Describe DNA replication from an enzyme standpoint- What job does each.pdf
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Describe DNA replication from an enzyme standpoint: What job does each enzyme (e.g. primase, helicase, DNA polymerase, ligase) accomplish? What are the requirements for DNA polymerase activity? What is the source of energy for polymerization? How does DNA polymerase select the correct base to insert during replication? Describe how ATP differs from the DNA building block dATP. Describe the components of a replication fork. Explain the steps in a PCR reaction and their purpose and describe different uses for PCR. Explain what chromosomes are, and what it means for chromosomes to be homologous. Explain what it means to be diploid, and how the chromosome number is kept constant from generation to generation. Explain the diploid haploid diploid cycle. Describe the steps of mitosis and explain why mitosis produces two daughter cells with identical genetic information as the mother cell. Describe the two sequential divisions of meiosis, and how the two divisions are different from each other and from those of mitosis. Compare chromosomes at mitotic metaphase, and meiotic metaphase I and II..
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Unit 5 -chapters_16_-20
This document provides an overview of the content covered in Unit 5 - Molecular Genetics, including Chapters 16-20. Chapter 16 focuses on DNA as the genetic material and DNA replication and repair. Chapter 17 examines the connection between genes and proteins, including transcription, translation, and RNA/protein synthesis. Chapter 18 covers the genetics of viruses and bacteria, including viral replication cycles and bacterial genetic variation. Chapter 19 discusses the organization and control of eukaryotic genomes, including chromatin structure, genome organization, and gene expression control. Finally, Chapter 20 reviews DNA technology and genomics, such as DNA cloning, analysis techniques, the Human Genome Project, and applications of DNA technology.
Genes code for gene products. What does this statement mean Briefly.pdf
Genes code for gene products. What does this statement mean? Briefly describe the structure of
DNA by using the following terms: nucleotide, strand, complementary, deoxyribose, phosphate,
anti-parallel, base pairing, adenine, cytosine. How many DNA molecules are in a chromosome?
How many genes are in an average bacterial chromosome? What is the purpose of DNA
replication? (\"To make more DNA\" would not be a complete answer.) Summarize the process
of DNA replication by using the following terms: replication fork, template, nucleotide, primer,
DNA polymerase, DNA ligase. (Know what each term means.) Summarize the process of RNA
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Be able to predict the sequence of a complementary strand in both DNA and RNA synthesis, w
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sequence of a encoded by a nucleic acid, when the nucleic acid sequence is given. Classify
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3. Genes code for gene products
Gene is a portion of DNA. It is made up of nucleotide sequences. It expresses itself and transfer
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generally it is protein but it may be RNA molecules. Here gene products are those proteins and
RNAs.
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DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is the molecule that contains all genetic information of an
organism.
DNA has a double helix shape, which is like a ladder twisted into a spiral. Each spiral is
composed of polynucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of - deoxyribose, a kind of sugar with
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are four types of nucleotide: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G). Nucleotides
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phosphate of the next, kn.
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This document provides a summary of key concepts relating to how genetic information flows from genes to proteins. It begins by outlining objectives about genes controlling phenotypes in pea plants and how Archibald Garrod first suggested genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes. It then discusses experiments by Beadle and Tatum with Neurospora that demonstrated genes control metabolism. The document continues by distinguishing the original "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis from the updated "one gene-one polypeptide" hypothesis. It concludes by summarizing concepts such as transcription, translation, the genetic code, mutations, and the historical evolution of the gene concept.
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Genes code for gene products. What does this statement mean? Briefly describe the structure of
DNA by using the following terms: nucleotide, strand, complementary, deoxyribose, phosphate,
anti-parallel, base pairing, adenine, cytosine. How many DNA molecules are in a chromosome?
How many genes are in an average bacterial chromosome? What is the purpose of DNA
replication? (\"To make more DNA\" would not be a complete answer.) Summarize the process
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(adenine, guanine, cylosine, and trymine), Lkewise, the complex RNA molecule found in cells is
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guanine, cytosine, and uracil). Foliow the instructions found with the DNA puzzie kit to
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1 - 8 . You will not be able to fill out the entire chart at once, but list the name of each pioce
when you can identily it and whether it is found in DNA, RNA, or BOTH. a. Write the inltial of
the bases in the order found in your DNA ladder, below. DNA iop strand: C G A A I G A S Q.
Briefly describe the pairing of bases in the "rungs" of your DNA ladder. Is there a pattern to the
base pairing (use base names), and is there a pattern to the base types (purines and pyrimldines)
found in the pairs? Why do you think they pair up in this manner? Kes) Guantie and Cu Mosine,
Adiec and Thamire. DNA REPLICATION: Before cells car divide inso new cells, they must
make components for the new cels. Duplicating DNA called DNA replication, is part of thil
process. Foliow DNA wit instructions to make new DNA using the original double strand, then
answer the following. Q. Describe the role hydrogen bonding plays in the process of replication,
and the compesition of the resulting DNA strands including whether or not they are identical
using key words like "original" and "eopy". Higlvogen ponding heivs to kec an ins shuchere of
plda stroid TRANSCRIPTION - DNA to RNA: Although DNA carries the code to make
proteins, it cannot leave the nucleus and travel to the ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs.
Something else must take the message. Follow the instructions with your DNA kit to explore
transcription, and then answer the questions, below. Describe the base sequence of the mRNA
you have formed showing which bases pair up with the bases of the oriainal DNA. Briefly
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PROTEINS: The genetic code is carried in linear sequence of bases. A protein is made of a linear
sequence of amino acids. The languages are different, but if translated, the codes are the same.
