Nucleus” is a Latin word meaning Kernel
It is the “CONTROL CENTER” of the cell
Average diameter of nucleus is 6um, which occupies around 10% of cell volume
Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear Pores and complex
Nuclear lamina
Chromosomes & Chromatin
Nucleolus
Nucleoplasm
Presentation include Nucleus and its components like nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin fibers, ultra structure of nucleus and its general functions.
Nucleus: Structure and function
nuclear membrane
nuclear lamins
Nuclear pore complexe
nuclear matrix, composition and its role
cajal bodies
SFCs
nuclear speckles
PML bodies
Nucleolus
Presentation include Nucleus and its components like nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin fibers, ultra structure of nucleus and its general functions.
Nucleus: Structure and function
nuclear membrane
nuclear lamins
Nuclear pore complexe
nuclear matrix, composition and its role
cajal bodies
SFCs
nuclear speckles
PML bodies
Nucleolus
Details of cytoskeleton element-microtubule. The Microtubule associated protein-type and function, Treadmilling and dynamic instability, Structure of cilia and flagella
DNA is tightly packed in the nucleus of every cell. DNA wraps around special proteins called histones, which form loops of DNA called nucleosomes. These nucleosomes coil and stack together to form fibers called chromatin. Chromatin in turn forms larger loops and coils to form chromosomes.
DNA packaging is crucial because it makes sure that those excessive DNA are able to fit nicely in a cell that is many times smaller.
The DNA in bacterial cells are either circular or linear. To accommodate the size of bacterial cell, supercoiled DNA are folded into loops with each loop resembles shape of bead-like packets containing small basic proteins that is analogous to histone found in Eukaryotes.
Details of cytoskeleton element-microtubule. The Microtubule associated protein-type and function, Treadmilling and dynamic instability, Structure of cilia and flagella
DNA is tightly packed in the nucleus of every cell. DNA wraps around special proteins called histones, which form loops of DNA called nucleosomes. These nucleosomes coil and stack together to form fibers called chromatin. Chromatin in turn forms larger loops and coils to form chromosomes.
DNA packaging is crucial because it makes sure that those excessive DNA are able to fit nicely in a cell that is many times smaller.
The DNA in bacterial cells are either circular or linear. To accommodate the size of bacterial cell, supercoiled DNA are folded into loops with each loop resembles shape of bead-like packets containing small basic proteins that is analogous to histone found in Eukaryotes.
Conceptually, it has been designed to be the most energy-efficient fusion reactor. Effectively, a clean, safe, dense and environmentally friendly power source to supply the world's energy needs, with no greenhouse gases, no neutron emission, no radioactive waste, no thermal waste, no large land areas, no environmental impact, no interruptions by the weather or time of day, no nuclear meltdowns and no proliferation. It is to be the ultimate energy source, an affordable answer to the world’s energy problems; the right path to a more sustainable, peaceful and prosperous future for our planet. Potentially, the CrossFire Fusion Reactor can produce directly and efficiently an enormous quantity of electricity with less cooling water than conventional thermal power stations, releasing only the non-radioactive, non-corrosive, inert, and safe helium-4 gas.
http://www.crossfirefusion.com/reactor
OBC | String theory and quests for unification of fundamental forces of natureOut of The Box Seminar
Mirjam Cvetič, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
String theory and quests for unification of fundamental forces of nature
http://obc2012.outofthebox.si/
Nuclear waste management in Germany (compared to Denmark)Oeko-Institut
Presentation from Beate Kallenbach-Herbert, Oeko-Institut, on the Conference „The Management of Radioactive Wastes in Denmark”, Copenhagen/Christiansborg, March 24, 2015
There are different components in the nucleus. A thin but distinct covering called the nuclear envelop, also known as the karyotheca, defines its perimeter. The solutes of the nucleus are dissolved in a clear fluid substance inside the envelope known as nucleoplasm, nuclear sap, or karyolymph.
The nuclear matrix, a network of protein-containing fibrils, the chromatin, which is made up of finely entwined nucleoprotein filaments, and one or more spherical structures known as nucleoli are all suspended in the nucleoplasm (singular, nucleolus). The nucleus is devoid of microtubules and membranes.
However, the nuclei of protozoans that form a mitotic spindle within the nuclear envelop contain microtubules. The nucleus is made up of 9–12% DNA, 5% RNA, 3% lipids, 15% simple basic proteins like histone or protamines, and 65% complex acid or neutral proteins. It also contains organic phosphates, inorganic salts or ions like Mg++, Ca++, and Fe++, as well as polymerases for the synthesis of DNA and RNA.
