Atomic structure
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The document discusses the history of the discovery of atoms and their components. It begins with ancient Indian and Greek philosophers proposing the earliest ideas of atoms in 400 BC. In the early 1900s, scientists like J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through cathode ray experiments. Ernest Rutherford then used the gold foil experiment to show that atoms have a small, dense nucleus. This led to the modern understanding that atoms consist of a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons. Quantum physics, developed by Max Planck and others in the early 20th century, was necessary to fully explain the behavior of subatomic particles.
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2) Electrons occupy orbitals from lowest to highest energy, with each orbital holding up to two electrons of opposite spin. Orbitals are grouped into shells corresponding to different energy levels.
3) The spatial distribution and probability of finding electrons in an atom can be described as an "electron cloud". Electron configurations contribute greatly to chemical bonding and reactivity patterns.
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Planck discovered an empirical formula in 1900 that accurately described blackbody radiation spectra across all wavelengths and temperatures. Seeking a physical explanation, he postulated that the walls of a hot cavity contained identical vibrating oscillators that exchange energy with radiation in quantized units proportional to their frequency, called quanta. This quantum hypothesis explained the experimental observations and values Planck calculated for the universal constant h. While initially a mathematical trick, Planck's quantum theory marked a revolutionary beginning of modern quantum mechanics.
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This document provides information about diagnosing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) including through radionuclide venography. It discusses that DVT occurs when a blood clot forms in one of the deep veins usually in the legs. Risk factors include genetics, prolonged immobility, and trauma. Radionuclide venography using agents such as Tc-99m apcitide is described as the gold standard for detecting acute DVT as it identifies clots in the process of forming, but this agent is no longer commercially available. Other diagnostic methods including Doppler ultrasound, d-dimer blood tests, and contrast venography are also covered.
Nuclear Fusion Reactor - Eco-friendly Atomic Energy
Conceptually, it has been designed to be the most energy-efficient fusion reactor. Effectively, a clean, safe, dense and environmentally friendly power source to supply the world's energy needs, with no greenhouse gases, no neutron emission, no radioactive waste, no thermal waste, no large land areas, no environmental impact, no interruptions by the weather or time of day, no nuclear meltdowns and no proliferation. It is to be the ultimate energy source, an affordable answer to the world’s energy problems; the right path to a more sustainable, peaceful and prosperous future for our planet. Potentially, the CrossFire Fusion Reactor can produce directly and efficiently an enormous quantity of electricity with less cooling water than conventional thermal power stations, releasing only the non-radioactive, non-corrosive, inert, and safe helium-4 gas.
http://www.crossfirefusion.com/reactor
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The document discusses various perspectives on the origins of the universe and life. It presents quotes and information that both support and question mainstream scientific theories like the Big Bang theory. It argues that the Big Bang requires supernatural beliefs and poses open questions about dark matter, dark energy, and problems with star formation that have no natural explanations. The document suggests an intelligent creator as an alternative perspective on origins.
ultra structure of nucleus
Nucleus” is a Latin word meaning Kernel
It is the “CONTROL CENTER” of the cell
Average diameter of nucleus is 6um, which occupies around 10% of cell volume
Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear Pores and complex
Nuclear lamina
Chromosomes & Chromatin
Nucleolus
Nucleoplasm
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This document discusses various topics related to nuclear energy and weapons. It covers nuclear fission and fusion processes, the types of nuclear fuel used including uranium and plutonium, how atom bombs and nuclear power stations work, nuclear waste production and storage, and the benefits of nuclear fission. It also describes how fusion bombs obtain energy from the hydrogen fusion reaction in stages using a fission primary explosive to ignite the fusion of isotopes like tritium.
OBC | String theory and quests for unification of fundamental forces of nature
OBC | String theory and quests for unification of fundamental forces of natureOut of The Box Seminar
Mirjam Cvetič, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
String theory and quests for unification of fundamental forces of nature
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The document discusses various topics related to nuclear physics and radiation, including:
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JINR seminar on cold nuclear fusion, Dubna, Russia, July 2014 (English)
This document is a collection of sections from a report on cold fusion research. It discusses the history of cold fusion experiments dating back to 1989. It summarizes key experiments over the years that provided evidence of excess heat produced through cold fusion reactions in metals like palladium. The document also discusses the role of electron screening in lowering the Coulomb barrier between nuclei during cold fusion reactions in metals, allowing fusion to occur at lower energies than otherwise possible. Accelerator experiments in the 1990s helped demonstrate large screening potentials of up to 300 eV in metals that help explain cold fusion.
