Multidisciplinary attempt to reconstruct human nutrition through the Paleolithic shows that a highly carnivorous (meat based) diet was not only prevalent but essential to the existence of our species for almost 2 million years.
The document discusses population dynamics and ecosystem changes over time. It notes that when a species like rabbits are introduced to an island with no predators, the population will rapidly increase until environmental resistance factors like limited resources cause the growth to slow. In natural ecosystems, complex predator-prey relationships further influence population sizes. The document also examines past mass extinctions, threats to current biodiversity like habitat loss and deforestation, and concludes that human-caused environmental changes have already disrupted ecosystems and caused extinctions on a large scale.
The document discusses how modern lifestyles and diets have diverged significantly from what humans were genetically adapted to over long periods of evolution. While humans evolved eating diets high in nutrients from wild plants, animals and seafood, current diets are high in refined grains, added sugars, processed foods and vegetable oils. This mismatch between ancient genes and the modern environment is proposed as a key factor in the rise of "diseases of civilization" like heart disease, diabetes and cancer that have reached epidemic proportions in Western societies in recent generations.
Humans are likely herbivorous by nature based on biological evidence. Humans have longer digestive tracts, weaker stomach acid, and teeth and jaws adapted for grinding plant material rather than tearing flesh like carnivores. While early human ancestors ate small amounts of meat, modern humans only widely incorporated meat into their diets in recent centuries. A high meat diet has been linked to many modern health issues, and humans display biological traits more similar to herbivores.
This document discusses factors affecting the bioavailability of minerals in animals. It defines bioavailability and describes several methods for estimating mineral bioavailability and requirements, including absorption studies, growth responses, bone development assessments, tissue accumulation of minerals, and the use of isotopes. Common factors that can influence bioavailability are also outlined, such as deficiencies increasing absorption and cooking or processing altering mineral forms. Specific details are provided on how various factors affect the bioavailability of different minerals like calcium, iron, copper, iodine, and selenium.
Sea otters play an important role in kelp forest ecosystems by eating sea urchins that damage kelp. Without sea otters, sea urchin populations would rise and destroy much of the kelp, drastically changing the ecosystem and harming the many species that depend on kelp. Photosynthesis converts the sun's energy into chemical energy in sugars, which forms the base of the food web and supports all life.
Humans are likely herbivorous by nature based on biological evidence. Humans have longer digestive tracts, weaker stomach acidity, and teeth and jaws adapted for grinding plants rather than tearing meat like carnivores. While early human ancestors ate some meat, their diets were mainly fruits and plants until the agricultural revolution. A highly carnivorous diet has been linked to many modern diseases, and meat is one of the lowest dietary requirements according to health guidelines. Overall, the evidence suggests humans are best suited biologically for a plant-based diet.
The document discusses population dynamics and ecosystem changes over time. It notes that when a species like rabbits are introduced to an island with no predators, the population will rapidly increase until environmental resistance factors like limited resources cause the growth to slow. In natural ecosystems, complex predator-prey relationships further influence population sizes. The document also examines past mass extinctions, threats to current biodiversity like habitat loss and deforestation, and concludes that human-caused environmental changes have already disrupted ecosystems and caused extinctions on a large scale.
The document discusses how modern lifestyles and diets have diverged significantly from what humans were genetically adapted to over long periods of evolution. While humans evolved eating diets high in nutrients from wild plants, animals and seafood, current diets are high in refined grains, added sugars, processed foods and vegetable oils. This mismatch between ancient genes and the modern environment is proposed as a key factor in the rise of "diseases of civilization" like heart disease, diabetes and cancer that have reached epidemic proportions in Western societies in recent generations.
Humans are likely herbivorous by nature based on biological evidence. Humans have longer digestive tracts, weaker stomach acid, and teeth and jaws adapted for grinding plant material rather than tearing flesh like carnivores. While early human ancestors ate small amounts of meat, modern humans only widely incorporated meat into their diets in recent centuries. A high meat diet has been linked to many modern health issues, and humans display biological traits more similar to herbivores.