Follow the instructions in your DNA kit to study translation. When you've completed the puzzle
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represents the base sequences from DNA. mRNA and TRNA that transiate to an .
4302019 Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet Intro Biological Anthrop.docx
4/30/2019 Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet: Intro Biological Anthropology E01
https://ucdenver.instructure.com/courses/396703/pages/lecture-exam-4-study-sheet?module_item_id=1696194 1/5
Lectureย Examย 4ย Studyย Sheet
ย ย ย
Lectureย Examย 4ย Studyย Sheet
ย
Moduleย 11
ยญWhatย areย mitochondriaย andย ribosomes?ย Whatย areย theirย functions?ย ย
ยญDefineย gene,ย locusย andย allele,ย andย explainย theย relationshipย betweenย themย ย
ยญListย theย DNAย nucleotidesย andย discussย howย theyย pair.ย Howย isย thisย importantย forย DNA
function?ย ย
ยญListย theย componentsย ofย aย nucleotide.ย ย
ยญDescribeย DNAย structure.ย ย
ยญExplainย proteinย synthesisย includingย transcriptionย andย translation,ย mRNAย andย tRNA.ย ย
ยญWhatย isย aย codon?ย ย
ยญWhereย inย theย cellย doesย transcriptionย takeย place?ย Whereย inย theย cellย doesย translationย takeย place?ย ย
ยญWhatย areย theย buildingย blocksย ofย aย protein?ย Howย manyย differentย kindsย areย there?ย Howย doesย theย sequenceย ofย DNA
determineย theย orderย ofย theseย buildingย blocks?ย ย
ยญExplainย theย differenceย betweenย pointย mutationsย andย frameย shiftย mutations,ย andย discussย theirย effectsย onย the
informationย codedย inย DNA.ย ย
ยญListย threeย structuralย differencesย betweenย DNAย andย RNA.ย Whatย isย theย differenceย inย functionย ofย DNAย andย RNA?ย ย
ยญListย theย RNAย nucleotidesย andย discussย howย theyย pair.ย ย
ยญHowย manyย chromosomesย areย foundย inย aย normalย humanย somaticย cell?ย Howย manyย chromosomeย pairsย areย found
inย aย normalย somaticย cell?ย Howย manyย chromosomesย areย foundย inย aย humanย gamete?ย ย
ยญWhatย areย homologousย chromosomes?ย ย
4/30/2019 Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet: Intro Biological Anthropology E01
https://ucdenver.instructure.com/courses/396703/pages/lecture-exam-4-study-sheet?module_item_id=1696194 2/5
ยญWhatย areย theย twoย sexย chromosomes?ย Whichย twoย doย malesย have?ย Whichย twoย doย femalesย have?ย ย
ยญWhichย parentย (maleย orย female)ย determinesย theย sexย ofย theย baby?ย Explainย whyย thisย isย theย case.ย ย
ยญWhatย mRNAย strandย wouldย transcribeย theย followingย DNAย segment:ย ย
ย ย ย ย Tย Aย Aย Gย Aย Tย Tย Gย Cย Aย Tย Cย ย
ยญDescribeย twoย waysย thatย geneticย variationย isย โshuffledโย duringย meiosis.ย ย
ยญDescribeย theย processย ofย mitosis.ย ย
ยญDescribeย theย processย ofย meiosis.ย ย
ยญListย theย differenceย betweenย mitosisย andย meiosis.ย Beย specificย aboutย theย numberย ofย cellย divisions,ย locationย inย the
body,ย #ย ofย daughterย cells,ย howย manyย andย whatย chromosomesย inย daughterย cells,ย etc.ย
ยญWhatย areย reductionย divisionย andย crossingย over?ย Whyย areย theyย importantย toย meiosis?ย ย
ยญWhatย isย trisomyย 21?ย Explainย nondisjunctionย andย howย itย canย leadย toย trisomyย 21.ย ย
ยญWhatย isย aย karyotype?ย ย
Defineย eachย termย andย thenย compareย &ย contrastย (i.e.,ย describeย howย similarย orย different):ย ย
ย ย ย ย ยญsomaticย cellย vs.ย gameteย cellย ย
ย ย ย ย ยญprokaryoticย vs.ย eukaryoticย cellsย ย
ย ย ย ย ยญautosomalย chromosomeย vs.ย sexย chromosomeย ย
ย ย ย ย ยญpointย mutationย vs.ย frameยญshiftย mutationย ย
ย ย ย ย ยญnucleusย vs.ย cytoplasmย ย
ย ย ย ย ยญhaploidย vs.ย diploid
Moduleย 12
ยญDefineย theย followingย termsย andย beย ableย toย identifyย themย functionallyย inย examples:ย homozygous,ย heterozygous,
dominant,ย recessive,ย genotype,ย phenotype.ย ย
ยญWhatย doesย itย meanย ifย anย .
Assignment 5BIO 151 Summer 2016Upload by Sunday, June 19t.docx
Assignment 5 BIO 151 Summer 2016
Upload by Sunday, June 19th at 11:00 PM
CHAPTER 16: MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE
1.During what part of the cell cycle is DNA replicated? Why does this happen?
Watson & Crick model
2. What are the three parts of a nucleotide. Draw/depict them and label each.
Five carbon ribose sugar
Phosphate molecule
Nitrogenous bases
3. What type of bond connects nucleotides in the sugar backbone of DNA together?
Phosphates
What type of bonding holds the two DNA strands together?
4. What does it mean that the two strands of a DNA molecule are anti-parallel?
It means forming a double helix
5. Explain the semi-conservative model of DNA replication. Draw/depict it.
6. How is the DNA double helix unwound for replication? What enzymes are involved in this step and what are their functions?
