This document provides an overview of the content covered in Unit 5 - Molecular Genetics, including Chapters 16-20. Chapter 16 focuses on DNA as the genetic material and DNA replication and repair. Chapter 17 examines the connection between genes and proteins, including transcription, translation, and RNA/protein synthesis. Chapter 18 covers the genetics of viruses and bacteria, including viral replication cycles and bacterial genetic variation. Chapter 19 discusses the organization and control of eukaryotic genomes, including chromatin structure, genome organization, and gene expression control. Finally, Chapter 20 reviews DNA technology and genomics, such as DNA cloning, analysis techniques, the Human Genome Project, and applications of DNA technology.
This presentation aims at giving a vivid knowledge about Nucleoli, a sub organelle of Nucleus, its role in protein formation. control, localization ad how specifically it is involved in Single Nucleotide polymorphism. The slide also discusses about the involvement of SNPs in Alzheimer’s Disease.
This presentation aims at giving a vivid knowledge about Nucleoli, a sub organelle of Nucleus, its role in protein formation. control, localization ad how specifically it is involved in Single Nucleotide polymorphism. The slide also discusses about the involvement of SNPs in Alzheimer’s Disease.
DNA is a molecule composed of two chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organism. DNA are nucleic acids;. The two DNA strands are also known as polynucleotides as they are composed of simpler monomeric units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen-containing nucleo bases (cytosine[C], guanine[G], adenine[A] or thymine[T]), a sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group.
Nucleotide :- nitrogenous base,sugar,phosphate
Nucleoside :- :- nitrogenous base,sugar
An overview of the history of structural studies of G protein-coupled receptors, written by Prof. Tony Harmar prior to his retirement from the University of Edinburgh and as chair of the Guide to PHARMACOLOGY.
DNA is a molecule composed of two chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organism. DNA are nucleic acids;. The two DNA strands are also known as polynucleotides as they are composed of simpler monomeric units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen-containing nucleo bases (cytosine[C], guanine[G], adenine[A] or thymine[T]), a sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group.
Nucleotide :- nitrogenous base,sugar,phosphate
Nucleoside :- :- nitrogenous base,sugar
An overview of the history of structural studies of G protein-coupled receptors, written by Prof. Tony Harmar prior to his retirement from the University of Edinburgh and as chair of the Guide to PHARMACOLOGY.
Assignment 5BIO 151 Summer 2016Upload by Sunday, June 19t.docxrock73
Assignment 5 BIO 151 Summer 2016
Upload by Sunday, June 19th at 11:00 PM
CHAPTER 16: MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE
1.During what part of the cell cycle is DNA replicated? Why does this happen?
Watson & Crick model
2. What are the three parts of a nucleotide. Draw/depict them and label each.
Five carbon ribose sugar
Phosphate molecule
Nitrogenous bases
3. What type of bond connects nucleotides in the sugar backbone of DNA together?
Phosphates
What type of bonding holds the two DNA strands together?
4. What does it mean that the two strands of a DNA molecule are anti-parallel?
It means forming a double helix
5. Explain the semi-conservative model of DNA replication. Draw/depict it.
6. How is the DNA double helix unwound for replication? What enzymes are involved in this step and what are their functions?
Helicase and Topoisomerase
7. What is an RNA primer and why is it necessary to start DNA replication?
8. In what direction are nucleotides added to the new strand by DNA polymerase?
5’ to 3’ direction
9. What is the difference between the leading strand and the lagging strand?
Leading strand is a strand that copy quickly.
Lagging strand is a strand that copy slowly
10. What are Okazaki fragments? What enzyme joins them together to form a new continuous DNA strand?
They areshort DNA segments. The enzyme DNA ligase
11. How does proof-reading keep the accuracy of DNA replication so high?
By minimizing the chance of incorporating wrong nucleotides
12. What is a telomere? Do prokaryotes have telomeres?
It is the end of a chromosome. They don’t have telomeres
CHAPTER 17: FROM GENE TO PROTEIN
1.What is the central dogma of biology?
a b
______DNA_______ ____RNA________ _______protein_____________
The arrows indicate what processes? a) Transcription
b) Translation
2.Most genes code for the production of what type of organic molecule?