This document discusses factors affecting the bioavailability of minerals in animals. It defines bioavailability and describes several methods for estimating mineral bioavailability and requirements, including absorption studies, growth responses, bone development assessments, tissue accumulation of minerals, and the use of isotopes. Common factors that can influence bioavailability are also outlined, such as deficiencies increasing absorption and cooking or processing altering mineral forms. Specific details are provided on how various factors affect the bioavailability of different minerals like calcium, iron, copper, iodine, and selenium.
Sea otters play an important role in kelp forest ecosystems by eating sea urchins that damage kelp. Without sea otters, sea urchin populations would rise and destroy much of the kelp, drastically changing the ecosystem and harming the many species that depend on kelp. Photosynthesis converts the sun's energy into chemical energy in sugars, which forms the base of the food web and supports all life.
Humans are likely herbivorous by nature based on biological evidence. Humans have longer digestive tracts, weaker stomach acidity, and teeth and jaws adapted for grinding plants rather than tearing meat like carnivores. While early human ancestors ate some meat, their diets were mainly fruits and plants until the agricultural revolution. A highly carnivorous diet has been linked to many modern diseases, and meat is one of the lowest dietary requirements according to health guidelines. Overall, the evidence suggests humans are best suited biologically for a plant-based diet.
Effect of Varying the Energy Density of Protein-adequate Diets on Nutrient Me...Faisal A. Alshamiry
assessing the influence of varied dietary energy densities of a protein-adequate diet on immune response of growing Muzaffarnagari lambs besides nutritional performance and clinical chemistry indices.
This document discusses early theories of evolution and evidence that supports the theory of evolution through natural selection. It describes Lamarck's theory of acquired traits and Darwin's theory of natural selection. Darwin proposed that organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on these favorable traits. The document also discusses microevolution within species over short periods versus macroevolution leading to new species, and provides examples of fossil records, homologous structures, vestigial structures, and genetics as evidence supporting the theory of evolution through gradual change over long periods of time.
Food chain and Food Web
Food chain and food web in ecosystem
Food chain
Types of food chains
1. Grazing food chain
2. Detritus food chain
Food web
Significance of food chain and food web
The study of allometry examines how the proportions of different parts of an organism change as the organism grows in size. As body size increases from mice to elephants, hearts generally beat more slowly, brains get larger, bones get shorter and thinner proportionally, and lifespans lengthen. Allometric equations take the form of Y = aMb, where Y is a biological variable, M is a measure of body size, and b is a scaling exponent. Common examples of allometry include surface area scaling with body mass to the power of 2/3 and metabolic rate scaling with body mass to the power of 3/4.
Why eat low on the food chain from 2010 cip talkMichael Morris Ⓥ
This document discusses the environmental impacts of animal agriculture and advocates for a vegan approach. It notes that agriculture is responsible for 50% of greenhouse gas emissions in New Zealand, more than any other industry, due to methane from cattle and nitrous oxide from animal waste. Livestock also require significant land and water resources and are a leading driver of deforestation, habitat destruction, and water pollution. Adopting a vegan diet has a smaller environmental footprint than other options. The document questions common justifications for meat consumption and concludes that it is difficult to consider oneself an environmentalist while continuing to eat meat given its impacts.
The document discusses different types of food chains, including producers that generate energy through photosynthesis, consumers that eat other organisms, and decomposers that break down dead organic matter. It covers the flow of energy through trophic levels in food chains and provides examples of aquatic, detritus, and parasitic food chains.
This document discusses estimating the energy requirements for maintenance and growth of wild mammals, birds, and reptiles kept in captivity. It reviews existing data on basal metabolic rates and maintenance energy requirements for some species. The document develops a model to estimate lower limits of energy requirements during growth, taking into account factors like variation in time to reach maturity and energy density of tissue deposited. Having estimates of energy needs can help with issues like treating obesity or providing nutritional support when animals lose appetite. Overall, the document aims to provide guidance for estimating energy requirements when specific data is lacking for non-domesticated species in captive settings.