Helicase and Topoisomerase
7. What is an RNA primer and why is it necessary to start DNA replication?
8. In what direction are nucleotides added to the new strand by DNA polymerase?
5โ to 3โ direction
9. What is the difference between the leading strand and the lagging strand?
Leading strand is a strand that copy quickly.
Lagging strand is a strand that copy slowly
10. What are Okazaki fragments? What enzyme joins them together to form a new continuous DNA strand?
They areshort DNA segments. The enzyme DNA ligase
11. How does proof-reading keep the accuracy of DNA replication so high?
By minimizing the chance of incorporating wrong nucleotides
12. What is a telomere? Do prokaryotes have telomeres?
It is the end of a chromosome. They donโt have telomeres
CHAPTER 17: FROM GENE TO PROTEIN
1.What is the central dogma of biology?
a b
______DNA_______ ____RNA________ _______protein_____________
The arrows indicate what processes? a) Transcription
b) Translation
2.Most genes code for the production of what type of organic molecule?
Amino acids
3. Where in the cell does transcription occur for prokaryotes? For eukaryotes?
For prokaryotes: cytoplasm
For eukaryotes: nucleus
4. What is a codon? How do they code for amino acids?
It is a sequence made of 3 bases in the mRNA molecule. They code for amino acids by using a triplet code.
5. What does it mean that the genetic code is universal?
It means that all organisms use same codons for specific amino acid.
6. How is RNA different from DNA?
7. What does RNA polymerase do during transcription?
It takes the ribose into new strand of mRNA.
8. How does RNA polymerase know where to start?
The beginning of gene is called promoter
In what direction are nucleotides added?
They are added to the 3โ direction end of the RNA molecule
9. Explain what occurs in the three stages of transcription: (see pages 341-342)
Initiation: RNA polymerase works initiallyat the beginning of a gene
Elongation: Nucleotides added to the 3โ end of the growing RNA molecule
Termination: in this process, it sig ...
6. DNA
DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the synthesis of proteins. It is transcribed into mRNA which is translated by ribosomes to produce proteins. There are 20 standard amino acids that join together via peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains that fold into specific three-dimensional shapes defined by the genetic code. The shape of the protein determines its function in the cell.
What phase of chemical respiration generates more ATP- The aerobic pha.pdf
What phase of chemical respiration generates more ATP? The aerobic phase. The anaerobic
phase. The mitochondrial phase. None of these. QUESTION 2 Which is NOT a difference
between DNA and RNA? DNA has deoxyribose in its sugar-phosphate backbone, but RNA has
ribose. DNA has monomers made of nucleotides, but RNA has monomers made of ATP. DNA
uses the base thymine, while RNA uses uracil. None of these. QUESTION 3 What is
complementary base pairing in the DNA molecule or when RNA interacts with DNA? C always
pairs with G , and T always pairs with A (or U in RNA). DNA always binds to RNA, and RNA
always binds to DNA. Phosphate groups binding to ribose sugars. Nitrogen-containing bases
binding to ribose sugars. QUESTION 4 What is the "Central Dogma of Biology," and how can it
be expressed more accurately? Protein to DNA to RNA; Protein - transcription - DNA -
translation -RNA DNA to Protein to RNA; DNA - translation - Protein - transcription - RNA
Protein to RNA to DNA; Protein - transcription - RNA - translation - DNA DNA to RNA to
Protein; DNA - transcription - RNA - translation - Protein What are the 3 types of RNA that are
involved in the synthesis of proteins from the DNA genetic code. Inverted, Compressed,
Depolymerized Messenger, Ribosomal, Transfer Gluco-, Proteo, Nucleo- None of these.
QUESTION 6 What are the two types of cell division, and how are they different? Chromatin
and prohase, chromatin covers the DNA, and in prophase it disappears. Anaphase and Telophase,
in anaphase the chromosomes pull apart, and in telophase, the nucleus re-forms. The cell cycle
and cell death, in the cell cycle, the cell lives and grows, and at the end of it, there is cell death.
Mitosis and Meiosis. In mitosis, each cell resulting from one divison has exactly the same DNA
as the orginal cell that divided, but in meiosis, there are two divisions, and the four cellls which
result have only half the number of chromosomes as the orignai cell. QUESTION 7 What are
stem cells? Cells which belong to the stalk of a plant, between the roots and the leaves. Cells that
are not found in animals. Cells which are capable of changing (differentiating) into more than
one other cell type. None of these. QUESTION 8 What are the four major types of tissues?
Brain, Heart, Lung, Stomach Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, Muscle Skin, Hair, Blood, Saliva
None of these. Which is a NOT a characteristic of epithelial tissue? It conducts electrical
impulses. It is avascular. it forms glands. All of these are characteristics of epithelial tissue.
QUESTION 10 Unlike in epithelial tissue, in connective tissue: The cells don't have a nucleus.
The cells are spaced apart. Most of the cells are non-living. None of these..
What do you call the cellular process of RNA production What is the.pdf
What do you call the cellular process of RNA production? What is the main function of the
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polypeptide? What is the term used to describe a molecule that is both hydrophobic and
hydrophilic? Where in the cell does pyruvate decarboxylation occur? What is the major
structural material making up ribosomes? The mode of cell division that results in four daughter
cells that are genetically different, with each cell containing one haploid set of chromosomes, is
knows as? A dihybrid cross SS tt times ss TT is made in which S is dominant, but there is no
dominance between T and t. Assuming independent assortment, how many phenotypic classes
are expected in F2? Disulfide bonds are often found to stabilize which of the following levels of
protein structure?
