This document discusses various genetics concepts including selective breeding, inbreeding, hybrids, test crosses, genetic engineering, and cloning. Selective breeding involves mating organisms with desired traits to produce offspring with those traits, and has been used to develop breeds of dogs, farm animals, and crop varieties. Inbreeding can increase undesirable recessive traits by making offspring homozygous. A hybrid is heterozygous with different forms of a trait from its parents. A test cross determines an unknown genotype. Genetic engineering uses restriction enzymes and vectors to insert recombinant DNA from one organism into another, creating transgenic organisms. Cloning produces genetically identical copies through nuclear transfer.

1. Week 26
Applied Genetics
– playing with genes to get traits you want
Ch. 13.1-2 pg 336

2.  Q: What do you get when you cross an insomniac, an
agnostic, and a dyslexic?
A: Someone who stays up all night wondering if there is a
Dog.”
 Q: What do you get if you cross a chicken with a cement
mixer?
A: A brick layer!
 What do you get if you cross an octopus with a cow?
 An animal that can milk itself.
 What do you get if you cross an elephant with a kangaroo
 Big holes all over Australia..
 What do you get if you cross an insect with the Easter
rabbit?
Bugs Bunny.
 What do you get when you cross a stream and a brook?
Wet feet.

3.  What do you get when you cross poison ivy with a 4-leaf
clover?
A rash of good luck.
 What do you get when you cross an elephant with a jar
of peanut butter?
 An elephant that sticks to the roof of your mouth.
 What do you get if you cross a shark with a snowman?
 Frostbite.
 What do you get if you cross a sheep with a vegetable?
A colliflower.
 What do you get if you cross a chicken with a kangaroo?
Pouched eggs.
 How can you tell a elephant from spaghetti?
An elephant doesn't slip off the end of your fork.
 What do you get if you cross a space ship with bacon?
An unidentified frying object.

4. selective breeding
The term is synonymous with "Artificial selection"
 Selecting and mating organisms with desired traits of the SAME
SPECIES to produce offspring that also possess desired traits
 high crop yields, resistance to disease, high growth rate,
featherless chickens
 used by Darwin as a springboard to introduce the theory of
natural selection, and to support it.

5. All our modern breeds of dog are descended
from the wolf.

6. So how come they all look and act so differently?
Very Loyal and
fast and intelligent
agile
Small and Large and
friendly strong
Courageous, Hard-
with a very working with
strong jaw a thick coat

7. Gamekeepers in the 1800s had a problem. Poachers
were entering their land and stealing their game-birds
before the shooting season. Their dogs (mastiffs) were
big, strong dogs and great companions but they were not
aggressive or fast enough to chase after the poachers.
Another breed known to them was the bulldog. This
was quick and aggressive but not strong enough to pull
the poachers down and hold them until a gamekeeper
arrived.
What could they do?
Mastiff Bulldog

8. Humans have changed the way dogs look and act by
choosing which dogs to breed together.
+
Mastiff – large and Bulldog – Aggressive
strong but slow and and quick but small.
not aggressive.
Bullmastiff –
Large, quick,
This is called strong and
aggressive
Selective Breeding Perfect!

9. Selective Breeding in Animals
 Modern farm animals are quite different from
those 200 years ago due to selective breeding.
Egg hens lay more eggs.
 For each of the animals below write down one
thing the breeders might have wanted to improve
 Beef cattle
 Dairy cattle
 Sheep bred for meat
 Sheep bred for wool
 Pigs

10. inbreeding
 Mating individuals of the SAME SPECIES
that are closely related, resulting in
offspring that are homozygous for most
traits
aa AA
Results in more recessive traits being expressed

11. Why is Inbreeding a Problem?
•Most animals carry a few
(unknown) recessive genes with
undesirable effects on health or
performance
•These are expressed only when
the same allele is inherited from
both the mother and father
•Inbred animals are more likely to
inherit the same recessive gene
from both parents

