists classify ecosystem values into several types. The two main categories are use values and non-use, or passive use values. Whereas use values are based on actual use of the environment, non-use values are values that are not associated with actual use, or even an option to use, an ecosystem or its services (Brookshire, et al.,1983). There are several methods of valuation of environmental assets, goods and amenities, services and functions like market price method, productivity method, hedonic pricing method, travel cost method and contingent valuation method.
Healthy ecosystems provide a variety of such critical goods and services. Created by the interactions of living organisms with their environment, these “ecosystem services” provide both the conditions and processes that sustain human life. The awareness of ecosystem services’ importance in human life styles started more than 2500 years ago. Economists have developed different ways to measure the economic value of the nature, all of which required extrapolation or assumptions.
Ignorance, Institutions and Market Failure are the main reasons to the under-protected status of Ecosystem Services. The environment provides critically important services. Some of these are captured by markets, but many are not. They are positive externalities that are therefore regarded by the beneficiaries as free. As a result, many ecosystem services tend to be both under-conserved and undervalued. If beneficiaries had to pay for explicit service provision, however, governments would think differently about their policies and property owners would think very differently about sustainable land management practices. In basic economic terms, payments for ecosystem services (PES) seek to “get the incentives right” by capturing the positive externalities, by providing accurate signals to both service providers and users that reflect the real social benefits that ecosystem services deliver.
Voluntary agreements between buyers and sellers of ecosystem services for cash or other rewards creating markets for ecosystem services which provide incentives and finance to land and resource managers and thereby strengthening conservation and livelihoods are called as PES.
Wide range of potential buyers and sellers are available depending on the ecosystem service. When the market fails to reward on-site ecosystem service providers, or to compensate them for their costs (e.g. changing land use) charge off-site users for the benefits they enjoy (e.g. clean water) PES create a market for natural resources making conservation a more profitable land-use proposition. Information, technical barriers, policy and regulation and institutional barriers are the major challenges in implementing PES.
Creating economic incentives that encourage PES schemes, including environmental taxes and subsidies, transferable discharge permits and environmental labelling, developing specific PES projects with farmers, foresters and/or fisher folks in their region, or their watershed and providing incentives for the private sector to engage in PES schemes are some recommendations for a better PES system.
A look at how nature provides us with services and how valuing these services is important to well-being. Slideshow from Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, UNEP
The environment provides humans with everything we need to survive. This presentation looks at the services ecosystems deliver humanity and the importance of conserving plant biomass and diversity in order to maintain those services
Ecosystem services are the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems. They are indispensable to the well-being of all living organisms, everywhere in the world. They include provisioning, regulating, and cultural services that directly affect people, and supporting services needed to maintain the other services (Anon., 2005). From the availability of adequate food and water, to disease regulation of vectors, pests, and pathogens, human well-being depends on these services and conditions from the natural environment. Ecosystem services depend on ecosystem conditions, and if these are impacted via pressures, consequently ecosystem services will be as well (Daily G, 1997). Human use of all ecosystem services is growing rapidly. Approximately 60% of the ecosystem services (including 70% of regulating and cultural services) are being degraded or used unsustainably. Certain changes place the sustained delivery of ecosystem services at risk. Human activity is impairing and destroying ecosystem services. Services by the ecosystem are facing some serious threats from urbanization, climate change and introduction of invasive species and pathogens which have come into existence through human activities (Anon., 1997). Ecosystem evaluation is a tool used in determining the impact of human activities on an environmental system, by assigning an economic value to an ecosystem or its ecosystem services. Ecosystem values are measures of how important ecosystem services are to people – what they are worth. Economists classify ecosystem values into several types. The two main categories are use values and non-use, or passive use values. Whereas use values are based on actual use of the environment, non-use values are values that are not associated with actual use, or even an option to use, an ecosystem or its services (Brookshire, et al.,1983). There are several methods of valuation of environmental assets, goods and amenities, services and functions like market price method, productivity method, hedonic pricing method, travel cost method and contingent valuation method.
