This document provides information about Prof. M. Hesham El Hefnawy, the head of the National Institute of Diabetes & Endocrinology in Egypt. It gives details about his credentials and experience in diabetes research and management. It then discusses guidelines for managing type 1 diabetes, including using insulin therapy, nutritional education, exercise, and treating complications. It provides guidance on initial insulin dosing, separating doses into basal and bolus components. It also offers tips on titrating insulin doses based on glucose monitoring and factors affecting insulin needs. The document aims to help optimize type 1 diabetes management through individualized care plans.

1. Type 1 Diabetes Guidelines ?
Prof. M. Hesham El Hefnawy
Head of National Institute of Diabetes & Endocrinology
E mail: drhefnawy@yahoo.com

2. Prof. Dr. Mohamed Hesham El-
Hefnawy
| Confidential2
Preferred language: English
Who is Prof. El-Hefnawy?
-Dean of Egypt National Institute for Diabetes & Endocrinology
-Certified Medical Diabetes Education Instructor (ADA, Verginia)
-Professor degree of Diabetes & Endocrinology in National Institute of Diabetes &
Endocrinology (NIDE), Cairo, Egypt.
-Head of research unit in National Institute of diabetes & Endocrinology (NIDE).
-Member of Research Ethics Committee of General Organization of Teaching
Hospitals & Institutes, (GOTHI).
-Reviewer in the African Research Academy for evaluation of the researches to be
published in the International Journals of the Academy.
-Member of ISPAD, (International Society of Pediatric & Adolescence Diabetes).
-Sharing in writing a chapter of international Text-Book of Diabetes in Croatia in
2011.
-International published researches in field of Diabetes management, epidemiology,
educational programs,….etc.
-Contact details: drhefnawy@yahoo.com

3. Diabetes Cases in Middle Eastern and African Countries 1*
1. IDF. Diabetes Atlas. 5th edition. 2012 Update. http://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/IDFAtlas5E_Detailed_Estimates_0.xls. Accessed on April 18, 2013.
*All cases of diabetes, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes in patients aged 20-79 years
In 2012, Egypt had the highest number of people with diabetes
Egypt is one of the 20 countries of the IDF MENA region; 382 million people have diabetes in the world and more than 34.6 million
people in the MENA Region, by 2035 this will rise to 67.9 million in MENA region, There were 7.5 million cases of diabetes in Egypt in 2013.

4. Diabetes In Egypt .. 2013
IDF Diabetes Atlas sixth edition.
Source; IDF Diabetes Atlas 2013.
http://www.idf.org/membership/mena/egypt
NumberofPeoplewithdiabetes(20-69years)2013
To become the 7th. By 2035

5. 1 Fong DS, et al. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26 [Suppl. 1]:S99–S102.
2 Molitch ME, et al. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26 [Suppl.1]:S94–S98.
3 Kannel WB, et al. Am Heart J. 1990; 120:672–676.
4 Gray RP & Yudkin JS. In Textbook of Diabetes. 1997.
5 Mayfield JA, et al. Diabetes Care. 2003;26 [Suppl. 1]:S78–S79.
Diabetic
retinopathy
Leading cause
of blindness in working-age adults1
Diabetic
nephropathy
Leading cause of
end-stage renal disease2
Cardiovascular
disease
Stroke
2- to 4-fold increase
in cardiovascular
mortality and stroke3
Diabetic
neuropathy
Leading cause of non-
traumatic lower extremity
amputations5
8/10 diabetic patients
die from CV events4
Diabetes is a Serious Chronic Disease

6. Legacy effect: Early glycaemic control is key to
long-term reduction in complications
Bad legacy effect
Achieving glycaemic control late in the disease, after a prolonged period
of poor control, does not improve long-term risk of macrovascular
complications2
Long-standing, preceding hyperglycaemia accounted for
the high rate of complications at baseline in VADT3
UKPDS=UK Prospective Diabetes Study; VADT=Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial.
1Holman RR, et al. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359: 1577–1589.
2Duckworth W, et al. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360: 129–139;
3Del Prato S. Diabetologia. 2009; 52: 1219–1226.
Good legacy effect
Early, strict glycaemic control brings benefits,
reducing the long-term risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications
(UKPDS1)