12. hybrid
 An organism whose parents have different
forms of a trait, heterozygous, carrier

13. test cross
 A cross of an individual of unknown genotype with an
individual of known (usually homozygous recessive)
genotype for the trait in question

14. nitrogenous base
 A, T, G, C – rungs of the
DNA double helix
 Three code for an
amino acid
 40 or more amino acids
are called a protein
 It’s the order of these
that control traits

15. genetic engineering
aka GE
 cutting DNA from one
organism and inserting it
into another organism of
the same or different
species,
 creates a
genetically modified
organism (GMO)

16. recombinant DNA
 DNA made by
connecting or
recombining
fragments of DNA
from different
organisms

17. transgenic organism
 Organisms that
have recombinant
DNA from a
different genus, or
even different
kingdom by means
of genetic
engineering GloFish: the first genetically
 One type of GMO modified animal to be sold as a
pet

18. restriction enzyme
 Bacterial proteins
that have the
ability to cut both
strands of a DNA
molecule at a
specific
nucleotide
sequence

19. vector
 The means by which
DNA can be
transferred into the
desired organism,
including viruses and
plasmids

20. plasmid
 A small ring of
DNA found in
a bacterial cell,
has different
genes from the
chromosomal
DNA

21. clone
 Genetically
identical copies
Snuppy (right), the first successfully
cloned dog, is shown at 67 days after
birth with Tai, the three-year-old Afghan
hound whose skin cells were used to
clone him. South Korean scientists at
Seoul National University performed the
cloning procedure, and Snuppy was born
on April 24, 2005

22. It all began with Dolly the
Sheep in 1996. Dolly (5
July 1996 - 14 February
2003), a ewe, was the
first mammal to have
been successfully cloned
from an adult cell.

23. electrophoresis p 346
 Process that separates DNA fragments of
different sizes
Click here to see!!!!

24.  And now the quiz…..

25.  The means by which
DNA can be
transferred into the
desired organism,
including viruses and
plasmids

26.  Organisms that
have recombinant
DNA from a
different genus, or
even different
kingdom by means
of genetic
engineering GloFish: the first genetically
 One type of GMO modified animal to be sold as a
pet

27.  Bacterial proteins
that have the
ability to cut both
strands of a DNA
molecule at a
specific
nucleotide
sequence

28.  A cross of an individual of unknown genotype with an
individual of known (usually homozygous recessive)
genotype for the trait in question

29.  A, T, G, C – rungs of the
DNA double helix
 Three code for an
amino acid
 40 or more amino acids
are called a protein
 It’s the order of these
that control traits

30.  A small ring of
DNA found in
a bacterial cell,
has different
genes from the
chromosomal
DNA

31.  Genetically
identical copies
Snuppy (right), the first successfully
cloned dog, is shown at 67 days after
birth with Tai, the three-year-old Afghan
hound whose skin cells were used to
clone him. South Korean scientists at
Seoul National University performed the
cloning procedure, and Snuppy was born
on April 24, 2005

32.  Process that separates DNA fragments of
different sizes
Click here to see!!!!

33. The term is synonymous with "Artificial selection"
 Selecting and mating organisms with desired traits of the SAME
SPECIES to produce offspring that also possess desired traits
 high crop yields, resistance to disease, high growth rate,
featherless chickens
 used by Darwin as a springboard to introduce the theory of
natural selection, and to support it.

34.  Mating individuals of the SAME SPECIES
that are closely related, resulting in
offspring that are homozygous for most
traits
aa AA
Results in more recessive traits being expressed

35.  An organism whose parents have different
forms of a trait, heterozygous, carrier

36.  cutting DNA from one
organism and inserting it
into another organism of
the same or different
species,
 creates a
genetically modified
organism (GMO)

37.  DNA made by
connecting or
recombining
fragments of DNA
from different
organisms

38.  Mahalo!!!