Healthy ecosystems provide a variety of such critical goods and services. Created by the interactions of living organisms with their environment, these “ecosystem services” provide both the conditions and processes that sustain human life. The awareness of ecosystem services’ importance in human life styles started more than 2500 years ago. Economists have developed different ways to measure the economic value of the nature, all of which required extrapolation or assumptions.
Ignorance, Institutions and Market Failure are the main reasons to the under-protected status of Ecosystem Services. The environment provides critically important services. Some of these are captured by markets, but many are not. They are positive externalities that are therefore regarded by the beneficiaries as free. As a result, many ecosystem services tend to be both under-conserved and undervalued. If beneficiaries had to pay for explicit service provision, however, governments would think differently about their policies and property owners would think very differently about sustainable land management practices. In basic economic terms, payments for ecosystem services (PES) seek to “get the incentives right” by capturing the positive externalities, by providing accurate signals to both service providers and users that reflect the real social benefits that ecosystem services deliver.
Voluntary agreements between buyers and sellers of ecosystem services for cash or other rewards creating markets for ecosystem services which provide incentives and finance to land and resource managers and thereby strengthening conservation and livelihoods are called as PES.
Wide range of potential buyers and sellers are available depending on the ecosystem service. When the market fails to reward on-site ecosystem service providers, or to compensate them for their costs (e.g. changing land use) charge off-site users for the benefits they enjoy (e.g. clean water) PES create a market for natural resources making conservation a more profitable land-use proposition. Information, technical barriers, policy and regulation and institutional barriers are the major challenges in implementing PES.
Creating economic incentives that encourage PES schemes, including environmental taxes and subsidies, transferable discharge permits and environmental labelling, developing specific PES projects with farmers, foresters and/or fisher folks in their region, or their watershed and providing incentives for the private sector to engage in PES schemes are some recommendations for a better PES system.
These slides cover the purposes for ecosystem service valuation (ESV), methods for valuation, examples of valuation studies, and government regulation and program related to ESV.
This is the 7th lesson of the course - Foundation of Environmental Management taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Why and how do we evaluate ecosystems, Nature is the source of much value to us every day, and yet it mostly bypasses markets, escapes pricing and defies valuation. This lack of valuation is an underlying cause for ecological degradation and loss of biodiversity. Globally, efforts are being made to assess impact of conservation or degradation of ecological resources and a new term Green Gross Domestic Product (GGDP) has also been coined to reflect the same.
This is the lesson - 2 of the course; 'Foundation of Environmental Management' taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
These slides cover the purposes for ecosystem service valuation (ESV), methods for valuation, examples of valuation studies, and government regulation and program related to ESV.
This is the 7th lesson of the course - Foundation of Environmental Management taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Why and how do we evaluate ecosystems, Nature is the source of much value to us every day, and yet it mostly bypasses markets, escapes pricing and defies valuation. This lack of valuation is an underlying cause for ecological degradation and loss of biodiversity. Globally, efforts are being made to assess impact of conservation or degradation of ecological resources and a new term Green Gross Domestic Product (GGDP) has also been coined to reflect the same.
This is the lesson - 2 of the course; 'Foundation of Environmental Management' taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
This files contains the introduction of environment and it's component. There are three important constituents of environment which are physical, biological, social. Physical has three parts which are atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere. Biological constituents has also three types which is consumes, producers, decomposers.
Social constituents has 4 important zones which are atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere.
Ecosystem Ecology lecture for Botany, Zoology, Environmental Sciences, and Chemistry Students by Salman Saeed lecturer Botany University College of Management and Sciences Khanewal, Pakistan.
About Author: Salman Saeed
Qualification: M.SC (Botany), M. Phil (Biotechnology) from BZU Multan.
M. Ed & B. Ed from GCU Faisalabad, Pakistan.
I didn't make this powerpoint, this is from my IB Biology teacher but it's one of the only topics I actually really enjoyed sooo I'm putting it up, ^_^
The structural components of an ecosystem consist of nonliving arena and the living organisms.
They are terms as Abiotic compounds and Biotic compounds.