Functions
The nucleus serves as the cell's administrative hub. It performs the following primary purposes: By controlling the production of structural proteins, it keeps the cell alive. By directing the synthesis of enzymatic proteins, it controls cell metabolism. In addition to information about structure and metabolism, it also contains genetic material for the organism's behaviour, development, and reproduction. When necessary, it causes cell replication. It is where ribosome subunit formation takes place. By keeping only a select few genes active, it causes cell differentiation. It produces genetic changes that lead to evolution. The nuclear envelop separates the cytoplasm from the nucleoplasm. It is made up of an outer and an inner unit membrane. Each unit membrane is a trilaminar lipoprotein, similar to the plasma membrane, and is about 75Å thick. The inter membrane or perinuclear space, which divides the two unit membranes, is present between them. Its width is about 250Å. Ribosomes and polysomes are found in abundance on the outer, or cytoplasmic, surface of the outer membrane, which is also rough. These ribosomes continue to produce proteins. RER and the outer membrane occasionally blend together. As a result, the channels of the RER are continuous with the perinuclear space. Ribosomes are absent from the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope, but it has a thick layer called the nuclear lamina that is closely connected to its inner or nucleoplasmic surface.
The nuclear lamina is a network of filaments that ranges in thickness from 30 to 100 nm and is made up of lamin A, B, and C proteins. The inner membrane is supported and given shape by the nuclear lamina. The majority of the chromosomes are kept outside the nucleus by this connection between chromatin and the inner membrane. During mitosis, it also affects how the nuclear envelope degrades and then reforms. Nuclear Pores: The nuclear pores, which regulate the passage of some molecules and parti
Nucleus-the heart of the cell-cellular organellesbiOlOgyBINGE
In cell biology, the nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
The nucleus is found in all the eukaryotic cells of the plants and animals.
here u will find every detail of nucleus.
for more details ,visit @biOlOgy BINGE-insight learning (youtube channel)
Discovery of nucleus
Evolution of nucleus
Structure of nucleus
Function of nucleus
Diseases related with nucleus
The nucleus was the first organelle to be discovered.
The probably oldest preserved drawing dates back to the early microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723). He observed a "Lumen", the nucleus, in the red blood cells of salmon.
The nucleus was also described in 1831 by Scottish botanist Robert Brown.
Brown was studying orchids under microscope when he observed an opaque area, which he called the areola or nucleus, in the cells of the flower's outer layer. He did not suggest a potential function.
The cell nucleus is a membrane bound structure that:-
Contains the cell's hereditary information
Controls the cell's growth and reproduction
Direct the other components of cell through protein regulation
Make Proteins through central dogma of cell
DNA mRNA Protein
Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy
Mutations in nuclear lamins associated with Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy.
Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is a neuromuscular degenerative condition with an associated dilated cardiomyopathy and cardiac conduction defect.
It can be inherited in either an X-linked or autosomal manner by mutations in the nuclear proteins emerin and lamin A/C, respectively.
Traditionally muscular dystrophies were associated with defects in sarcolemma-associated proteins and, therefore, a nuclear connection suggested the existence of novel signalling pathways associated with this group of diseases.
Subsequently, other mutations in the lamin A/C gene were attributed to a range of tissue-specific degenerative conditions, collectively known as the 'laminopathies’.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2. “Nucleus” is a Latin word meaning Kernel
It is the “CONTROL CENTER” of the cell
It was First cell organelle to be discovered
It is membrane bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells
Main functions are
- to maintain the integrity of genes
- to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression .
Intorductions
3. Average diameter of nucleus is 6um, which occupies around 10% of
cell volume
Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear Pores and complex
Nuclear lamina
Chromosomes & Chromatin
Nucleolus
Nucleoplasm
Structure
4. Also known as perinuclear envelope, nuclear membrane or karyotheca
Encloses the nucleus and separates the cell's genetic material from the
surrounding cytoplasm
It is a lipid bilayer
Consists two cellular membranes, an inner & outer membrane, arranged
parallel to one another and separated by 10-50(nm) of space.
The membranes of the nuclear envelope serve as a barrier that keeps ions,
solutes ,and macro- molecules from passing freely between the nucleus
and cytoplasm.
Nuclear envelope
5.