Solution
Answer :
Q1. Transcription is the molecular biology term used to describe the synthesis of RNA from
DNA. This is catalysed by RNA polymerase enzyme.
Q2. Mitochindria is the site of TCA cycle, Electron transport chain and Fatty acid oxidation. This
is the organelle involved in the synthesis of ATP, which is the energy currency of the cell.
Q3. Cytoplasm is the site in the cell where glycolysis ( Breakdown of glucose) occurs producing
two molecules of pyruvates.
Q4. tRNA or transfer RNA is the molecule that reads the mRNA (messenger RNA) to produce a
protein in a process called translation which occurs in the cytoplasm.
Q5. Amphipathic is the term used to describe a molecule possessing both hydrophobic and
hydrophillic parts..
Dnareplication
This document discusses several key aspects of DNA structure and function:
1) Chromosomes contain DNA, histone proteins, and some RNA. DNA contains a code made up of four nucleotide bases that determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins.
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Mitochondria generate most of a cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. They contain their own genome separate from the nuclear genome. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure with the inner membrane forming folds called cristae. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA present in multiple copies that encodes proteins, rRNAs and tRNAs. Mitochondrial DNA is replicated, transcribed and the RNAs processed independently of the nuclear genome. Key processes involve the RNA polymerase, transcription factors and the DNA polymerase for replication. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA can cause human diseases.
Method and Practice in Biological Anthropology 1st Edition Hens Solutions Manual
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Method and Practice in Biological Anthropology 1st Edition Hens Solutions Manual
Differentiated Fern Research Paper
The document discusses the SCRaMbLE technique, which uses the Cre-loxP system to increase phenotypic and genotypic diversity in organisms. The Cre-loxP system was originally discovered in bacteriophage P1, where it directs site-specific recombination of plasmid DNA into bacterial chromosomes. SCRaMbLE was first tested in yeast in 1987 and allows random chromosomal rearrangements by inducing recombination between loxP sites inserted throughout the genome. This technique can be used to determine which gene combinations confer beneficial traits to yeast.
3.5 transcription & translation
DNA and RNA both contain nucleotides with sugars, bases, and phosphates. DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine, while RNA contains ribose and uracil. DNA exists as two strands, while RNA exists as a single strand. The genetic code uses three-base sequences called codons to specify the twenty amino acids. Transcription produces mRNA from DNA, and translation uses mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes and amino acids to assemble polypeptides specified by mRNA codons. Originally it was believed one gene specified one polypeptide, but exceptions to this rule have been discovered.
Microbial genetics
Bacteria possess two genetic structures - the chromosome and plasmids. Plasmids are circular DNA molecules that are not essential for survival but can carry genes for virulence or antibiotic resistance. Bacteria exchange genetic information through transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Transformation involves uptake of naked DNA, transduction uses bacteriophages to transfer DNA, and conjugation requires cell-to-cell contact. Recombination and mutation contribute to genetic variability within bacterial populations. Restriction enzymes help prevent uptake of foreign DNA that is not properly modified.
Replication
Tommy was born small and had frequent illnesses as a child. He remained short as an adult and was diagnosed with intestinal cancer at age 22. Additional unrelated tumors appeared over the next 10 years. Testing revealed Tommy had Bloom syndrome, a rare genetic disorder characterized by short stature, facial rashes from sun exposure, small head size, and high risk of multiple cancers. Bloom syndrome results from a defective gene that encodes a DNA helicase enzyme, causing errors in DNA replication and increased mutations.
Replication 111109072715-phpapp01
Tommy was born small and developed unusual rashes and frequent infections as a child. He was diagnosed with intestinal cancer at age 22 and multiple unrelated tumors appeared over the next 10 years. Genetic testing revealed he had Bloom syndrome, a rare disorder caused by a defect in a DNA helicase enzyme involved in DNA replication. This leads to a high mutation rate and predisposition to many types of cancer. The passage discusses DNA replication and how defects can lead to diseases like Bloom syndrome characterized by genomic instability and cancer predisposition.
Tame documents
This document contains an assignment on molecular biology for genetics students. It includes 10 multiple choice questions covering key concepts about DNA and RNA structure, DNA replication, and the experimental contributions of important molecular biologists. Specifically:
1) DNA stores genetic information and allows for inheritance and gene expression through its double-stranded structure in the nucleus.
2) DNA contains deoxyribonucleotides while RNA contains ribonucleotides, and DNA is double-stranded while RNA is single-stranded, with DNA storing genetic information in the nucleus and RNA involved in protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
3) Watson and Crick determined the double-helix structure of DNA, while Chargaff discovered the ratios of DNA bases
Genome organization and Gene Expression
The document provides an overview of genome organization and gene expression. It discusses the basic components of DNA, including chromosomes, genes, nucleotides, and the structure of DNA. It describes DNA replication, including the initiation, elongation and termination steps. It also summarizes transcription and translation, the two processes by which the information in genes is used to direct protein synthesis and express cellular phenotypes.
Proteins
The document discusses how genetic information flows from DNA to proteins. It explains that DNA is transcribed into mRNA through transcription, and mRNA is then translated into proteins through translation. During transcription, RNA polymerase makes a complementary mRNA copy of the DNA gene. During translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules matching the mRNA codons bring amino acids to the ribosome, where they are linked together to form a protein chain according to the mRNA's genetic code. The protein then undergoes post-translational modifications before performing its function in the cell. Mutations can occur through changes in DNA bases that may alter protein sequences.
dna structure agricultural sciences gr12
1) DNA is found coiled into chromosomes within the nucleus of cells and contains the genetic instructions for building and maintaining an organism.