8. Is There Is Type 1 Guidelines ?

10. Management Of Type 1 DM
•(1) Insulin.
•(2) Nutritional & Educational therapy.
•(3) Monitored Exercises.
•(4) Psycho-socio-economic Care.
•(5) Treatment of Complications :
•acute & chronic.
•(6) New Approaches for Treatment
•(7) Prevention trials of Type 1 D.M.
•(8) Prevention of complications.
*Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus.
Diabetes Care. 1999; 26:5–20.

19. Individualized
Individualized
Individualized
Individualized

33. INSULIN
•* Insulin is essential for life in type 1 D.M.
•* We have to reach to a strict control of
D.M.(Glycated HbA1c < 7.5%).
•* Strict control is not to give multiple
injections, but it is better to achieve excellent
control ,to avoid most of the diabetic
complications, by the least number of injections
to avoid the lipodystrophy and for psychological
reasons also.

34. Initial insulin dose:
• 0.4 - 0.8 U/kg/Day
• Q: Why this wide range of the initial insulin
dose?
– Family history of type 2 diabetes.
– Lifestyle (sedentary vs. active).
– Adiposity.
– Gender (males usually require more than females).
– Any remaining endogenous insulin secretion.
– Concomitant illness.
•

35. Q: How to classify the initial insulin dose?
Basal: 40-50% of total dose.
•Bolus: 50-60% of total dose

36. Basal Insulin:
–NPH or Detimir twice daily.
–Galargin can be administered once daily. If it is
decided to start with once daily basal insulin, it is
usually administered at bedtime.
– Titration of basal insulin
• By observing glucose trends during periods of fasting.
• The median glucose level before breakfast
• Any information on glucose levels during the night
when glycemia is not contaminated by food or
prandial insulin.
•

37. Bolus (Prandial) Insulin
– Typical doses: 1 unit per 10 to 15 grams of carbohydrate.
– But in obese patients: 1 unit per 5 grams of carbohydrate.
– While thin patients: 1 unit per 20 grams of carbohydrate
– Titration of bolus insulin dose
• Insulin Sensitivity Factor: The drop in blood glucose level (mg/dl),
caused by each unit of insulin taken.
• For patients who use Regular (short-acting) insulin: Use
1500 rule. Divide 1500 by the total daily dose of Regular
insulin, in units.
• For patients who use the Rapidly-acting Insulin Analogues:
Use 1800 rule. Divide 1800 by the total daily dose of rapidly
acting insulin analogues, in units.

38. Q: When higher doses (basal and
bolus) of insulin may be needed?
– If your patient have an infection.
– If your patient reduce his level of activity.
– If you are prescribed a medicine that changes
insulin sensitivity (such as Prednisone).
– If your patient are under emotional stress.
– During adolescence.
– During pregnancy.

39. Q: When lower doses (basal and
bolus) of insulin may be needed?
–If your patient become more active.
–If your patient have problems with kidney
function.

40. Methods of insulin
injection
• Insulin syringes;
– Insulin syringes must have a measuring scale
consistent with the insulin concentration (e.g. U 100
syringes for insulin concentration 100 U/ml).
– Injections by syringe are usually given into the deep
SC tissue through a two-finger pinch of skin at a 45
angle. A 90 angle can be used if the SC fat is thick
enough.
• Pen injector devices:
– Requires careful wait of 15 seconds after pushing in
the plunger helps to ensure complete expulsion of
insulin through the needle.

41. Why These Slides are in White
color??

42. Because ..

51. ‫دائما‬ ‫مصر‬ ‫احفظ‬ ‫اللهم‬
Thank you
E mai: drhefnawy@yahoo.com
‫مصر‬ ‫تحيا‬-‫مصر‬ ‫شعب‬ ‫يحيا‬
‫مصر‬ ‫أطباء‬ ‫يحيا‬