Amino acids
3. Where in the cell does transcription occur for prokaryotes? For eukaryotes?
For prokaryotes: cytoplasm
For eukaryotes: nucleus
4. What is a codon? How do they code for amino acids?
It is a sequence made of 3 bases in the mRNA molecule. They code for amino acids by using a triplet code.
5. What does it mean that the genetic code is universal?
It means that all organisms use same codons for specific amino acid.
6. How is RNA different from DNA?
7. What does RNA polymerase do during transcription?
It takes the ribose into new strand of mRNA.
8. How does RNA polymerase know where to start?
The beginning of gene is called promoter
In what direction are nucleotides added?
They are added to the 3’ direction end of the RNA molecule
9. Explain what occurs in the three stages of transcription: (see pages 341-342)
Initiation: RNA polymerase works initiallyat the beginning of a gene
Elongation: Nucleotides added to the 3’ end of the growing RNA molecule
Termination: in this process, it sig ...
Describe DNA replication from an enzyme standpoint- What job does each.pdfNicholassDCHenderson
Describe DNA replication from an enzyme standpoint: What job does each enzyme (e.g.
primase, helicase, DNA polymerase, ligase) accomplish? What are the requirements for DNA
polymerase activity? What is the source of energy for polymerization? How does DNA
polymerase select the correct base to insert during replication? Describe how ATP differs from
the DNA building block dATP. Describe the components of a replication fork. Explain the steps
in a PCR reaction and their purpose and describe different uses for PCR. Explain what
chromosomes are, and what it means for chromosomes to be homologous. Explain what it means
to be diploid, and how the chromosome number is kept constant from generation to generation.
Explain the diploid haploid diploid cycle. Describe the steps of mitosis and explain why mitosis
produces two daughter cells with identical genetic information as the mother cell. Describe the
two sequential divisions of meiosis, and how the two divisions are different from each other and
from those of mitosis. Compare chromosomes at mitotic metaphase, and meiotic metaphase I and
II..
CELLULAR REPROGRAMMING: Current Technology, Perspectives and Generation of iP...Munna Yadav
Reprogramming refers to erasure and remodelling of epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, during mammalian development. Exposure of a differentiated cell nucleus to the cytoplasm of less differentiated cell leads to erasure of the stable epigenetic code that maintains the differentiated cell’s phenotype. Gradually, the nucleus acquires a new epigenetic code that is characteristic of the dedifferentiated cell donating the cytoplasm, a process termed cellular reprogramming.
4302019 Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet Intro Biological Anthrop.docxtroutmanboris
4/30/2019 Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet: Intro Biological Anthropology E01
https://ucdenver.instructure.com/courses/396703/pages/lecture-exam-4-study-sheet?module_item_id=1696194 1/5
Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet
Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet
Module 11
What are mitochondria and ribosomes? What are their functions?
Define gene, locus and allele, and explain the relationship between them
List the DNA nucleotides and discuss how they pair. How is this important for DNA
function?
List the components of a nucleotide.
Describe DNA structure.
Explain protein synthesis including transcription and translation, mRNA and tRNA.
What is a codon?
Where in the cell does transcription take place? Where in the cell does translation take place?
What are the building blocks of a protein? How many different kinds are there? How does the sequence of DNA
determine the order of these building blocks?
Explain the difference between point mutations and frame shift mutations, and discuss their effects on the
information coded in DNA.
List three structural differences between DNA and RNA. What is the difference in function of DNA and RNA?
List the RNA nucleotides and discuss how they pair.
How many chromosomes are found in a normal human somatic cell? How many chromosome pairs are found
in a normal somatic cell? How many chromosomes are found in a human gamete?