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Term paper presentation on NUCLEAR COLD FUSION REACTION
This document discusses nuclear fission and fusion as sources of energy. It explains that nuclear fission occurs when large atomic nuclei split into smaller nuclei, releasing energy. Nuclear fusion occurs when small atomic nuclei fuse together into heavier nuclei, also releasing energy. The document provides details on the fission and fusion processes, and discusses how nuclear energy is currently mainly produced through fission in nuclear power plants. It also mentions emerging cold fusion technology that could allow for smaller, safer nuclear reactors producing energy through low-energy nuclear reactions.
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Nuclear waste management in Germany (compared to Denmark)
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cold fusion ppt
Cold Fusion was created as a commercial product by the Allaire Corporation. As a commercial product it has some features different from other Server Side Scripting Languages. The first major difference is that Cold Fusion scripts do not have to display their source code like every other scripting language, it is possible to run encrypted versions of the scripts.
Generation of electricity by nuclear fusion
English presentation:
What are the reactions of fission and fusion?
Why there is an interest in nuclear fusion?
How can we get to use it?
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JINR seminar on cold nuclear fusion, Dubna, Russia, July 2014 (Русский)
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Similar to Atomic structure
Structure Of Atom_STUDY MATERIALS_JEE-MAIN_AIPMT
1. Dalton's atomic theory proposed that atoms are indivisible, hard spheres that differ in properties based on their unique structure.
2. Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed that atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing their mass, with electrons orbiting the nucleus.
3. Bohr used Planck's quantum theory to explain electron orbits in hydrogen atoms, stabilizing Rutherford's model and beginning modern atomic theory.
Structure of atoms .pdf
1. Dalton's atomic theory proposed that matter consists of indivisible atoms and that atoms of different elements differ in mass. Compounds are formed by atoms combining in fixed ratios.
2. Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed that the positive charge and mass of an atom are concentrated in a very small nucleus, with electrons orbiting the nucleus.
3. The discovery of subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons led to modifications of atomic structure, with atoms composed of a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
Atomic structure
The document discusses the history of the development of atomic structure models from Thomson's plum pudding model to Rutherford's nuclear model. Key events include J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron, Millikan's oil drop experiment determining the charge of an electron, discovery of the proton through canal ray experiments, Rutherford's alpha particle scattering experiment revealing the dense nucleus at the center of the atom, and Rutherford proposing the nuclear model of the atom. The nuclear model represented a major breakthrough but did not fully explain electron stability.
19_quantum [Autosaved].ppt
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
CYBER LAWS IN INDIA
CYBER CRIMES
OFFENCES AND LAWS IN CYBER SPACE
CYBER LAWS AMENDMENTS
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
What is Cyber Law?
Cyber Law is the lawgoverning cyber space.Cyber space is a very wideterm and includescomputers, networks,software, data storagedevices (such as hard disks,USB disks etc), theInternet, websites, emailsand even electronic devicessuch as cell phones, ATMmachines etc.
Cyber lawencompasses lawsrelating to
:
1. Cyber Crimes
2. Electronic and DigitalSignatures
3. Intellectual Property
4. Data Protection andPrivacy
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
TACKLING CYBERCRIMES
INTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTS ANDCOPYRIGHTSPROTECTION ACT
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
1. Cyberspace is an
intangible
dimension that is impossible togovern and regulate usingconventional law.
2. Cyberspace has complete
disrespect for jurisdictionalboundaries
. A person in Indiacould break into a bank’selectronic vault hosted on acomputer in USA and transfermillions of Rupees to anotherbank in Switzerland, all withinminutes. All he would need is alaptop computer and a cellphone.
3. Cyberspace
handlesgigantic traffic volumesevery second
. Billions ofemails are crisscrossing theglobe even as we read this,millions of websites are beingaccessed every minute andbillions of dollars areelectronically transferredaround the world by banksevery day.
4. Cyberspace is
absolutelyopen to participation by all.
A ten year-old in Bhutan canhave a live chat session with aneight year-old in Bali withoutany regard for the distance orthe anonymity between them
ABOUT AUTHOR
Sumit Verma
Chitkara University
Undergraduate
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2 Atomic Structure.ppt
The document discusses the history of atomic structure models from Democritus' idea of atoms to Bohr's model. Some key points:
1. J.J. Thomson's experiments in 1897 led him to propose the "plum pudding" model where electrons were embedded in a uniform positive charge.
2. Rutherford's gold foil experiment in 1911 showed that the atom has a small, dense, positively charged nucleus at its center.
3. Bohr modified Rutherford's model in 1913 to propose that electrons orbit the nucleus in discrete energy levels, explaining atomic line spectra. When electrons fall from higher to lower orbits, photons are emitted.