Evolution in the news: Power point presentation (BIOL415) Spring 2014Kevin B Hugins
Mini presentation on current news stories for BIOL 415
This news article was about a journal article published in Nature Communications on April 15, 2014. The article is the result of research that was led by scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. The purpose of the research was to study the co-evolution of humans and gut microbiota and examine adaptation that resulted in groups that had different diets. The primary group of interest was a hunter-gatherer group located in Tanzania known as Hadza. This is one of the few remaining true foraging populations in the world. The Hadza diet consists of baobab, game meat, honey, berries and tubers. Hadza do not consume any agricultural crops or livestock.
Food chains show how organisms are linked through feeding relationships, with energy flowing from producers to primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers. Food webs depict a more complex and realistic set of interlocking food chains in an ecosystem. Within food chains and webs, organisms can be grouped into trophic levels based on their position - with producers on the first trophic level and top carnivores on the highest level. Significant changes to populations within an ecosystem, such as removing producers, can destabilize food chains and negatively impact other organisms.
The carbon isotope ecology and diet of australopithecus africanus at sterkfon...Kristian Pedersen
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the carbon isotope ratios in tooth enamel from 10 specimens of Australopithecus africanus from Sterkfontein in South Africa, dating to between 2.5-2.0 million years ago. The results show that A. africanus had a varied diet incorporating both C3 forest foods and C4 savanna foods to a greater degree than other early hominins. This suggests A. africanus was a highly adaptable and opportunistic feeder. The isotope data also indicates the individuals exhibited more dietary variation than other early hominin species, arguing against suggestions that multiple species are represented in the A. africanus taxon.
Intro to entomophagy and human evolutionJulie Lesnik
This document discusses the history and evolution of entomophagy (eating insects) in human diets. It argues that early hominins like Australopithecus likely consumed insects as an important source of protein and nutrients. As brain sizes increased over human evolution, dietary quality also needed to improve, which insects may have provided. Ethnographic examples show that modern foraging societies incorporate insects as a reliable food source. However, northern latitudes have fewer edible insect species due to climate and biodiversity patterns. The development of agriculture also reduced entomophagy as diets focused on domesticated plants and animals. The document aims to shift perspectives on entomophagy away from ideas of "taboo
Achieving factual sustainability in fish farming needs the addition of most of the fish meal exploited as feed stuffs. The current experiment described two feeding trials, that resulted in the complete replacement of fish meal in the fingerling of Tilapia mossambicus. The initial trial was accompanied with three stages of fish meal replacement (50, 75 and 100% of dietary protein) viz., one level of soy protein and two levels of Lactat ® Probiotic (0 (or) 0.3% of the diet). Since probiotic has been reported to promote gut health, it was incorporated inorder to examine the growth enhancement and whether it would ease high levels of fish meal replacement in T. mossambicus. Lipids were provided by Cod liver oil. The better weight gain was observed in the treatments 50/50+ of fish meal replacement and 0/100+ of fish meal replacement. The optimum Specific Growth Rate, Food Conversion Ratio and Survival were also observed in 50/50+ fish meal replacement and 0/100+ fish meal replacement. The higher serum Acetyl Choline, Leucocytes, and Erythrocyte were observed in 50/50+ and 0/100 + than the other diets. The Lysozyme activity was higher in 0/100+ and 50/50+ than the other diets.
In the Second feeding trial, fish meal was replaced by various carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of the fingerlings of T. mossambicus. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain glucose, sucrose, maltose, dextrin, corn starch and control were maintained separately. The results indicated that the better weight gain, SGR, FCR and survival were also better in starch, dextrin and sucrose diet fed fish. There were significant differences in the total plasma, glucose and triglyceride concentration in fish fed with different carbohydrate sources. Plasma total protein, red blood cell, leucocytes and hemoglobin were significantly affected by various carbohydrate sources. The activities of glucose 6-Phosphate dehydrogenase, (G6PD), 6- Phospho fructokinase (PFK) and fructose 1, 6 – bisphosphatase (FBase) were significantly affected by these carbohydrate sources. While this two feeding trail indicated that the 50/50+ and 0/100+ of soy flour replacement with fish meal showed the optimum growth performance and in carbohydrate sources the corn starch, dextrose, and sucrose showed the better growth for tilapia fingerlings.