What are homologous chromosomes?
4/30/2019 Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet: Intro Biological Anthropology E01
https://ucdenver.instructure.com/courses/396703/pages/lecture-exam-4-study-sheet?module_item_id=1696194 2/5
What are the two sex chromosomes? Which two do males have? Which two do females have?
Which parent (male or female) determines the sex of the baby? Explain why this is the case.
What mRNA strand would transcribe the following DNA segment:
T A A G A T T G C A T C
Describe two ways that genetic variation is “shuffled” during meiosis.
Describe the process of mitosis.
Describe the process of meiosis.
List the difference between mitosis and meiosis. Be specific about the number of cell divisions, location in the
body, # of daughter cells, how many and what chromosomes in daughter cells, etc.
What are reduction division and crossing over? Why are they important to meiosis?
What is trisomy 21? Explain nondisjunction and how it can lead to trisomy 21.
What is a karyotype?
Define each term and then compare & contrast (i.e., describe how similar or different):
somatic cell vs. gamete cell
prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells
autosomal chromosome vs. sex chromosome
point mutation vs. frameshift mutation
nucleus vs. cytoplasm
haploid vs. diploid
Module 12
Define the following terms and be able to identify them functionally in examples: homozygous, heterozygous,
dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype.
What does it mean if an .
1- Discuss how animal viruses can be grown in the laboratory- Animal v.pdfaggallerychennai
1. Discuss how animal viruses can be grown in the laboratory. Animal viruses can be grow lab
animals, chicken eggs, or cell cultures 2. Differentiate persistent and latent viral infections. 3.
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capsids and envelopes. 5. Discuss the possible configurations of nucleic acid viruses may
possess. 6. What is the importance of viral surface proteins or spikes? 7. Describe the five-step
life cycle of animal viruses. 8. Define and describe metabolism - include the terms anabolism
and catabolism and desc what these terms mean. 9. Compare aerobic and anaerobic cellular
respiration in bacterial cells. Indicate where the following occur: glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron
transport chain. Indicate what the final electron acceptor molecule is. 10. Explain the difference
between competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibition. 11. Summarize the process of
fermentation. Discuss when a microbe might utilize fermentati the purpose of fermentation, and
provide a few examples of the products of fermentation 12. Define and describe the importance
of microorganisms in the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. 13. What is the
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Zoology Second Year Important Question | Exam Tips and TricksPreethyKs
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In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
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State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
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Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
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Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
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PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
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Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
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If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
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In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
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Unit 5 -chapters_16_-20
1. Unit 5 – Molecular Genetics – Chapters 16, 17, 18, 19 & 20
Chapter 16 – The Molecular basis of Inheritance
Objective questions:
DNA as the Genetic Material
1. Explain why researchers originally thought protein was the genetic material.
2. Summarize the experiments performed by the following scientists that provided evidence that DNA is the genetic
material: a. Frederick Griffith
b. Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty and Colin MacLeod
c. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
d. Erwin Chargaff
3. Explain how Watson and Crick deduced the structure of DNA and describe the evidence they used. Explain the
significance of the research of Rosalind Franklin.
4. Describe the structure of DNA. Explain the “base-paring rule” and describe its significance.
DNA Replication and Repair
5. Describe the semiconservative model of replication and the significance of the experiments by Matthew Meselson and
Franklin Stahl.
6. Describe the process of DNA replication. Note the structure of the many origins of replication and replication forks
and explain the role of DNA polymerase.
7. Explain what energy source drives the polymerization of DNA.
8. Define “antiparallel” and explain why continuous synthesis of both DNA strands is not possible.
9. Distinguish between the leading strand and the lagging strand.
10. Explain how the lagging strand is synthesized even though DNA polymerase can add nucleotides only to the 3’ end.
11. Explain the roles of DNA ligase, primer, primase, helicase, and the single-strand binding protein.
12. Explain why an analogy can be made comparing DNA replication to a locomotive made of DNA polymerase moving
along a railroad track of DNA.