Ch 12 (atoms)
In these slides, I covered the following topics with PYQ's of CH-12 (Atom) of class 12th Physics:
-Alpha-particle scattering experiment
-Rutherford's model of the atom
-Bohr model,
-Energy levels,
-Hydrogen spectrum
7.1
The document discusses atomic structure and models of the atom. It describes J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron and the plum pudding model. It then summarizes Rutherford's gold foil experiment, which led to the nuclear model of the atom with a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons. The document also discusses atomic spectra and how they provided evidence for discrete energy levels of electrons within atoms.
Structure of atom
The document summarizes key developments in the understanding of atomic structure:
1) Early philosophers proposed that matter is made of fundamental particles called atoms. In the 1800s, Dalton proposed the first scientific atomic theory, though it failed to explain some experimental results.
2) In the late 1800s, Thomson discovered the electron through cathode ray experiments. Millikan later precisely measured the charge of an electron.
3) Goldstein discovered positively charged particles (protons) in anode rays in 1919. Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932 by bombarding beryllium with alpha particles.
4) Rutherford's alpha scattering experiments in 1911 showed that the positive charge of atoms is concentrated in a small nucleus
History of the atom. Atomic theory. hIstory of the atom
The document summarizes the history and development of atomic theory from ancient Greece to modern times. It discusses early concepts from Democritus and the Bible, then outlines key discoveries and models proposed by scientists like Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr. Their models introduced ideas like atoms being indivisible particles, atoms containing electrons and a nucleus, electrons orbiting in shells, and electrons absorbing and emitting energy in fixed amounts. Each new model built upon previous work but also had limitations that were addressed by subsequent scientists.
Nikhil duggal
The document discusses the atomic structure and models of the atom. It begins with an acknowledgement and table of contents. It then covers Dalton's atomic theory, subatomic particles like electrons and protons, cathode rays and the discovery of electrons. It discusses the charge to mass ratio of electrons, the discovery of protons and neutrons, and models of the atom including Thomson's model and Rutherford's nuclear model. It also addresses isotopes, limitations of models, wave nature of radiation, and the electromagnetic spectrum.
Slides on atoms and atomic structure
Atoms are composed of subatomic particles including electrons, protons, and neutrons. John Dalton developed atomic theory, proposing that all matter is composed of indivisible atoms that combine in simple whole number ratios. Atoms consist of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons in energy levels. Rutherford's gold foil experiment revealed the small, dense nucleus at the atom's center. Niels Bohr incorporated quantum theory into atomic structure, proposing electrons orbit in discrete energy levels. The modern atomic model consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons in quantized energy shells or orbitals.
Mod+13,+History+Of+Atom+Part+A
The document traces the history and development of atomic models from ancient Greek philosophers to modern quantum theory. It describes Democritus's early idea of indivisible atoms, followed by John Dalton formalizing the first atomic theory in the early 1800s. J.J. Thomson later discovered the electron and proposed that atoms are like "plum puddings" with positive matter and embedded electrons. Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment revealed that atoms have a small, dense positive nucleus, leading Niels Bohr to model electrons orbiting the nucleus in fixed shells. Modern quantum theory describes electrons as occupying probability clouds or orbitals around the nucleus.
Atomos
The document traces the development of atomic theory over time from ancient Greek philosophers to modern models. It describes Democritus' idea that matter is made of indivisible particles called "atomos", Dalton's atomic theory of elements composed of atoms, J.J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model showing atoms contain smaller particles, Rutherford's gold foil experiment proving atoms have a small, dense nucleus, Bohr's model of electrons in specific energy levels orbiting the nucleus, and the modern wave model showing electrons as probability clouds rather than definite orbits.
Atomos[1]
The document traces the development of atomic theory over time from ancient Greek philosophers to modern models. It describes Democritus' idea that matter is made of indivisible particles called "atomos", Dalton's atomic theory of elements composed of atoms, J.J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model showing atoms contain smaller particles, Rutherford's gold foil experiment proving atoms have a small, dense nucleus, Bohr's model of electrons in specific energy levels orbiting the nucleus, and the modern wave model showing electrons as probability clouds rather than definite orbits.
Atomos
The document traces the development of atomic theory over time from ancient Greek philosophers to modern models. It describes Democritus' idea that matter is made of indivisible particles called "atomos", Dalton's model of atoms as indivisible spheres, Thomson's "plum pudding" model with electrons scattered in a positively charged substance, Rutherford's gold foil experiment showing atoms are mostly empty space with a dense nucleus, Bohr's model of electrons in specific energy levels orbiting the nucleus like planets, and the modern wave model where electrons exist as probability clouds rather than definite orbits.
Atomos[1]
The document traces the development of atomic theory over time from ancient Greek philosophers to modern models. It describes Democritus' idea that matter is made of indivisible particles called "atomos", Dalton's atomic theory of elements composed of atoms, J.J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model showing atoms contain smaller particles, Rutherford's gold foil experiment proving atoms have a small, dense nucleus, Bohr's model of electrons in specific energy levels orbiting the nucleus, and the modern wave model showing electrons as probability clouds rather than definite orbits.
