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ueda2011 paleolithic-d.nabil
- 1. Paleolithic Diet Hunter GatherersDiet and Lifestyles Nabil Isseh, MD Kalamoon University
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- 4. conflict of InterestDeclaration No other conflicts to report UEDA Luxor 2011 conference and I dislike pharaohsI like Tahreer Square
- 6. 1. The paleolithicage old stone age: 2million years 2. Mesolithic age Middle stone age: at the end of the last ice age era, 10000 years 3. Neolithic age New stone age 9000-7000 BC Britannica Encyclopedia 2010 The stone age
- 7. 1. Paleothic period 2.6million years – 10,000 years ago 2. Agricultural revolution 10,000 years ago 3. Industrial revolution 200 years ago 4. Western dominance 200 years ago 5. American dominance 50 years ago Britannica Encyclopedia 2011 Mankind’s journey through time
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- 9. Discordance Hypothesis The prevalencein modern societies of many chronic diseases is the consequence of a mismatch between modern dietary patterns and the type of diet that our species evolved to eat as prehistoric hunter- gatherer
- 10. Eaton SB &Konnor M N. Engl J. Med 312, 283-289 Paleolithic peoples
- 11. Eaton SB &Konnor M N. Engl J. Med 312, 283-289 They lived in small clans, or groups
- 12. 1. Nomadic huntersand gatherers 2. Sheltered in caves 3. Used fire and fashioned stone tools 4. Food scarcity 5. Adaption to starvation Eaton SB & Konnor M N. Engl J. Med 312, 283-289 Paleolithic peoples
- 13. • Long history •Momentum after 1985 • S. Boyd Eaton, MD, and Melvin J. Konner, MD • Seminal paper in New England Journal of Medicine • ”Paleolithic nutrition” S. Boyd Eaton, MD Paleolithic nutrition
- 14. • Seminal paperfrom 2000 • 229 hunter-gatherer societies • 73% obtained 56-65% of the energy from animal foods Loren Cordain, PhD Paleolithic nutrition
- 15. •Animal Foods: 68%Plant foods: 32% Loren Cordain, PhD The Hunter Gatherers Diet
- 17. • Mammals, birds,reptiles, insects, marine species • Everything edible on the animal carcass was eaten • Non-domesticated animals lack fat deposits in muscles • Even liver and brain while rich in cholesterol and fat were also rich in long chain n-6 and • n-3 fatty acids UCLA center for human nutrition, 101 Introduction to nutrition in western civilization Animal Foods
- 18. • Uncultivated plantsand honey • Rich in fiber, low in sodium, rich in calcium • Magnesium and potassium • Low energy density, low glycemic index UCLA center for human nutrition, 101 Introduction to nutrition in western civilization Plant Foods
- 19. – Large animalsare preferred over small animals – Animal foods are almost always preferred over plant foods • because of their increased energy yield Whenever and whereever it was ecologically possible, hunter- gatherers always preferred animal food over plant food No doubt that hunter-gatherers favored the fattiest part of the animals they hunted and killed The Hunter-Gatherers Diet Food Preferences
- 20. • Calorie densefood • Depot fat • Organ meats • Fatty insects • Honey UCLA center for human nutrition, 101 Introduction to nutrition in western civilization The Hunter-Gatherers Diet Food Preferences
- 21. Food consumed immediately bygorging and wastage rare. Would gorge 2 to 3 kg of animal after successful hunt. Would also gorge on honey, eggs, insects or fat. UCLA center for human nutrition, 101 Introduction to nutrition in western civilization The Hunter-Gatherers Diet Eating Patterns
- 22. 1- Protein, highand lean 2- Carbohydrates: moderate 3- Total fat: moderate 4- Saturated fat: moderate 5- Monounsaturated: High 6- Polyunsaturated: moderate Mayo Clinic Proc, 2004 Food of the Hunter-Gatherers
- 23. 7- Omega-3 fat:moderate 8- Fiber: High 9- Fruits and vegetables: high 10- Nuts and seeds: moderate 11- Salt: low 12- Refined sugars: low 13- Glycemic load: low Mayo Clinic Proc, 2004 Food of the Hunter-Gatherers
- 24. 1. Lean protein 2.High fiber 3. High vitamins 4. High minerals 5. High anti-oxidants 6. No refined grains and sugars Mayo Clinic Proc, 2004 Real food not synthetic food
- 25. 1. 2-3 timesmore fiber 2. 2 times more poly and mono fats 3. 4 times more omega-3 fats 4. 60-70% less saturated fats 5. 2-3 times more protein 6. 3-4 more times k 7. 4-5 times less Na The paleolithic diet vs.the western diet Mayo Clinic Proc, 2004
- 27. Richard Wrangham Easier to EatMeat More Benefit from Food: increases digestibility of plants Why Cooking is Important
- 28. The paradoxical nature ofthe Hunter diets: Meat based yet not atherogenic Eur J Clin Nut, 2002 56, 542-552 Can meat be cardioprotective?