13. Explain the roles of DNA polymerase, mismatch repair enzymes, and nuclease in DNA proofreading and repair.
14. Describe the structure and functions of telomeres. Explain the significance of telomerase to healthy and cancerous
cells.
Key terms:
transformation
semiconservative model
leading strand
primase
mismatch repair
telomere
bacteriophages
origins of replication
lagging strand
helicase
nuclease
telomerase
phage
double helix
replication fork
DNA polymerase
DNA ligase
primer
single-strand binding protein
nucleotide excision repair
Chapter 17 – From gene to Protein
Objective questions:
The Connection between genes and Proteins
2. Explain the reasoning that led Archibald Garrod to first suggest that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes.
3. Describe beadle and Tatum’s experiments with Neurospora and explain the contributions they made to our
understanding of how genes control metabolism.
4. Distinguish between the “one gene – one enzyme” hypothesis and the “one gene – one polypeptide” hypothesis and
explain why the original hypothesis was changed.
5. Explain how RNA differs from DNA.
6. Briefly explain how information flows from gene to protein.
7. Distinguish between transcription and translation.
8. Compare where transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes.
9. Define “codon” and explain the relationship between the linear sequence of condons on mRNA and thelinear sequence
of amino acids in a polypeptide.
10. Explain the early techniques used to identify what amino acids are specified by triplets UUU, AAA, GGG and CCC.
2. 11. Explain why polypeptides begin with methionine when they are synthesized.
12. Explain in what way the genetic code is redundant and unambiguous.
13. Explain the significance of the reading frame during translation.
14. Explain the evolutionary significance of a nearly universal genetic code.
The Synthesis and Processing of RNA
15. Explain how RNA polymerase recognizes where transcription should begin.
16. Explain the general process of transcription, including the three major steps of initiation, elongation, and termination.
17. Explain how RNA is modified after transcription in eukaryotic cells.
18. Define and explain the role of ribozymes
19. Describe the functional and evolutionary significance of introns.
The Synthesis of Proteins
20. Describe the structure and functions of tRNA.
21. Describe the structure and functions of ribosomes.
22. Describe the process of translation (including initiation, elongation, and termination) and explain which enzymes,
protein factors and energy sources are needed for each stage.
23. Describe the significance of polyribosomes.
24. Explain what determines the primary structure of a protein and describe how a polypeptide must be modified before it
becomes fully functional.
25. Describe what determines whether a ribosome will be free in the cytosol or attached to the rough endoplasmic
reticulum.
26. Describe two properties of RNA that allow it to perform so many different functions.
27. Compare protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
28. Define “point mutations.” Distinguish between base=pair substitutions and base-pair insertions. Give examples of
each and note the significance of such changes.
29. Describe several examples of mutagens and they cause mutations.
30. Describe the historical evolution of the concept of a gene.
Key terms
one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis
translation
template strand
promoter
transcription initiation complex
RNA splicing
alternative RNA splicing
anticodon
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
polyribosome
mutation
nonsense mutation
mutagen
RNA processing
codon
terminator
TATA box
intron
ribozymes
wobble
P site
signal peptide
point mutation
insertion
transcription
messenger RNQA (mRNA)
primary transcript
triplet code
reading frame
RNA polymerase
transcription unit
transcription factor
5’ cap
poly (A) tail
exon
spliceosome
domain
transfer RNA (tRNA)
aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis
A site
E site
signal-recognition particle (SRP)
base-pair substitution missense mutation
deletion
frameshift mutation
3. Chapter 18 – Microbial Models: The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria
Objective questions:
The Genetics of Viruses
1. Recount the history leading up to the discovery of viruses. Include the contributions of Adolf Mayer, D. Ivanowsky,
Martinus Beijerinck, and Wendell Stanley.
