1. GLOBAL PROBLEMS
WATER
By: James Prae Liclican

2. WATER
Covers 70% of the Earths surface.
97% is salt water.
3% is fresh water
Water like any other Resources
are Renewable.
But 2% of the total Fresh water
is frozen and only 1% remains
sustainable and are mostly
found under ground

3. WATER RESOURCES
Are sources of water that are
useful to humans.
Water demand already exceeds
supply in many parts of the
world and as the world
population continues to rise, so
too does the water demand.
The uses of water includes
agricultural, industrial, household,
recreational and environmental
activities. all of these require fresh
water.
Fresh water is renewable resource
just like soil and air. The world is
supplied by clean and fresh water
and it is decreasing. Water is one
of our most critical resources, but
around the world it is under
threat.

4. WATER RESOURCES
Surface waters can be used by
Surface water
Men but the usefulness of it
depends on some factors
 are
found in rivers, lakes or
fresh of the water depends
Quantitywater wetlands. on
the storage capacity of the lakes,
wetlands and artificial reservoirs
It is naturally replenished

Quality depends on the
by precipitation and naturally lost
permeability of the soil,
through the discharge to
the runoff characteristics of the
the oceans, the precipitation
land, the timing ofevaporation, evapotrans
and local evaporation rates.
piration and sub-surface seepage.
All of these factors affect the
usefulness of the water

5. Sub-surface water or Groundwater
is fresh water located in the pore space of soil and rocks.
The natural input to sub-surface water is the
seepage from the surface water. The natural
outputs from sub-surface water are springs and
seepage to the oceans

6. Frozen Water
Several schemes have
been proposed to
make use of icebergs
as a water source,
however to date this
has only been done for
novelty purposes.
Glacier runoff is
considered to be
surface water.

7. Desalination
Desalination is an
artificial process by
which saline water
(generally sea
water) is converted
to fresh water.

8. Water Governance In Africa.
 Water governance is defined by the political, social,
economic and administrative systems that are in place,
and which directly or indirectly affect the use,
development and management of water resources and
the delivery of water service delivery at different levels of
society. Importantly, the water sector is a part of
broader social, political and economic developments
and is thus also affected by decisions outside of the
water sector.
Other illustrations of
Water Governance

9. WATER IS AFFECTED BY
WEATHER AND CLIMATE.
Water Scarcity In the Society
By The annual evaporation and precipitation of
water water to meet the demand.
Economic Scarcity is the
Lack of
Lack of safe access to fresh water.
Quantity or Economic Scarcity
and the
Quality or Physical scarcity.
Governance of Water in utilizing
the precious amount of water
resource and finding more water
resource to sustain the society.
Physical scarcity is the limited
access of the society to clean
water

10. Causes of
Water scarcity
1. Population-The population is ever
growing, so does the need of clean fresh
water.
2. Sanitation-Pollution affects the overall
cleanliness of the bodies of water.
3. Climate Change-People need to take
action by making a change, by
conservation!

11. Water scarcity
Pollution and sanitation

12. Rural
home
s
NONPOINT
SOURCES
Croplan
d
Animal
feedlot
Urban
streets
Factor
y
Suburban
Developme
nt
Sources of
water
pollutions are:
Agricultural Activities
(non-point sources)
Housing
Developments (nonpoint sources)
Industrial Facilities
(point-sources)
Waste
water
treatment
plant
Point
source
s
WATER POLLUTION
Sources of water pollution