Ecology is the scientific study of the intricate relationships between living organisms and their environment. It seeks to understand how organisms interact with one another and their surroundings, from the smallest microorganisms to the largest ecosystems. One fundamental aspect of ecology is the examination of biogeochemical cycles, which are essential processes that govern the flow of elements and compounds through the Earth's ecosystems. These cycles encompass the movement of essential elements like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water between the living and non-living components of the environment. For example, the carbon cycle involves the exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere, plants, and animals, regulating the levels of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere and influencing climate. The nitrogen cycle is another vital process, as it controls the availability of nitrogen for plants and, subsequently, for all organisms in a given ecosystem. Biogeochemical cycles are critical to maintaining the delicate balance of nutrients and elements necessary for life on Earth, and any disruptions to these cycles can have profound ecological consequences. Understanding these cycles is crucial for environmental conservation and for addressing global challenges like climate change and nutrient pollution. In sum, ecology and biogeochemical cycles are intimately linked, providing the foundation for understanding how life and the environment are intricately interconnected and interdependent.
Similar to Lesson 4 Ecosystem functions and ecosystem services (20)
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Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Ventures
Lesson 4 Ecosystem functions and ecosystem services
1. Lesson 4 – Ecosystem Functions and
Ecosystem services
P.B. Dharmasena
0777 613234, 0717 613234
dharmasenapb@ymail.com , dharmasenapb@gmail.com
https://independent.academia.edu/PunchiBandageDharmasena
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Punchi_Bandage_Dharmasena/contributions
http://www.slideshare.net/DharmasenaPb
Foundation of Environmental Management
Course code: EMGT 2114
2. Course Content
1.Concepts of Ecology and Environmental Biology
Ecology, Producers, Consumers, Feeding interactions, Ecological
pyramids, Ecological Interactions between organisms
2.Biogeochemical Cycles (C, N, P etc.)
• Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, Biosphere
• C, N, P, S and water cycling
3.Ecosystems and Energy Flow
• Ecosystem, habitat, niche, energy roles in ecosystem, energy flow, food
chain, food web, energy pyramid
4.Ecosystem Functions and Ecosystem services
4. 4 Main Systems
• Lithosphere or Geosphere describes all of the rocks, minerals
and ground that are found on and in Earth. This includes all
of the mountains on the surface.
• hydrosphere is made up of all the water on Earth. This
includes all of the rivers, lakes, streams, oceans,
groundwater, polar ice caps, glaciers and moisture in the air
like rain and snow.
• Atmosphere is the envelope of gases surrounding the earth or
another planet.
• biosphere is composed of all of the living organisms on the
planet. This includes all of the plants, animals, bacteria, fungi
and single-celled organisms found on Earth.
7. The Geologic Cycle
• The Geologic Cycle:
• The processes responsible
for formation and change
of Earth materials
• Best described as a group
of cycles:
• Tectonic
• Hydrologic
• Rock
• Biogeochemical
8. • Igneous Rock :
The magma in the form of a fluid is ejected from the very deep layers
of earth's mantle. This will solidify and forms the igneous rock. A
portion of molten substances will get cooled over the ground surface.
Sedimentary Rocks:
The deposits like gravel, silt, sand and clay are formed by weathering.
Then, soil are compacted and cemented under the overburden stress of
the soil. Generally, the groundwater carries the cementing agents. The
cementing material fills the pore space between the particles and forms
this type of rocks.
Metamorphic rocks:
It is the process of varying the texture and composition of rocks by heat
(without melting) and pressure. During this process, new mineral types
are formed. Examples for this category of rock are marble, gneiss,
quartzite, etc.
10. The Hydrologic Cycle
• The Hydrologic Cycle:
• The transfer of water
from the oceans to the
atmosphere to the land
and back to the oceans.