Atomic Structure Ppt
The document traces the development of atomic theory over time from ancient Greek philosophers to modern models. It describes Democritus' idea that matter is made of indivisible particles called "atomos", Dalton's atomic theory of elements composed of atoms, J.J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model showing atoms contain smaller particles, Rutherford's gold foil experiment proving atoms have a small, dense nucleus, Bohr's model of electrons in specific energy levels orbiting the nucleus, and the modern wave model showing electrons as probability clouds rather than definite orbits.
Atomos[1]
The document traces the development of atomic theory over time from ancient Greek philosophers to modern models. It describes Democritus' idea that matter is made of indivisible particles called "atomos", Dalton's atomic theory of elements composed of atoms, J.J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model showing atoms contain smaller particles, Rutherford's gold foil experiment proving atoms have a small, dense nucleus, Bohr's model of electrons in specific energy levels orbiting the nucleus, and the modern wave model showing electrons as probability clouds rather than definite orbits.
Particle Physics and Fundamental Particles
John Dalton revived the idea that matter is made of atoms. In the late 19th century, J.J. Thomson discovered the electron and proposed that atoms contained positive spheres with electrons embedded within. However, in 1909 Geiger and Marsden's alpha particle scattering experiment showed that the positive charge of atoms is concentrated in a tiny dense nucleus. In 1911, Rutherford concluded atoms have a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons. The nuclear model of the atom was established.
ATOMS
1. An atom consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.
2. The discovery of the electron by J.J. Thomson in 1897 showed that atoms are made up of subatomic particles, overturning the belief that atoms are indivisible.
3. Atoms are identified by their number of protons, while isotopes of the same element differ in their number of neutrons.
Similar to Atomic structure (20)
History of the atom. Atomic theory. hIstory of the atom
History of the atom. Atomic theory. hIstory of the atom
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Atomic structure
- 2. The existence of atoms has been proposed since the times of early Indian and greek phylosophers around 400 b.C. An Indian phylosopher maharshi kanad postulated that if we go on dividing matter (padarth), we shall altimately get smallest particle beyond which further divisions will not possible. He named these particles as PARMANU. Around same era, ancient greek phylosophers democritus and leucippus suggested that if we go on dividing matter, a stage will come when particles obtained cannot be devided further. However , all these ideas were based on phylosophical considerations and not very experimental .
- 4. Dalton stated that matter is made of indivisible Particle atom but later it proved wrong as it was found that Atom is further made of proton electron and neutron. Electron neutron Proton
- 6. These rays » originate from cathode » travel in straight line »exert mechanical pressure » deflected by magnetic field » carry negative charge
- 11. GOLD FOIL PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATE SOURCE OF ALPHA PARTICLES LEAD PLATE
- 12. DEFLECTED RAY STRAIGHT RAY GOLD FOIL MOST OF THE ALPHA –PARTICLE PASSED THROUGH THE GOLD FOIL UNDEFLECTED. SMALL FRACTION OF THE ALPHA PARTICLE WERE DEFLECTED BY SMALL ANGLES A VERY FEW ALPHA PARTICLE (~1 IN 20,000 ) BOUNCED BACK,THIS IS, WERE DEFLECTED BY NEARLY 180º DEFLECTED BACK
- 13. ATOM HAS THREE FUNDAMMENTAL PART ELECTRON, PROTON, NUTRON. ELECTRON MOVE AROUND THE NUCLEUS. HOLE MASS OF THE ATOM CONCENTRATED IN THE CENTER OF NUCLEOUS. NUCLEUS IS ABOUT 10 SMALLER THEN ATOM. NUCLEOUS IS POSITEVELY CHARGED.
- 16. X RAYS UV IR FM AM RADIO WAVES LONG RADIO WAVES ɤ RAYS
- 17. A AMMETER VACCUM CHAMBER ELECTRONS LIGHT METAL SURFACE + - DETECTER
- 18. 20th century: Max Planck proposed quantum physics to explain the behavior of subatomic particles
- 19. Rules Governing the Allowed Combinations of Quantum Numbers •The three quantum numbers (n, l, and m) that describe an orbital are integers: 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on. cannot be zero. The allowed values of n are therefore 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on. can be any integer between 0 and n - 1. If n = 3, for example, l can be either 0, 1, or 2. can be any integer between -l and +l. If l = 2, m can be either -2, -1, 0, +1, or +2.
- 20. The orbitals are filled according to the increasing energies of the orbital
- 22. Hund's rule: every orbital in a sub shell is singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly occupied, and all electrons in singly occupied orbital's have the same spin.