2) DNA has a double helix structure formed by pairing of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases. The sequence of these bases encodes genes which provide instructions for protein production.
3) During DNA replication, the double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template for production of a new complementary strand, resulting in two identical DNA molecules. This process ensures genetic information is copied for cell division.
Forensic dna typing by John M Butler
The document discusses the history and techniques of forensic DNA analysis. It describes how early methods like RFLP used repeated DNA regions called VNTRs to differentiate individuals. More recent STR techniques use short tandem repeats that allow analysis of low-quantity and degraded DNA samples. The document provides an overview of DNA structure and function, describing the double helix structure and how DNA is organized into chromosomes, genes, and loci. It also summarizes sample collection sources for DNA analysis and the basic workflow from extraction to profiling and comparison.
The Structure Of A Double Helix
A gene is defined as a sequence of nucleotides that encodes hereditary information. DNA, which is made up of nucleotides consisting of four bases, contains genes. Genes provide instructions for making proteins or controlling cell functions. During gene expression, genes are transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins, which determine an organism's traits and allow transfer of genetic information from parents to offspring.
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Lab 15- DNA Model Discovery Kit Answer sheet (For use with DNA Model K.pdf
Lab 15: DNA Model Discovery Kit Answer sheet (For use with DNA Model Kit with
instructions based on those by KD Blographics) DNA and RNA - Compounds and Structure:
DNA the genetic material found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, is a very complex molocule
formed using six compounds, PHOSPHATE, a SUGAR (deoxyribose), and four BASES
(adenine, guanine, cylosine, and trymine), Lkewise, the complex RNA molecule found in cells is
formed using six compounds, PHOSPHATE, a SUGAR (ribose), and four BASES (adenine,
guanine, cytosine, and uracil). Foliow the instructions found with the DNA puzzie kit to
categorize puzzfe pieces, and ibontify the specific compound name for each puzzle piece labeled
1 - 8 . You will not be able to fill out the entire chart at once, but list the name of each pioce
when you can identily it and whether it is found in DNA, RNA, or BOTH. a. Write the inltial of
the bases in the order found in your DNA ladder, below. DNA iop strand: C G A A I G A S Q.
Briefly describe the pairing of bases in the "rungs" of your DNA ladder. Is there a pattern to the
base pairing (use base names), and is there a pattern to the base types (purines and pyrimldines)
found in the pairs? Why do you think they pair up in this manner? Kes) Guantie and Cu Mosine,
Adiec and Thamire. DNA REPLICATION: Before cells car divide inso new cells, they must
make components for the new cels. Duplicating DNA called DNA replication, is part of thil
process. Foliow DNA wit instructions to make new DNA using the original double strand, then
answer the following. Q. Describe the role hydrogen bonding plays in the process of replication,
and the compesition of the resulting DNA strands including whether or not they are identical
using key words like "original" and "eopy". Higlvogen ponding heivs to kec an ins shuchere of
plda stroid TRANSCRIPTION - DNA to RNA: Although DNA carries the code to make
proteins, it cannot leave the nucleus and travel to the ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs.
Something else must take the message. Follow the instructions with your DNA kit to explore
transcription, and then answer the questions, below. Describe the base sequence of the mRNA
you have formed showing which bases pair up with the bases of the oriainal DNA. Briefly
describe how the results of transcription differ from the process of DNA replication.
Tronsciption differs from DNp repicatiop, making RNA COpy TRANSLATION - RNA to
PROTEINS: The genetic code is carried in linear sequence of bases. A protein is made of a linear
sequence of amino acids. The languages are different, but if translated, the codes are the same.
Follow the instructions in your DNA kit to study translation. When you've completed the puzzle
activity, fill in the answers, below. Fill in each three bese sequence in the mRNA and the tRNA
that you used in this lab activily. Look at the table of amino acids on the last page. Each column
represents the base sequences from DNA. mRNA and TRNA that transiate to an .