- 29. 1. Meat-based HGdiet were nonatherogenic 2. In western diets were atherogenic 3. The flesh of wild game contain about 2-4% fat with high levels of mono and omega 3 fats 4. Domestic meats, contain 20-25% fat, rich in saturated fat. Eur J Clin Nut, 2002 56, 542-552 Can meat be cardioprotective?
- 30. 1. Anti inflammatory 2.Algae, grasses and leaves 3. Fish and larger gazing animal 4. Meat from domesticated animals low in omega 3 fat 5. Mediterranean diet 6. Reduce CVD risk 32-50 % Mayo Clinic Proc, 2004 Omega 3 fat
- 31. • 50% ofHG total fat intake • Reduce CVD risk: 50% • Nuts rich in: – Mono, poly unsaturated, omega 3 – Protein – Fiber – antioxidents Mayo Clinic Proc, 2004 Monounsaturated fats
- 34. Eaton S, OsteoporosInt, 17(suppl 2): S2-3, 2006 Hunter-Gatherers Lifestyle
- 35. • Physical activity:3-5 hrs per day spent in sustained activity. Digging, walking briskly, chopping with stone axe. Eaton S, Osteoporos Int, 17(suppl 2): S2-3, 2006 Hunter-Gatherers Lifestyle
- 36. How is humanhealth when eating Paleolithic diet and unprocessed foods?
- 37. •Non-communicable diseases (cancer, ASCVD,obesity, diabetes, hypertension) are rare to non-existent. •Life was short, death rates were high. . Main causes of death include: accidents, food shortage, predation, parasitic disease Hunter-gatherer health and disease
- 38. Staffan Lindeberg, MD,PhD PhD study 1994 Adult Melanesians at Kitava
- 39. Staffan Lindeberg, MD,PhD Adult Melanesians at Kitava PhD study 1994 Apparent absence of stroke and heart attacks hypertension overweight malnutrition acne
- 40. 1. Lean 2. Fit 3.Free from chronic diseases AMJ Med 1988 84: 739+ The hunter gatherers
- 41. THANK YOU FORTRYING TO STAY AWAKE
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- 50. The revolution that has changedthe human’s life
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- 52. Britannica Encyclopedia 2011 Animalsdomestication
- 53. Agriculture Agriculture is thoughtto have offered one principle advantage — providing a greater amount of food per unit area of land — which could feed a larger population
- 54. Early River ValleyCivilizations Britannica Encyclopedia 2011 The origin Agriculture Revolution
- 55. The Fertile Crescent:The “fertile” lands of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Phonecia
- 56. Britannica Encyclopedia 2011 RiverValley Civilizations
- 57. Why domestication? 1.Climate change 2.Declinein big game population 3.Increase in human population Britannica Encyclopedia 2011 Domestication of Plants and Animals
- 58. Harris .., eds1987 Food and evolution 261-283 Agricultural diet 1. Relative abundance 2. Cycles of feast and famine 3. Cultivate crops mainly cereals 4. Domesticated animals: meat, milk
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- 61. 1. General healthdeteriorated 2. Adult height was shorter 3. Shorter life spans 4. Higher childhood mortality 5. High incidence of osteoporosis and rickets and other vt. deficiencies Harris .., eds 1987 Food and evolution 261-283 Agricultural grain-based diet
- 62. The Agriculture Revolution Peoplebefore Relied on hunting and gathering. Nomads lived in small hunting , and food gathering groups. Waited for migrating animals to return each year. People after Learned to farm and were able to produce their own food. Settled into permanent villages. Learned to domesticate, or tame, animals. This provided a dependable source of meat. Harris .., eds 1987 Food and evolution 261-283
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- 64. •Population Growth MortalityRate IndustryThe Industrial Revolution
- 65. Population growth •10,000-years ago,< 10 mil. • 1800, 1 bil. there is little doubt that human populations grew more rapidly in the first few thousand years following the agricultural revolution than in the few million years preceding it
- 66. •Sedentary lifestyle • Longerlife • Abundant food • Processed food • Degraded environment • Increase in medical technology The Industrial Revolution
- 67. • Sedentary life •Eating highly processed synthetic diet Today…
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- 69. • 99% ofmankind’s existence on Earth has been as a HUNTER & GATHERER! Hunter & Gatherers
- 70. Today… The human genome isnow struggling to cope with the vastly different diet and lifestyle of the modern era
- 71. AMJ Hum Genet1999 The human genome has remained largely unchanged during the past 10,000 years. The genes we are born with are those that we live an die with.