This document discusses biodiversity and its importance. It defines biodiversity as the variety of species in a given area. Tropical rainforests have the highest biodiversity due to abundant sunlight, moisture and nutrients. Over 1.7 million species have been identified but the actual number is estimated to be over 10 million. Genetic, species and ecosystem diversity are also defined. The importance of biodiversity is explained in maintaining balanced ecosystems, genetic variation, providing resources for medicine, food, clothing, shelter, and recreational/aesthetic value for humans. Key species removal can collapse entire ecosystems, and genetic bottlenecks reduce disease resistance in populations.
1) When crops are used as animal feed rather than being consumed directly by humans, there is a loss of calories due to the inefficiency of the process, as livestock use much of the energy from the crops for basic functions like movement and growth rather than storing it.
2) Shipping grain directly to starving populations in places like Africa is misunderstood and complex, as it raises issues around long-term sustainability, local governments, and who will pay for the harvesting and transportation.
3) Scientists like Joe Hancock are working with African farmers to increase the value and marketability of crops like sorghum and millet by using them as livestock feed, which helps stabilize prices and reduces starvation when harvests are poor
This document analyzes the relationship between body size and extinction risk in mammal species. It finds that both intrinsic and environmental factors that increase extinction risk scale sharply above a body mass threshold of around 3 kilograms. For smaller species, extinction risk is driven mainly by environmental factors related to geographic range, but for larger species both environmental factors and intrinsic biological traits are significant predictors of extinction risk. This suggests that the disadvantages of large body size for species survival are greater than previously thought.
This study examines the food webs of ancestral Puebloan societies living at Castle Rock Pueblo in Southwest Colorado between 1250-1274 AD. The researcher compiled data on all plants and animals in the study area, and on the human consumption patterns at Castle Rock Pueblo. Two food webs were constructed: an overall food web of all species, and a specific human food web. The analysis found that while humans directly preyed on few species, they were connected to all species through secondary and tertiary connections of consumed species. The vulnerability of humans was linked to the vulnerability of their preferred prey species.
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUM...Simone Petrucci
Seminario Internazionale INCONTRI D'ARTE E SCIENZE BOTANICHE. Realizzato da Italia Nostra Onlus Sez. Castiglione del Lago il 30 aprile 2016 presso Palazzo della Corgna.
Go behind the scenes to learn how search engines index and organize the web and show why the principles of SEO work based on the activities of search engines.
- The sago and tapioca starch industry in Salem District, Tamil Nadu has experienced significant growth over the past 47 years and plays an important economic role, providing employment opportunities and increasing trade.
- The study examines the growth and performance of sago industries in Salem District, with a focus on raw material sourcing, production levels, sales performance, and influencing factors like availability of raw materials and profitability.
- Key findings include that most units source raw materials from their own cultivation but also leased land, production levels fluctuate from 500-600 tons annually, and factors like cost of labor and raw material availability most impact profits.
This thesis examines changes in prehistoric subsistence and ceramic production in the Middle to Late Woodland periods in the Mid-Atlantic region. The author analyzed archaeological site reports and ceramic and archaeobotanical remains to determine what plants were cultivated and how wild foods contributed to the diet. While maize and some cultigens were identified, foraging on nuts, seeds and marine resources remained important. Ceramic analysis showed a shift from larger, coarser vessels to smaller, finer vessels possibly relating to changes in food processing and storage. However, more research is still needed to fully understand prehistoric subsistence in this region.
The document summarizes a research project on traditional foods of the Puget Sound region conducted by the Muckleshoot, Tulalip, and Suquamish tribes. The project had four phases: 1) Developing a model traditional diet, 2) Roundtable discussions on access, barriers and solutions, 3) A tribal cooks camp to develop recipes, 4) Creating a booklet of findings and recipes. The roundtables identified barriers like lack of cultural transmission and access to harvesting sites, and solutions such as integrating traditional knowledge in schools and creating community gardens. The cooks camp had 20 participants who collaboratively developed 21 recipes.