4302019 Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet Intro Biological Anthrop.docx
4/30/2019 Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet: Intro Biological Anthropology E01
https://ucdenver.instructure.com/courses/396703/pages/lecture-exam-4-study-sheet?module_item_id=1696194 1/5
Lectureย Examย 4ย Studyย Sheet
ย ย ย
Lectureย Examย 4ย Studyย Sheet
ย
Moduleย 11
ยญWhatย areย mitochondriaย andย ribosomes?ย Whatย areย theirย functions?ย ย
ยญDefineย gene,ย locusย andย allele,ย andย explainย theย relationshipย betweenย themย ย
ยญListย theย DNAย nucleotidesย andย discussย howย theyย pair.ย Howย isย thisย importantย forย DNA
function?ย ย
ยญListย theย componentsย ofย aย nucleotide.ย ย
ยญDescribeย DNAย structure.ย ย
ยญExplainย proteinย synthesisย includingย transcriptionย andย translation,ย mRNAย andย tRNA.ย ย
ยญWhatย isย aย codon?ย ย
ยญWhereย inย theย cellย doesย transcriptionย takeย place?ย Whereย inย theย cellย doesย translationย takeย place?ย ย
ยญWhatย areย theย buildingย blocksย ofย aย protein?ย Howย manyย differentย kindsย areย there?ย Howย doesย theย sequenceย ofย DNA
determineย theย orderย ofย theseย buildingย blocks?ย ย
ยญExplainย theย differenceย betweenย pointย mutationsย andย frameย shiftย mutations,ย andย discussย theirย effectsย onย the
informationย codedย inย DNA.ย ย
ยญListย threeย structuralย differencesย betweenย DNAย andย RNA.ย Whatย isย theย differenceย inย functionย ofย DNAย andย RNA?ย ย
ยญListย theย RNAย nucleotidesย andย discussย howย theyย pair.ย ย
ยญHowย manyย chromosomesย areย foundย inย aย normalย humanย somaticย cell?ย Howย manyย chromosomeย pairsย areย found
inย aย normalย somaticย cell?ย Howย manyย chromosomesย areย foundย inย aย humanย gamete?ย ย
ยญWhatย areย homologousย chromosomes?ย ย
4/30/2019 Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet: Intro Biological Anthropology E01
https://ucdenver.instructure.com/courses/396703/pages/lecture-exam-4-study-sheet?module_item_id=1696194 2/5
ยญWhatย areย theย twoย sexย chromosomes?ย Whichย twoย doย malesย have?ย Whichย twoย doย femalesย have?ย ย
ยญWhichย parentย (maleย orย female)ย determinesย theย sexย ofย theย baby?ย Explainย whyย thisย isย theย case.ย ย
ยญWhatย mRNAย strandย wouldย transcribeย theย followingย DNAย segment:ย ย
ย ย ย ย Tย Aย Aย Gย Aย Tย Tย Gย Cย Aย Tย Cย ย
ยญDescribeย twoย waysย thatย geneticย variationย isย โshuffledโย duringย meiosis.ย ย
ยญDescribeย theย processย ofย mitosis.ย ย
ยญDescribeย theย processย ofย meiosis.ย ย
ยญListย theย differenceย betweenย mitosisย andย meiosis.ย Beย specificย aboutย theย numberย ofย cellย divisions,ย locationย inย the
body,ย #ย ofย daughterย cells,ย howย manyย andย whatย chromosomesย inย daughterย cells,ย etc.ย
ยญWhatย areย reductionย divisionย andย crossingย over?ย Whyย areย theyย importantย toย meiosis?ย ย
ยญWhatย isย trisomyย 21?ย Explainย nondisjunctionย andย howย itย canย leadย toย trisomyย 21.ย ย
ยญWhatย isย aย karyotype?ย ย
Defineย eachย termย andย thenย compareย &ย contrastย (i.e.,ย describeย howย similarย orย different):ย ย
ย ย ย ย ยญsomaticย cellย vs.ย gameteย cellย ย
ย ย ย ย ยญprokaryoticย vs.ย eukaryoticย cellsย ย
ย ย ย ย ยญautosomalย chromosomeย vs.ย sexย chromosomeย ย
ย ย ย ย ยญpointย mutationย vs.ย frameยญshiftย mutationย ย
ย ย ย ย ยญnucleusย vs.ย cytoplasmย ย
ย ย ย ย ยญhaploidย vs.ย diploid
Moduleย 12
ยญDefineย theย followingย termsย andย beย ableย toย identifyย themย functionallyย inย examples:ย homozygous,ย heterozygous,
dominant,ย recessive,ย genotype,ย phenotype.ย ย
ยญWhatย doesย itย meanย ifย anย .
Assignment 5BIO 151 Summer 2016Upload by Sunday, June 19t.docx
Assignment 5 BIO 151 Summer 2016
Upload by Sunday, June 19th at 11:00 PM
CHAPTER 16: MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE
1.During what part of the cell cycle is DNA replicated? Why does this happen?
Watson & Crick model
2. What are the three parts of a nucleotide. Draw/depict them and label each.
Five carbon ribose sugar
Phosphate molecule
Nitrogenous bases
3. What type of bond connects nucleotides in the sugar backbone of DNA together?
Phosphates
What type of bonding holds the two DNA strands together?
4. What does it mean that the two strands of a DNA molecule are anti-parallel?
It means forming a double helix
5. Explain the semi-conservative model of DNA replication. Draw/depict it.
6. How is the DNA double helix unwound for replication? What enzymes are involved in this step and what are their functions?
Helicase and Topoisomerase
7. What is an RNA primer and why is it necessary to start DNA replication?
8. In what direction are nucleotides added to the new strand by DNA polymerase?
5โ to 3โ direction
9. What is the difference between the leading strand and the lagging strand?
Leading strand is a strand that copy quickly.
Lagging strand is a strand that copy slowly
10. What are Okazaki fragments? What enzyme joins them together to form a new continuous DNA strand?
They areshort DNA segments. The enzyme DNA ligase
11. How does proof-reading keep the accuracy of DNA replication so high?
By minimizing the chance of incorporating wrong nucleotides
12. What is a telomere? Do prokaryotes have telomeres?
It is the end of a chromosome. They donโt have telomeres
CHAPTER 17: FROM GENE TO PROTEIN
1.What is the central dogma of biology?
a b
______DNA_______ ____RNA________ _______protein_____________
The arrows indicate what processes? a) Transcription
b) Translation
2.Most genes code for the production of what type of organic molecule?
Amino acids
3. Where in the cell does transcription occur for prokaryotes? For eukaryotes?
For prokaryotes: cytoplasm
For eukaryotes: nucleus
4. What is a codon? How do they code for amino acids?
It is a sequence made of 3 bases in the mRNA molecule. They code for amino acids by using a triplet code.
5. What does it mean that the genetic code is universal?
It means that all organisms use same codons for specific amino acid.
6. How is RNA different from DNA?
7. What does RNA polymerase do during transcription?
It takes the ribose into new strand of mRNA.
8. How does RNA polymerase know where to start?
The beginning of gene is called promoter
In what direction are nucleotides added?