Includes:
• Evaporation of water
from the oceans
• Precipitation on land
• Evaporation from
land
• Runoff from streams,
rivers, and sub-
surface groundwater
11. The Rock Cycle
• The rock cycle:
• Numerous processes that
produce rocks and soils
• Depends on other cycles:
• tectonic cycle for
energy
• Hydrologic cycle for
water
• Rock is classified as
• Igneous (granite)
• Sedimentary
(sandstone)
• Metamorphic
(marble)
12. Biogeochemical Cycles and Life:
Limiting Factors
•Macronutrients
• Elements required in large amounts by all life
• Include the “big six” elements that form the fundamental
building blocks of life:
carbon oxygen
hydrogen phosphorus
nitrogen sulfur
•Limiting factor
• When chemical elements are not available at the right
times, in the right amounts, and in the right
concentrations relative to each other
16. Basic Carbon Facts
•Key element of life
•In its reduced form as organic C comprises 45 – 50% of
the mass of all plants and animals
•Found as:
• Elemental carbon (in lithosphere)
• As organic carbon (e.g. C6H12O6)
• As inorganic carbon
• Gaseous CO2, CO
• Dissolved as HCO3, H2CO3
• Carbonite minerals as FeCO3, CO3
--, CaCO3
18. Hydrosphere
•Surface ocean
•Organic form as plants
algae
•Inorganic as calcareous
or HCO3
Movement
•To atmosphere through
diffusion, carbon partial
pressure
•Photosynthesis from marine
biota
•Erosion
•Upwelling of cold deep
water
19.
20. The Phosphorus Cycle
• The phosphorus cycle:
• Involves the movement
of phosphorus
throughout the
biosphere and
lithosphere
• Important because
phosphorus is an
essential element for
life and often is a
limiting nutrient for
plant growth.
21.
22. The Nitrogen Cycle
•The nitrogen cycle:
• Cycle responsible for moving important nitrogen
components through the biosphere and other Earth
systems
• Extremely important because nitrogen is required by all
living things
•Nitrogen fixation:
• The process of converting inorganic, molecular nitrogen in
the atmosphere to ammonia or nitrate
•Denitrification:
• The process of releasing fixed nitrogen back to molecular
nitrogen
23.
24. Earth as a Living System
Earth itself a system of
biological communities
• Biota:
• All the organisms of
all species living in an
area or region up to
and including the
biosphere
• Biosphere:
1. That part of a planet
where life exists
2. The planetary system
that includes and
sustains life
25. Ecosystem
• Ecosystem:
• A community of
organisms and its local
nonliving environment
in which matter
(chemical elements)
cycles and energy
flows.
• Life sustained by
interactions of many
different organisms,
functioning together,
and interacting through
their physical and
chemical environment
• Inherently complex
26. Basic Characteristics of Ecosystems
• Structure
• Living (Ecological Communities) – Hierarchical
interactions
• Non-living (physical/chemical environment)
• Processes
• Cycling of chemical elements – important and complex
• Inflows, recycling, no waste in nature, interactions
• Food webs
• Flow of energy
• Between tropic levels
• Change
• Evolution
• Succession
27. The Community Effect
• Population: group
of individuals
belonging to the
same species living
in the same area
• Species interact
directly and
indirectly
• Symbiosis
• Competition
• Predator prey
28. Community level interactions
•Community-level
interactions
• Generalists vs specialists
• Niches
•Keystone species
• Have large effects on it’s
community or ecosystem
• Its removal changes the basic
nature of the community
• Ex. Sea otter
•Holistic View Needed
31. Change
• Evolution – change in genetic material
• Succession
–The sequential change in the relative abundances of the dominant
species in a biological community converging to a climax state
32. Change
• Stages of Succession
–Early: plants typically small
with short lifecycles
(annuals…), rapid seed
dispersal, environmental
stabilizers.r selected,
generalists
–Middle: plants typically
longer lived, slower seed
dispersal, and in woodland
systems: larger.
–Late: plants and animal
species are those associated
with older, more mature
ecosystem. K-selected
species, niches
–“Climax”? - followed by a
disturbance
33. Resilience
• An ecosystem is
resilient if it can
maintain its
functional integrity
when subjected to
some disturbance
• Property of the
system
• How to maintain?
• Threshold
• Keystone
species
• Diversity
36. Ecosystem Functions/Services
•Ecosystem Functions/Services are the conditions
and processes through which natural ecosystems and
the species that make them up, sustain and fulfill
human life.