6. 0uterMembrane0uterMembrane
6 nm thick
Faces cytoplasm and is continuous at certain sites with the RER
A loosely arranged mesh of intermediate filaments (vimentin)
Ribosome stud the cytoplasmic surface of the outer nuclear membrane
Ribosome synthesize proteins that enter the perinuclear cisterna (space
between two membranes 10-50nm wide)
7. Faces the nuclear material
Primary site for location of inner nuclear membrane proteins IMP
Inner membrane proteins – used during formation of nuclear envelope
during mitosis as well as some role in transcriptional activity.
Outer and inner membranes are fused at the nuclear pore complex sites
Inner Membrane is supported underneath by Nuclear lamina.
InnermembraneInnermembrane
8.
9. Network of intermediate filaments, The filament of the nuclear lamina are
approximately 10 nm in diameter and composed of polypeptides, called
lamins. Composed primarily of lamins A, B1, B2 and C
Helps in organizing the nuclear envelope and perinuclear chromatin ,Also
plays a role in DNA elongation phase
Essential during mitotic events where, Phosphorylation of lamins leads to
disassembly, and dephosphorylation results in reassembly of the nuclear
envelope.
Apoptosis a highly regulated process in which nuclear lamina is disassembled
following proteolytic activity of caspase protein.
NuclearlaminaNuclearlamina
10. Nuclear pores are aqueous channels through the nuclear envelope
Composed of multiple proteins called “nucleoporins.”
Have molecular weight of 125 KD
Nucleus of a cell has 3000 - 4000 pores
Pores are formed by fusion of outer and inner nuclear membranes
Nuclear Apore complex permits passive movement across the nuclear
envelope via 9-11nm channels by simple diffusion
Nuclear poresand complex
11. Allows free passage of water soluble molecules
Most proteins, ribosomal subunits and RNA are transported via transport
factors called KARYOPHERINS
a) Importins –that mediate movement into the nucleus
b) Exportins –that mediate movement out of nucleus
Nuclear pore complex is composed of nearly 100 proteins, arranged in eight-
fold symmetry around the margin of the pore.
13. Nucleoplasm is the protoplasm within the nuclear envelope.
Nucleus is filled with a semi-solid granular slightly acidic ground matrix
called as nucleoplasm.
The chromatin fibres and nucleolus remain suspended in the nucleoplasm.
Major component of nucleoplasm are nucleoproteins. Both nucleic acids,
RNA and DNA are present in the nucleoplasm that may occur either as
polymers or monomeric nucleotides.
Basic proteins like nucleoprotamines, histones and acidic proteins (non-
histone proteins).
NucleoplasmNucleoplasm
14. ► Chromatin are coiled elongated thread like fibres visible during the
interphase and can readily take up basic stains like basic fuschin.
► During cell division where these chromatin fibres get thickened to form a
ribbon like structure called “chromosomes”.
► chromatin is a nucleoprotein complex composed of DNA and proteins and
very small quantity of RNA.
► Chromatin are of 2 types:
Heterochromatin and euchromatin.
Chromatin &chromosomeChromatin &chromosome
15. Heterochromatin: The deeply stained and highly condensed region of the
chromatin that occurs around the nucleolus or at the periphery of the
nucleus.
heterochromatin is transcriptionally inactive and metabolically inert.
Euchromatin is the lightly stained and diffused region of the chromatin that
is transcriptionally active.
Metaphase chromatin- the chromatin becomes more and more condensed
and compact, making the chromosome visible with a classic four arm
structure, having a pair of sister chromatids attached at centromere.
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes- 22 are autosomes & 2 sex
chromosomes.
16. Nucleolus is the discrete densely stained structure found in nucleus
It is a nuclear inclusion that is not surrounded by a membrane
Present in cells that are actively synthesizing proteins
Its size depends on metabolic activity of cell
Average size -5.5µm in diameter.
It is generally detectable when the cell is in interphase
Synthesis of rRNA and its assembly into ribosome precursors- main
function
More than one nucleolus can be present in the nucleus
Nucleolus
17.
18. Conclusively cell nucleusisthestorehouseof everything what aConclusively cell nucleusisthestorehouseof everything what a
cell shall do in future, sinceit handlesthegeneexpression andcell shall do in future, sinceit handlesthegeneexpression and
overall metabolism of celloverall metabolism of cell
thuscalledthuscalled
“DIRECTOR OF CELL”“DIRECTOR OF CELL”