They are added to the 3โ direction end of the RNA molecule
9. Explain what occurs in the three stages of transcription: (see pages 341-342)
Initiation: RNA polymerase works initiallyat the beginning of a gene
Elongation: Nucleotides added to the 3โ end of the growing RNA molecule
Termination: in this process, it sig ...
6. DNA
DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the synthesis of proteins. It is transcribed into mRNA which is translated by ribosomes to produce proteins. There are 20 standard amino acids that join together via peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains that fold into specific three-dimensional shapes defined by the genetic code. The shape of the protein determines its function in the cell.
What phase of chemical respiration generates more ATP- The aerobic pha.pdf
What phase of chemical respiration generates more ATP? The aerobic phase. The anaerobic
phase. The mitochondrial phase. None of these. QUESTION 2 Which is NOT a difference
between DNA and RNA? DNA has deoxyribose in its sugar-phosphate backbone, but RNA has
ribose. DNA has monomers made of nucleotides, but RNA has monomers made of ATP. DNA
uses the base thymine, while RNA uses uracil. None of these. QUESTION 3 What is
complementary base pairing in the DNA molecule or when RNA interacts with DNA? C always
pairs with G , and T always pairs with A (or U in RNA). DNA always binds to RNA, and RNA
always binds to DNA. Phosphate groups binding to ribose sugars. Nitrogen-containing bases
binding to ribose sugars. QUESTION 4 What is the "Central Dogma of Biology," and how can it
be expressed more accurately? Protein to DNA to RNA; Protein - transcription - DNA -
translation -RNA DNA to Protein to RNA; DNA - translation - Protein - transcription - RNA
Protein to RNA to DNA; Protein - transcription - RNA - translation - DNA DNA to RNA to
Protein; DNA - transcription - RNA - translation - Protein What are the 3 types of RNA that are
involved in the synthesis of proteins from the DNA genetic code. Inverted, Compressed,
Depolymerized Messenger, Ribosomal, Transfer Gluco-, Proteo, Nucleo- None of these.
QUESTION 6 What are the two types of cell division, and how are they different? Chromatin
and prohase, chromatin covers the DNA, and in prophase it disappears. Anaphase and Telophase,
in anaphase the chromosomes pull apart, and in telophase, the nucleus re-forms. The cell cycle
and cell death, in the cell cycle, the cell lives and grows, and at the end of it, there is cell death.
Mitosis and Meiosis. In mitosis, each cell resulting from one divison has exactly the same DNA
as the orginal cell that divided, but in meiosis, there are two divisions, and the four cellls which
result have only half the number of chromosomes as the orignai cell. QUESTION 7 What are
stem cells? Cells which belong to the stalk of a plant, between the roots and the leaves. Cells that
are not found in animals. Cells which are capable of changing (differentiating) into more than
one other cell type. None of these. QUESTION 8 What are the four major types of tissues?
Brain, Heart, Lung, Stomach Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, Muscle Skin, Hair, Blood, Saliva
None of these. Which is a NOT a characteristic of epithelial tissue? It conducts electrical
impulses. It is avascular. it forms glands. All of these are characteristics of epithelial tissue.
QUESTION 10 Unlike in epithelial tissue, in connective tissue: The cells don't have a nucleus.
The cells are spaced apart. Most of the cells are non-living. None of these..
What do you call the cellular process of RNA production What is the.pdf
What do you call the cellular process of RNA production? What is the main function of the
mitochondria? Where in the cell does glycolysis take place? What reads mRNA to produce a
polypeptide? What is the term used to describe a molecule that is both hydrophobic and
hydrophilic? Where in the cell does pyruvate decarboxylation occur? What is the major
structural material making up ribosomes? The mode of cell division that results in four daughter
cells that are genetically different, with each cell containing one haploid set of chromosomes, is
knows as? A dihybrid cross SS tt times ss TT is made in which S is dominant, but there is no
dominance between T and t. Assuming independent assortment, how many phenotypic classes
are expected in F2? Disulfide bonds are often found to stabilize which of the following levels of
protein structure?
Solution
Answer :
Q1. Transcription is the molecular biology term used to describe the synthesis of RNA from
DNA. This is catalysed by RNA polymerase enzyme.
Q2. Mitochindria is the site of TCA cycle, Electron transport chain and Fatty acid oxidation. This
is the organelle involved in the synthesis of ATP, which is the energy currency of the cell.
Q3. Cytoplasm is the site in the cell where glycolysis ( Breakdown of glucose) occurs producing
two molecules of pyruvates.
Q4. tRNA or transfer RNA is the molecule that reads the mRNA (messenger RNA) to produce a
protein in a process called translation which occurs in the cytoplasm.
Q5. Amphipathic is the term used to describe a molecule possessing both hydrophobic and
hydrophillic parts..
Dnareplication
This document discusses several key aspects of DNA structure and function:
1) Chromosomes contain DNA, histone proteins, and some RNA. DNA contains a code made up of four nucleotide bases that determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins.
2) DNA replicates semi-conservatively, with each parent strand serving as a template to produce two new DNA double helices.
3) Replication requires DNA polymerase, nucleotides, and energy and proceeds through initiation, elongation, and termination steps at the replication fork.
An overview of mitochondrial biology
Mitochondria generate most of a cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. They contain their own genome separate from the nuclear genome. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure with the inner membrane forming folds called cristae. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA present in multiple copies that encodes proteins, rRNAs and tRNAs. Mitochondrial DNA is replicated, transcribed and the RNAs processed independently of the nuclear genome. Key processes involve the RNA polymerase, transcription factors and the DNA polymerase for replication. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA can cause human diseases.