Effect of Varying the Energy Density of Protein-adequate Diets on Nutrient Me...Faisal A. Alshamiry
assessing the influence of varied dietary energy densities of a protein-adequate diet on immune response of growing Muzaffarnagari lambs besides nutritional performance and clinical chemistry indices.
This document discusses early theories of evolution and evidence that supports the theory of evolution through natural selection. It describes Lamarck's theory of acquired traits and Darwin's theory of natural selection. Darwin proposed that organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on these favorable traits. The document also discusses microevolution within species over short periods versus macroevolution leading to new species, and provides examples of fossil records, homologous structures, vestigial structures, and genetics as evidence supporting the theory of evolution through gradual change over long periods of time.
Food chain and Food Web
Food chain and food web in ecosystem
Food chain
Types of food chains
1. Grazing food chain
2. Detritus food chain
Food web
Significance of food chain and food web
The study of allometry examines how the proportions of different parts of an organism change as the organism grows in size. As body size increases from mice to elephants, hearts generally beat more slowly, brains get larger, bones get shorter and thinner proportionally, and lifespans lengthen. Allometric equations take the form of Y = aMb, where Y is a biological variable, M is a measure of body size, and b is a scaling exponent. Common examples of allometry include surface area scaling with body mass to the power of 2/3 and metabolic rate scaling with body mass to the power of 3/4.
Why eat low on the food chain from 2010 cip talkMichael Morris Ⓥ
This document discusses the environmental impacts of animal agriculture and advocates for a vegan approach. It notes that agriculture is responsible for 50% of greenhouse gas emissions in New Zealand, more than any other industry, due to methane from cattle and nitrous oxide from animal waste. Livestock also require significant land and water resources and are a leading driver of deforestation, habitat destruction, and water pollution. Adopting a vegan diet has a smaller environmental footprint than other options. The document questions common justifications for meat consumption and concludes that it is difficult to consider oneself an environmentalist while continuing to eat meat given its impacts.
The document discusses different types of food chains, including producers that generate energy through photosynthesis, consumers that eat other organisms, and decomposers that break down dead organic matter. It covers the flow of energy through trophic levels in food chains and provides examples of aquatic, detritus, and parasitic food chains.
This document discusses estimating the energy requirements for maintenance and growth of wild mammals, birds, and reptiles kept in captivity. It reviews existing data on basal metabolic rates and maintenance energy requirements for some species. The document develops a model to estimate lower limits of energy requirements during growth, taking into account factors like variation in time to reach maturity and energy density of tissue deposited. Having estimates of energy needs can help with issues like treating obesity or providing nutritional support when animals lose appetite. Overall, the document aims to provide guidance for estimating energy requirements when specific data is lacking for non-domesticated species in captive settings.
Evolution in the news: Power point presentation (BIOL415) Spring 2014Kevin B Hugins
Mini presentation on current news stories for BIOL 415
This news article was about a journal article published in Nature Communications on April 15, 2014. The article is the result of research that was led by scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. The purpose of the research was to study the co-evolution of humans and gut microbiota and examine adaptation that resulted in groups that had different diets. The primary group of interest was a hunter-gatherer group located in Tanzania known as Hadza. This is one of the few remaining true foraging populations in the world. The Hadza diet consists of baobab, game meat, honey, berries and tubers. Hadza do not consume any agricultural crops or livestock.
Food chains show how organisms are linked through feeding relationships, with energy flowing from producers to primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers. Food webs depict a more complex and realistic set of interlocking food chains in an ecosystem. Within food chains and webs, organisms can be grouped into trophic levels based on their position - with producers on the first trophic level and top carnivores on the highest level. Significant changes to populations within an ecosystem, such as removing producers, can destabilize food chains and negatively impact other organisms.