13. Hypoxia
Eutrophication An
•A phenomenon that occurs in aquatic environments
as dissolved oxygen (DO; molecular oxygen
dissolved in the water) becomes reduced in
concentration to a point detrimental to aquatic
organisms living in the system.
•Oxygen depletion can be the
result of a number of factors
including natural ones, but is of
most concern as a consequence
of pollution and eutrophication in
which plant nutrients enter a
river, lake, or ocean,
phytoplankton blooms are
encouraged.
increase in chemical nutrients
— compounds containing
nitrogen or phosphorus — in
an ecosystem, and may occur
on land or in water. However,
the term is often used to mean
the resultant increase in the
ecosystem's primary
productivity (excessive plant
growth and decay), and
further effects including lack of
oxygen and severe reductions
in water quality, fish, and other
animal populations.
kill beneficial sea grasses, use up
Eutrophication- is the increase in chemical
nutrients…
Too much nutrients means more food for plants to
grow and in time more decay or decomposition,
which will again mean to more nutrients which will
not suitable a phenomena occurring in water
Hypoxia- is for animal populations.
SANITATI
POLLUTION
ON
environment where oxygen is being depleted.

14. Industry
Nitrogen oxides from autos
and smokestacks; toxic
chemicals, and heavy
metals in effluents flow
into bays and estuaries.
Cities
Toxic metals and
oil from streets and
parking lots pollute
waters; sewage
adds nitrogen and
phosphorus.
Urban sprawl
Bacteria and
viruses from sewers
and septic tanks
contaminate shellfish
beds and close
beaches; runoff
of fertilization from
lawns adds nitrogen
and phosphorus.
Closed
beach
Construction sites
Sediments are washed into waterways,
choking fish and plants, clouding
waters, and blocking sunlight.
Farms
Run off of pesticides, manure, and
fertilizers adds toxins and excess
nitrogen and phosphorus.
Red tides
Excess nitrogen causes explosive
growth of toxic microscopic algae,
poisoning fish and marine mammals.
Closed
shellfish beds
Oxygen-depleted
zone
Toxic sediments
Chemicals and toxic metals
contaminate shellfish beds,
kill spawning fish, and
accumulate in the tissues
of bottom feeders.
Healthy zone
Clear, oxygen
-rich waters
promote growth of plankton
and sea grasses, and support fish.
Oxygen-depleted zone
Sedimentation and algae
overgrowth reduce sunlight,
oxygen, and degrade habitat.

15. Marine Debris
•Human-created waste that has
deliberately or accidentally become
afloat in a lake, sea, ocean or
waterway. Oceanic debris tends to
accumulate at the centre of gyres and
on coastlines, frequently washing
aground, when it is known as beach
litter.
•Plastic bags, balloons, buoys, rope,
medical waste, glass bottles and
plastic bottles, cigarette lighters,
beverage cans, Styrofoam, lost
fishing line and nets, and various
wastes from cruise ships and oil rigs
are among the items commonly
found.
Pollution
Marine Pollution
•Entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles, industrial,
agricultural and residential waste, or the spread of invasive
organisms.
•Most sources of marine pollution are land based. The pollution
often comes from nonpoint sources such as agricultural runoff
and wind blown debris.
•Many potentially toxic chemicals adhere to tiny particles which
are then taken up by plankton and benthos animals, most of
which are either deposit or filter feeders.
•Toxins are concentrated upward
(bio magnification) within ocean food chains.

16. Ship
Pollution




Spills from oil tankers and
tanker
chemical
s
Ejection of sulphur dioxide,
dioxide and carbon dioxide gases into
nitrogen
the atmosphere from exhaust
fumes.
Discharge of cargo residues from bulk
carriers can pollute ports, waterways
and oceans.
Noise pollution that disturbs natural
•Water from ballast tanks can spread
harmful algae and other invasive
species.
Ocean Acidification
•The ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's
oceans, caused by their uptake of anthropogenic
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
•Human activities such as land-use changes, the
combustion of fossil fuels, and the production of
cement have led to a new flux of CO2 into the
atmosphere.
•Dissolving CO2 in seawater also increases the
hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in the ocean, and
thus decreases ocean ph.
Change in sea surface pH caused by anthropogenic CO2 between the
1700s and the 1990s.