2. List and describe the structural components of viruses.
3. Explain why viruses are obligate parasites.
4. Distinguish between the lytic and lysogenic reproductive cycles, using phage T4 and phage lambda as examples.
5. Describe the reproductive cycle of an enveloped virus. Explain how the reproductive cycle of herpes viruses is
different.
6. Describe the reproductive cycle of retroviruses.
7. Explain how viral infections in animals cause disease.
8. Define “vaccine’ and describe the research of Jenner that led to the development of the smallpox vaccine.
9. Describe the best current medical defenses against viruses. Explain how AZT helps to fight HIV infectons.
10. Describe the mechanisms by which new viral diseases emerge.
11. List some viruses that have been implicated in human cancers and explain how tumor viruses transform cells.
12. Distinguish between the horizontal and vertical routes of viral transmissions in plants.
13. Describe the st5uctures and replication cycles of viroids and prions.
14. List some characteristics that viruses share with living organisms and explain why viruses do not fit our usual
definition of life.
15. Describe the evidence that viruses probably evolved from fragments of cellular nucleic acid.
The genetics of bacteria
16. Describe the structure of a bacterial chromosome.
17. Describe the process of binary fission in bacteria.
18. Compare the sources of genetic variation in bacteria and humans.
19. Compare the processes of transformation, transduction, and conjugation.
20. Distinguish between plasmids and viruses. Define episome.
21. Explain how the F plasmid controls conjugation in bacteria.
22. Describe the significance of R plasmids. Explain how the widespread use of antibiotics contributes to R-plasmid
related disease.
23. Define transposon and describe two types of transposition.
24. Distinguish between an insertion sequence and a complex transposon.
25. Describe the role of transposase and DNA polymerase in the process of transposition.
26. Briefly describe two main strategies that cells use to control metabolism.
27. Explain the adaptive advantages of genes grouped into an operon.
28. using the trp operon as an example, explain the concept of an operon and the function of the operator, repressor and
co-repressor.
29. Distinguish between structural and regulatory genes.
30. Describe how the lac operon functions and explain the role of the inducer, allolactose.
31. Explain how repressible and inducible enzymes differ and how those differences reflect differences in the pathways
they control.
32. Distinguish between positive and negative control and give examples of each from the lac operon.
33. Explain how cyclic AMP and the cyclic AMP receptor protein are affected by glucose concentration.
Key terms:
capsid
viral envelopes
bacteriophages
phages
host range
lytic cycle
virulent phage
lysogenic cycle
temperate phages
prophage
provirus
retrovirus
reverse transcriptase
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
vaccine
viroid
prions
nucleoid
transformation
transduction
generalized transduction
specialized transduction
conjugation
F factor
plasmid
episome
F plasmid
R plasmid
transposon
insertion sequence
operator
operon
repressor
regulatory gene
corepressor
inducer
4. cyclic AMP (cAMP)
cAMP receptor protein (CRP)
Chapter 19- The Organization and Control of Eukaryotic Genomes
Objective questions:
Eukaryotic Chromatin Structure
1.Compare the structure and organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes.
2. Describe the current model for progressive levels of DNA packing.
3. Explain how histones influence folding in eukaryotic DNA.
4. Distinguish between heterochromatin and euchromatin.
Genome Organization at the DNA Level
5. Describe the structure and functions of the portions of eukaryotic DNA that do not encode protein or RNA.
6. Define and distinguish between the three types of satellite DNA.
7. Explain how tandemly repeated nucleotide triplets can lead to human disease.
8. Describe the role of telomeres and centromeres.
9. Describe the structure and proportion of interspersed repetitive DNA.
10. Using the genes for rRNA as an example, explain how multigene families of identical genes can be
advantageous for a cell.
11. Using alpha-globin and beta-globin genes as examples, describe how multigene families of nonidentical
genes
probably evolve; include the role of transposition in your description.
12. Define pseudogenes.
13. Describe the process and significance of gene amplification.
14. Define and explain the significance of transposons and retrotransposons.
15. Explain how genetic recombination during development results in millions of different kinds of antibody
molecules.