The carbon isotope ecology and diet of australopithecus africanus at sterkfon...Kristian Pedersen
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the carbon isotope ratios in tooth enamel from 10 specimens of Australopithecus africanus from Sterkfontein in South Africa, dating to between 2.5-2.0 million years ago. The results show that A. africanus had a varied diet incorporating both C3 forest foods and C4 savanna foods to a greater degree than other early hominins. This suggests A. africanus was a highly adaptable and opportunistic feeder. The isotope data also indicates the individuals exhibited more dietary variation than other early hominin species, arguing against suggestions that multiple species are represented in the A. africanus taxon.
Intro to entomophagy and human evolutionJulie Lesnik
This document discusses the history and evolution of entomophagy (eating insects) in human diets. It argues that early hominins like Australopithecus likely consumed insects as an important source of protein and nutrients. As brain sizes increased over human evolution, dietary quality also needed to improve, which insects may have provided. Ethnographic examples show that modern foraging societies incorporate insects as a reliable food source. However, northern latitudes have fewer edible insect species due to climate and biodiversity patterns. The development of agriculture also reduced entomophagy as diets focused on domesticated plants and animals. The document aims to shift perspectives on entomophagy away from ideas of "taboo
Achieving factual sustainability in fish farming needs the addition of most of the fish meal exploited as feed stuffs. The current experiment described two feeding trials, that resulted in the complete replacement of fish meal in the fingerling of Tilapia mossambicus. The initial trial was accompanied with three stages of fish meal replacement (50, 75 and 100% of dietary protein) viz., one level of soy protein and two levels of Lactat ® Probiotic (0 (or) 0.3% of the diet). Since probiotic has been reported to promote gut health, it was incorporated inorder to examine the growth enhancement and whether it would ease high levels of fish meal replacement in T. mossambicus. Lipids were provided by Cod liver oil. The better weight gain was observed in the treatments 50/50+ of fish meal replacement and 0/100+ of fish meal replacement. The optimum Specific Growth Rate, Food Conversion Ratio and Survival were also observed in 50/50+ fish meal replacement and 0/100+ fish meal replacement. The higher serum Acetyl Choline, Leucocytes, and Erythrocyte were observed in 50/50+ and 0/100 + than the other diets. The Lysozyme activity was higher in 0/100+ and 50/50+ than the other diets.
In the Second feeding trial, fish meal was replaced by various carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of the fingerlings of T. mossambicus. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain glucose, sucrose, maltose, dextrin, corn starch and control were maintained separately. The results indicated that the better weight gain, SGR, FCR and survival were also better in starch, dextrin and sucrose diet fed fish. There were significant differences in the total plasma, glucose and triglyceride concentration in fish fed with different carbohydrate sources. Plasma total protein, red blood cell, leucocytes and hemoglobin were significantly affected by various carbohydrate sources. The activities of glucose 6-Phosphate dehydrogenase, (G6PD), 6- Phospho fructokinase (PFK) and fructose 1, 6 – bisphosphatase (FBase) were significantly affected by these carbohydrate sources. While this two feeding trail indicated that the 50/50+ and 0/100+ of soy flour replacement with fish meal showed the optimum growth performance and in carbohydrate sources the corn starch, dextrose, and sucrose showed the better growth for tilapia fingerlings.
This document discusses biodiversity and its importance. It defines biodiversity as the variety of species in a given area. Tropical rainforests have the highest biodiversity due to abundant sunlight, moisture and nutrients. Over 1.7 million species have been identified but the actual number is estimated to be over 10 million. Genetic, species and ecosystem diversity are also defined. The importance of biodiversity is explained in maintaining balanced ecosystems, genetic variation, providing resources for medicine, food, clothing, shelter, and recreational/aesthetic value for humans. Key species removal can collapse entire ecosystems, and genetic bottlenecks reduce disease resistance in populations.
1) When crops are used as animal feed rather than being consumed directly by humans, there is a loss of calories due to the inefficiency of the process, as livestock use much of the energy from the crops for basic functions like movement and growth rather than storing it.
