The chemistry of carbon ch4
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This document contains 21 questions about carbon compounds and macromolecules that are important for living things. Specifically, it asks about the chemical composition of cells, carbon compounds found in living things, carbon bonding, structural formulas of hydrocarbons, properties of hydrocarbons, isomers, how structure affects function, stereoisomers, functional groups and their significance, the 4 classes of macromolecules, monomers and polymers, how to synthesize and break down polymers.
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This document discusses organic compounds and their importance for living things. It defines organic compounds as anything containing carbon and hydrocarbons as compounds made of only hydrogen and carbon. There are two types of hydrocarbons: saturated and unsaturated. Hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons can be substituted with other elements like chlorine or bromine, or functional groups containing multiple elements. Common functional groups are OH, COOH, NH2, and NH2/COOH. Multiple organic compounds can be linked together to form polymers, like amino acids forming proteins or carbohydrate building blocks forming carbohydrates, which are important for plant reproduction, processes, and energy. Organic compounds are thus called "molecules for life" as plants and organisms
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Chemistry is important in biology because the structure and function of living things are governed by chemical laws. All living things are composed of six main elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Atoms of these elements form bonds and combine to create molecules and compounds through chemical reactions. Carbon is unique in that it can form four bonds, allowing it to make complex molecules with different shapes that are essential for life.
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Stereochemistry is the study of molecular spatial arrangements and their effects on properties. Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images. There are three naming conventions for enantiomers: D/L, d/l, and R/S. The D/L system distinguishes carbohydrates and amino acids based on hydroxyl or substituent group positions. The R/S system ranks atom priorities to assign configurations. Enantiomers can have different biological effects like smells, toxicity, and tastes due to molecular shape sensitivity. The R-form has a spearmint smell while the S-form smells of caraway. The d-form smells of oranges and the l-form of lemons.
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Chemistry is important in biology because the structure and function of living things are governed by chemical laws. All living things are composed of six main elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Atoms of these elements form bonds and combine to create molecules and compounds through chemical reactions. Carbon is unique in that it can form four bonds, allowing it to make complex molecules with different shapes that are essential for life.
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