The Control of Gene Expression
16. Define differentiation and describe at what level gene expression is generally controlled.
17. Explain how DNA methylation and histone acetylation affects chromatin structure and he regulation of
transcription.
18. Describe the eukaryotic processing of pre-mRNA.
19. Define control elements and explain how they influence transcription.
20. Explain the potential role that promoters, enhancers, activators, and repressors play in transcriptional
control.
21. Describe the two basic structural domains of transcription factors.
22. Explain how eukaryotic genes can be coordinately expressed and give some examples of coordinate gene
expression in eukaryotes.
23. Describe the process of alternative splicing.
24. Describe factors that influence the lifetime of mRNA in the cytoplasm. Compare the longevity of mRNA in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
25. Explain how gene expression may be controlled at the translational and posttranslational level.
Key terms:
histone
nucleosome
repetitive DNA
satellite DNA
pseudogenes
gene amplification
cellular differentiation
DNA methylation
control elements
enhancer
alternative RNA splicing
proteasome
tumor-suppressor gene ras gene
heterochromatin
Alu element
retrotransposons
genomic imprinting
activator
oncogene
p53 gene
euchromatin(“true chromatin”)
multigene family
immunoglobulins
histone acetylation
DNA-binding domain
proto-oncogene
Chapter 20 – DNA Technology and Genomics
Objective questions
DNA Cloning
1. Explain how advances in recombinant DNA technology have helped scientists study the eukaryotic genome.
2. Describe the natural function of restriction enzymes.
3. Explain how the creation of sticky ends by restriction enzymes is useful in producing a recombinant DNA
5. molecule.
4. Outline the procedures for cloning a eukaryotic gene in a bacterial plasmid.
5. Describe the role of an expression vector.
6. Explain how eukaryotic genes are cloned to avoid the problems associated with introns.
7. Describe two advantages of using yeast cells instead of bacteria as hosts for cloning or expressing eukaryotic genes.
8. Describe three techniques to aggressively introduce recombinant DNA into eukaryotic cells.
9. Define and distinguish between genomic libraries using plasmids, phages, and cDNA.
10. Describe the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and explain the advantages and limitations of this procedure.
DNA Analysis and Genomics
11. Explain how gel electrophoresis is used to analyze nucleic acids and proteins and to distinguish between two
alleles of a gene.
12. describe the process of nucleic acid hybridization.
13. Describe the Southern blotting procedure and explain how it can be used to detect and analyze instances of
restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
14. Explain how RFLP analysis facilitated the process of genomic mapping.
15. List the goals of the Human Genome Project.
16. Explain how linkage mapping, physical mapping and DNA sequencing each contributed to the genome mapping
project.
17. Describe the alternate approach to whole-genome sequencing pursued by J. Craig Venter and the Celera
Genomics company. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of public and private efforts.
18. Describe the surprising results of the Human Genome Project.
19. Explain how the vertebrate genome, including that of human, generates greater diversity than the genomes
of invertebrate organisms.
20. Describe what we have learned by comparing the human genome to that of other organisms.
21. Explain the purposes of gene expression studies. Describe the use of DNA microarray assays and explain
how they facilitate such studies.
22. Explain how in vitro mutagenesis and RNA interference help to discover the functions of some genes.
23. Define and compare the fields of proteomics and genomics.
24. Explain the significance of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the study of the human genome.
Practical Applications of DNA technology
25. Describe how DNA technology can have medical applications in such areas as the diagnosis of genetic
disease, the development of gene therapy, vaccine production, and the development of pharmaceutical products.
26. Explain how DNA technology is used in forensic sciences.
27. Describe how gene manipulation has practical applications for environmental and agricultural work.
28. Describe how plant genes can be manipulated using the Ti plasmid carried by Agrobacterium as a vector.
29. Explain how DNA technology can be used to improve the nutritional value of crops and to develop plants that can
produce pharmaceutical products.