- 72. •Eaton SB. 2006.Proc Nutrit Soc. 65(1):1-6 The human genome evolved under harsh selection conditions over a period of 3.5 million years ~ The spontaneous mutation rate for nuclear DNA is estimated at about 0.5% per million years Over the past 10,000 years, the human genome is calculated to have changed only 0.05% from our paleolithic ancestors ~
- 73. The modern humanparadox But genetically we remain citizens of the stone age Socially we are a people of the 21st century
- 74. Modern man failsto adapt to changing diets and lifestyles
- 76. 76 The epidemic ofCVD is at least in part due to these striking discrepancies between the diet we are designed to eat and what we actually eat today
- 77. • Obesity • Cardiovasculardiseases –CHD, stroke, hypertension • Diabetes • Certain cancers –colon, prostate, breast • Osteoporosis • Non-infective bowel diseases Mayo Clinic Proc, 2004 Diet-related diseases of western lifestyle
- 78. What happens when humansstart eating a modern and processed diet?
- 79. • No cancer, cardiovasculardiseases, type 2 diabetes or dental caries • Appears as soon as such humans change environment and lifestyle, particularly diet Historical experience of indigenous/traditional peoples
- 80. Striking replacement ofinfectious disease that kills early in life with non- communicable disease that kills late New diseases in human history caused by conditions of life arising during the industrial period (smoking example). diseases of affluence
- 81. Diabetes care 1999,22: 1993+ Pima Indians Aboriginal people Rich Arabs When the former hunter adopts the westerner’s lifestyle
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- 83. • 1900s –Moving toreservations caused them to adopt western food • 1940s and 50s –No longer able to live off land and were required to buy foods Changing With Time
- 84. • Starch oftentakes up too much of meal • Portion sizes are much larger • Use much more fat and salt in cooking processes • Lower activity level and food patterns have caused decline in health Indian Diets Today
- 87. المكسـيك أريزونا 25 33 120 124 7576 146 175 8,5 % 64 % Diabetes care - 1994 Pima Indians مشـعرالجسم كتلة الضغط النقباضي الضغط النبسـاطي الدم كولسـترول السـكري انتشـار
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- 89. 89 Before European contact,hunter-gatherer population diets approximated the Paleolithic Diet ~ Australian Aborigines ~ migrated 50,000 yrs ago and isolated until 1778 Diet based on wild game, seafood, nuts, seeds, yams & greens
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- 92. Impact of 7weeks temporary reversion to hunter gatherer lifestyle: • Weight Loss • Striking improvement in glucose tolerance • Improved insulin response • Normalisation of dyslipidaemia • Reduction in blood pressure O. Dea K. Diabetes 1984:33:596 Impact Of Lifestyle Change In Australian Aborigines On Type 2 Diabetes And CVD Risk Factors
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- 99. Al-Nuaim Fatani et al Anokuteet al El-Hazmi et al El-Hazmi et al Al-Nozha Bacchus et al4 Abu-Aisha abst*.
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- 104. THANK YOU FOR TRYING TOSTAY AWAKE
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Editor's Notes
- #69 There was a time when man ate to live. Today it seems as if we would rather live to eat.