•Biophysical necessities for human life provided by
natural ecosystems
•Functions provide goods and services
•Currently threatened by most human activities
•Important (but new) conservation tool
37. Ecosystem functions/services
•Cover a wide range of
processes and scales
• Global scale
• Carbon sequestration
• Global warming
• Landscape scale
• Water purification
• Erosion prevention
• Community scale
• Crop pollination
• Pest control
• Field, plot or individual person
scale
• Local nutrient levels
• Disease and pest prevention
38. Ecosystem Functions and services
• The combined activity of soil organisms results in ecosystem
functions that sustain life on the planet. Ecosystem functions
that generate benefits to society have been defined as
ecosystem services. The centrality of belowground
biodiversity to global sustainability is because soil organisms
of different types, shapes and colours are responsible for
different ecological functions…
• Complex
• Dynamic
• Interact
• Multiple within an ecosystem
39.
40. Distinguish: ecosystem services and
functions
• The terms ‘functions’ and
‘services’ can be
confusing.
• Usually, functions are
considered as the
biological processes
underpinning and
maintaining the
ecosystem, while
ecosystem services are
defined as the direct and
indirect contributions of
an ecosystem to human
well-being
41. Step 1: Classification of Services
Different approaches
A) Approach - 1
• Supporting
• Provisioning
• Regulating
• Cultural
B) Approach - 2
• Regulation functions
• Habitat functions
• Production functions
• Information functions
C) Approach - 3
• Provision of production inputs (inputs from
environment)
• Sustaining plant and animal life (life support
services)
• Provision of existence value (Amenity services)
• Provision of option value (future services)
43. Approach - 2
1. Regulation functions – Maintenance of essential ecological
processes and life support systems.
• gas regulation (UVB regulation, climate, air quality)
• climate regulation (maintaining favorable climate)
• disturbance prevention (Storm prevention, flood
prevention)
• water regulation (drainage, natural irrigation)
• water supply (provision of water for consumptive use)
• soil retention (maintenance of arable land)
• soil formation (maintenance of productivity)
• nutrient regulation (maintenance of healthy soils)
• waste treatment (pollution control – detox)
• Pollination (pollination of crops)
• biological control (control of pests and diseases)
44. 2. Habitat functions
• Refugium function (maintaining harvested species)
• Nursery function
3. Production services
• food – conversion of solar energy into edible plants and animals,
food and energy
• raw materials
• genetic resources (drugs and pharmaceuticals)
• medicinal resources (drugs and pharmaceuticals – and others)
• Ornamental resources (resources for fashion, etc)
4. Information functions
• Aesthetic value (enjoyment of scenery)
• Recreation (travel to natural ecosystems)
• Cultural and artistic information (use of nature as a motive)
• Spiritual and historic information (use for religious purpose)
• Science and education (use for schools)
Approach – 2 (contd….)
45. Step 2: Identification
• Identify what species and processes are required to perform
each service
• Depends on the ecosystem
• Scale issues
• Separability
Step 3: Valuation
• Value the importance of those services using economic
evaluation
• E.g. the value of carbon sequestration
• Different methods for different services
48. Regulating Services
Drought – water
storage, reduced
seepage and
evaporation, clean
water
Flood – rainwater
absorption, excess
water drainage,
flow regulatory
mechanism
Cyclone –
gasgommana,
kattakaduwa, tis-
bambe, forest
Epidemics –
malaria, water
purification, waste
recycling
49. Supporting Services
Nutrients – tis-
bambe, gan-goda
landa, mee tree
Habitats–
kattakaduwa,
gasgommana
perahana, wew
thawula
50. Provisioning Services
Cottage
industry –
materials from
kattakaduwa
Consumables – food,
fruits, vegetable from
kattakaduwa,
gasgommana and wewa
Materials – timber, fuel
wood, farm implement,
household implement
Others – medicine,
bio-pesticides,
animal feed
51. Cultural Services
Recreation and
mental and physical
health - Agricultural
landscapes recreational
opportunities
Aesthetic appreciation
and inspiration for
culture, art and design
Spiritual experience and
sense of place - Natural
heritage, spiritual sense of
belonging, traditional
knowledge, and associated
customs.
Tourism -Farm
tourism allowing
urbanites to reconnect
with nature.