17. Surface Runoff
Thermal Pollution
•Surface runoff can be generated
either by rainfall or by the melting of
snow or glaciers.
•It is the water flow which occurs when soil
is infiltrated to full capacity and excess
water, from rain, snowmelt, or other sources
flows over the land. This is a major
component of the water cycle.
•When runoff flows along the ground, it can
pick up soil contaminants such as
petroleum, pesticides (in particular
herbicides and insecticides), or fertilizers
that become discharge or nonpoint source Runoff flowing into a
storm water drain.
pollution.
•The rise or fall in the temperature of a natural body of
water caused by human influence.
•A common cause is the use of water as a coolant by
power plants and industrial manufacturers.
•Warm water typically decreases the level of dissolved
oxygen in the water . The decrease in levels of DO can
harm aquatic animals.
•May also increase the metabolic rate of aquatic animals,
as enzyme activity, resulting in these organisms
consuming more food.

18. Urbanization and Surface Run Off
¨ Urbanization increases surface runoff,
by creating more impervious surfaces
such as pavement and buildings, that
do not allow percolation of the water
down through the soil to the aquifer. It
is instead forced directly into streams
or storm water runoff drains, where
erosionndsiltationan be major
a
c
problems, even when flooding is not.
Increased runoff reduces groundwater
water table
recharge, thus lowering the
and making droughts worse, especially
for farmers and others who depend on
water wells.
Water Stagnation
•Occurs when water
stops flowing.
•Malaria and dengue
are among the main
dangers of stagnant
water, which can
become a breeding
ground for the
mosquitoes that
transmit these
diseases.

19. Waste Water Viral Infections
Bacterial Infections
Protozoan Infections
Parasitic Infections
SANITATION

20. Here are some of the
most popular
actions by the
Governments
around the world…
Clean water act of 1972
Regulates the discharge of
Industrial facilities and farms.
Regulates Sewage treatment and
maintains the physical, chemical
and biological integrity of water
Safe Drinking act 0f 1974
Regulates Plumbing for distribution
and regulated the Drinking Water
treatment Process.

21. Agricultural: It is estimated that 69% of worldwide
water use is for irrigation, with 15-35% of irrigation
withdrawals being unsustainable. Aquaculture is a small
but growing agricultural use of water.
•Industrial: It is estimated that 15% of worldwide water
use is industrial. The distribution of industrial water usage
that is varies widely, but as a whole is lower than
agricultural use.
Uses of water

22. Household: It is
estimated that 15% of
worldwide water use is
for household purposes.
These include drinking
water, bathing, cooking,
sanitation, and
gardening.
Environmental: Explicit
environmental water use is
also a very small but growing
percentage of total water use.
• Recreational water: use
is usually a very small but
growing percentage of
total water use.
Recreational water use is
mostly tied to reservoirs.

23. Saving water tips.
Brushing Teeth and Washing Dishes
• DO NOT keep water running while brushing your teeth/ doing
the dishes.
If Its Yellow, Let it Mellow. If Its Brown, Flush it Down
• Some people are bothered by this, but it is essential. Every time
you flush the toilet, you waste 10 gallons of water.
Bath time!
• Bath time is no longer Fun time. It wastes an unnecessary amount
of water. an average shower uses 1/5 the amount of water that is
needed for a bath!
Using the Toilet as a Garbage Can
• Do Not Do This! Throw out everything in a garbage can, even if it
is tempting to just throw it in the toilet.
Hot Water
• Only use hot water when absolutely necessary. Hot water uses a
lot more energy, and it isn’t always necessary
Turn off the tap when you brush your teeth.
Check your faucets and toilets for leaks.
Take shorter showers.

24. Data resource
Anemé Malan, anemem@statssa.gov.za, www.statssa.gov.za. For African water profile
Weather app for windows 8 modern: presentation of weather and climate, world and Philippines
Slideshare for powerpoint and word files used as data basis resource
WWF understanding water risks pdf file used as basis and picture resource
Wikipedia water problems search string
http://www.africanwater.org/drought_water_scarcity.htm
http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/606
http://thewaterproject.org/water-in-crisis-india.asp
http://www.unesco.org
http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/water/e

25. Enjoy the rest of the
day!!!
THANKS
FOR YOUR
COOPERATION!!!