30. Describe the safety and ethical questions related to recombinant DNA studies and the biotechnology industry.
Key terms:
recombinant DNA
genetic engineering
restriction enzyme
restriction site
DNA ligase
cloning vector
expression vector
complementary DNA (cDNA)
electroporation
genomic library
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
restriction fragment length
polymorphisms (RFLPs)
bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)
RNA interference (RNAi)
proteomics
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
genetically modified (GM) organisms
biotechnology
gene cloning
restriction fragments
sticky ends
nucleic acid probe
denaturation
yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs)
cDNA library
genomics
gel electrophoresis
Southern blotting
Human Genome Project
chromosome walking
DNA microarray assays
in vitro mutagenesis
bioinformatics
gene therapy
transgenic organisms
Ti plasmid
6. molecule.
4. Outline the procedures for cloning a eukaryotic gene in a bacterial plasmid.
5. Describe the role of an expression vector.
6. Explain how eukaryotic genes are cloned to avoid the problems associated with introns.
7. Describe two advantages of using yeast cells instead of bacteria as hosts for cloning or expressing eukaryotic genes.
8. Describe three techniques to aggressively introduce recombinant DNA into eukaryotic cells.
9. Define and distinguish between genomic libraries using plasmids, phages, and cDNA.
10. Describe the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and explain the advantages and limitations of this procedure.
DNA Analysis and Genomics
11. Explain how gel electrophoresis is used to analyze nucleic acids and proteins and to distinguish between two
alleles of a gene.
12. describe the process of nucleic acid hybridization.
13. Describe the Southern blotting procedure and explain how it can be used to detect and analyze instances of
restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
14. Explain how RFLP analysis facilitated the process of genomic mapping.
15. List the goals of the Human Genome Project.
16. Explain how linkage mapping, physical mapping and DNA sequencing each contributed to the genome mapping
project.
17. Describe the alternate approach to whole-genome sequencing pursued by J. Craig Venter and the Celera
Genomics company. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of public and private efforts.
18. Describe the surprising results of the Human Genome Project.
19. Explain how the vertebrate genome, including that of human, generates greater diversity than the genomes
of invertebrate organisms.
20. Describe what we have learned by comparing the human genome to that of other organisms.
21. Explain the purposes of gene expression studies. Describe the use of DNA microarray assays and explain
how they facilitate such studies.
22. Explain how in vitro mutagenesis and RNA interference help to discover the functions of some genes.
23. Define and compare the fields of proteomics and genomics.
24. Explain the significance of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the study of the human genome.
Practical Applications of DNA technology
25. Describe how DNA technology can have medical applications in such areas as the diagnosis of genetic
disease, the development of gene therapy, vaccine production, and the development of pharmaceutical products.
26. Explain how DNA technology is used in forensic sciences.
27. Describe how gene manipulation has practical applications for environmental and agricultural work.
28. Describe how plant genes can be manipulated using the Ti plasmid carried by Agrobacterium as a vector.
29. Explain how DNA technology can be used to improve the nutritional value of crops and to develop plants that can
produce pharmaceutical products.
30. Describe the safety and ethical questions related to recombinant DNA studies and the biotechnology industry.
Key terms:
recombinant DNA
genetic engineering
restriction enzyme
restriction site
DNA ligase
cloning vector
expression vector
complementary DNA (cDNA)
electroporation
genomic library
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
restriction fragment length
polymorphisms (RFLPs)
bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)
RNA interference (RNAi)
proteomics
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
genetically modified (GM) organisms
biotechnology
gene cloning
restriction fragments
sticky ends
nucleic acid probe
denaturation
yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs)
cDNA library
genomics
gel electrophoresis
Southern blotting
Human Genome Project
chromosome walking
DNA microarray assays
in vitro mutagenesis
bioinformatics
gene therapy
transgenic organisms
Ti plasmid