Method and Practice in Biological Anthropology 1st Edition Hens Solutions Manual
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Method and Practice in Biological Anthropology 1st Edition Hens Solutions Manual
Differentiated Fern Research Paper
The document discusses the SCRaMbLE technique, which uses the Cre-loxP system to increase phenotypic and genotypic diversity in organisms. The Cre-loxP system was originally discovered in bacteriophage P1, where it directs site-specific recombination of plasmid DNA into bacterial chromosomes. SCRaMbLE was first tested in yeast in 1987 and allows random chromosomal rearrangements by inducing recombination between loxP sites inserted throughout the genome. This technique can be used to determine which gene combinations confer beneficial traits to yeast.
3.5 transcription & translation
DNA and RNA both contain nucleotides with sugars, bases, and phosphates. DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine, while RNA contains ribose and uracil. DNA exists as two strands, while RNA exists as a single strand. The genetic code uses three-base sequences called codons to specify the twenty amino acids. Transcription produces mRNA from DNA, and translation uses mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes and amino acids to assemble polypeptides specified by mRNA codons. Originally it was believed one gene specified one polypeptide, but exceptions to this rule have been discovered.
Microbial genetics
Bacteria possess two genetic structures - the chromosome and plasmids. Plasmids are circular DNA molecules that are not essential for survival but can carry genes for virulence or antibiotic resistance. Bacteria exchange genetic information through transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Transformation involves uptake of naked DNA, transduction uses bacteriophages to transfer DNA, and conjugation requires cell-to-cell contact. Recombination and mutation contribute to genetic variability within bacterial populations. Restriction enzymes help prevent uptake of foreign DNA that is not properly modified.
Replication
Tommy was born small and had frequent illnesses as a child. He remained short as an adult and was diagnosed with intestinal cancer at age 22. Additional unrelated tumors appeared over the next 10 years. Testing revealed Tommy had Bloom syndrome, a rare genetic disorder characterized by short stature, facial rashes from sun exposure, small head size, and high risk of multiple cancers. Bloom syndrome results from a defective gene that encodes a DNA helicase enzyme, causing errors in DNA replication and increased mutations.
Replication 111109072715-phpapp01
Tommy was born small and developed unusual rashes and frequent infections as a child. He was diagnosed with intestinal cancer at age 22 and multiple unrelated tumors appeared over the next 10 years. Genetic testing revealed he had Bloom syndrome, a rare disorder caused by a defect in a DNA helicase enzyme involved in DNA replication. This leads to a high mutation rate and predisposition to many types of cancer. The passage discusses DNA replication and how defects can lead to diseases like Bloom syndrome characterized by genomic instability and cancer predisposition.
Tame documents
This document contains an assignment on molecular biology for genetics students. It includes 10 multiple choice questions covering key concepts about DNA and RNA structure, DNA replication, and the experimental contributions of important molecular biologists. Specifically:
1) DNA stores genetic information and allows for inheritance and gene expression through its double-stranded structure in the nucleus.
2) DNA contains deoxyribonucleotides while RNA contains ribonucleotides, and DNA is double-stranded while RNA is single-stranded, with DNA storing genetic information in the nucleus and RNA involved in protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
3) Watson and Crick determined the double-helix structure of DNA, while Chargaff discovered the ratios of DNA bases
Genome organization and Gene Expression
The document provides an overview of genome organization and gene expression. It discusses the basic components of DNA, including chromosomes, genes, nucleotides, and the structure of DNA. It describes DNA replication, including the initiation, elongation and termination steps. It also summarizes transcription and translation, the two processes by which the information in genes is used to direct protein synthesis and express cellular phenotypes.
Proteins
The document discusses how genetic information flows from DNA to proteins. It explains that DNA is transcribed into mRNA through transcription, and mRNA is then translated into proteins through translation. During transcription, RNA polymerase makes a complementary mRNA copy of the DNA gene. During translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules matching the mRNA codons bring amino acids to the ribosome, where they are linked together to form a protein chain according to the mRNA's genetic code. The protein then undergoes post-translational modifications before performing its function in the cell. Mutations can occur through changes in DNA bases that may alter protein sequences.
dna structure agricultural sciences gr12
1) DNA is found coiled into chromosomes within the nucleus of cells and contains the genetic instructions for building and maintaining an organism.
2) DNA has a double helix structure formed by pairing of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases. The sequence of these bases encodes genes which provide instructions for protein production.
3) During DNA replication, the double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template for production of a new complementary strand, resulting in two identical DNA molecules. This process ensures genetic information is copied for cell division.
Forensic dna typing by John M Butler
The document discusses the history and techniques of forensic DNA analysis. It describes how early methods like RFLP used repeated DNA regions called VNTRs to differentiate individuals. More recent STR techniques use short tandem repeats that allow analysis of low-quantity and degraded DNA samples. The document provides an overview of DNA structure and function, describing the double helix structure and how DNA is organized into chromosomes, genes, and loci. It also summarizes sample collection sources for DNA analysis and the basic workflow from extraction to profiling and comparison.
The Structure Of A Double Helix
A gene is defined as a sequence of nucleotides that encodes hereditary information. DNA, which is made up of nucleotides consisting of four bases, contains genes. Genes provide instructions for making proteins or controlling cell functions. During gene expression, genes are transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins, which determine an organism's traits and allow transfer of genetic information from parents to offspring.
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n1 is even? false
n1 is prime? true
15 is prime? false
3539
3539
n2 is odd? false
45 is odd? true
n1 is equal to n2? false
n1 is equal to 5? True.
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