2) Shipping grain directly to starving populations in places like Africa is misunderstood and complex, as it raises issues around long-term sustainability, local governments, and who will pay for the harvesting and transportation.
3) Scientists like Joe Hancock are working with African farmers to increase the value and marketability of crops like sorghum and millet by using them as livestock feed, which helps stabilize prices and reduces starvation when harvests are poor
This document analyzes the relationship between body size and extinction risk in mammal species. It finds that both intrinsic and environmental factors that increase extinction risk scale sharply above a body mass threshold of around 3 kilograms. For smaller species, extinction risk is driven mainly by environmental factors related to geographic range, but for larger species both environmental factors and intrinsic biological traits are significant predictors of extinction risk. This suggests that the disadvantages of large body size for species survival are greater than previously thought.
This study examines the food webs of ancestral Puebloan societies living at Castle Rock Pueblo in Southwest Colorado between 1250-1274 AD. The researcher compiled data on all plants and animals in the study area, and on the human consumption patterns at Castle Rock Pueblo. Two food webs were constructed: an overall food web of all species, and a specific human food web. The analysis found that while humans directly preyed on few species, they were connected to all species through secondary and tertiary connections of consumed species. The vulnerability of humans was linked to the vulnerability of their preferred prey species.
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MONUM...Simone Petrucci
Seminario Internazionale INCONTRI D'ARTE E SCIENZE BOTANICHE. Realizzato da Italia Nostra Onlus Sez. Castiglione del Lago il 30 aprile 2016 presso Palazzo della Corgna.
Go behind the scenes to learn how search engines index and organize the web and show why the principles of SEO work based on the activities of search engines.
- The sago and tapioca starch industry in Salem District, Tamil Nadu has experienced significant growth over the past 47 years and plays an important economic role, providing employment opportunities and increasing trade.
- The study examines the growth and performance of sago industries in Salem District, with a focus on raw material sourcing, production levels, sales performance, and influencing factors like availability of raw materials and profitability.
- Key findings include that most units source raw materials from their own cultivation but also leased land, production levels fluctuate from 500-600 tons annually, and factors like cost of labor and raw material availability most impact profits.
This thesis examines changes in prehistoric subsistence and ceramic production in the Middle to Late Woodland periods in the Mid-Atlantic region. The author analyzed archaeological site reports and ceramic and archaeobotanical remains to determine what plants were cultivated and how wild foods contributed to the diet. While maize and some cultigens were identified, foraging on nuts, seeds and marine resources remained important. Ceramic analysis showed a shift from larger, coarser vessels to smaller, finer vessels possibly relating to changes in food processing and storage. However, more research is still needed to fully understand prehistoric subsistence in this region.
The document summarizes a research project on traditional foods of the Puget Sound region conducted by the Muckleshoot, Tulalip, and Suquamish tribes. The project had four phases: 1) Developing a model traditional diet, 2) Roundtable discussions on access, barriers and solutions, 3) A tribal cooks camp to develop recipes, 4) Creating a booklet of findings and recipes. The roundtables identified barriers like lack of cultural transmission and access to harvesting sites, and solutions such as integrating traditional knowledge in schools and creating community gardens. The cooks camp had 20 participants who collaboratively developed 21 recipes.
Archaeology involves the analysis of material remains from past human cultures to understand how people lived. Archaeologists study artifacts, features, and ecofacts found at excavation sites. Relative dating techniques like stratigraphy and seriation are used to sequence finds chronologically without absolute dates, while absolute methods like radiocarbon dating provide specific ages. After excavation, artifacts undergo processing including classification and analysis to infer patterns of ancient behavior and human development over time. This helps archaeologists reconstruct past lifeways and cultures.
Starch is a carbohydrate made of glucose units produced by plants as a food storage mechanism. It is found in grains like wheat and corn, as well as tubers like potatoes. Starch can be extracted from these sources and used in many industries. It has a wide variety of uses including as a thickener, binder, sweetener, and bulking agent in foods, as well as in paper products, pharmaceuticals, animal feed, and other applications.
This document discusses modified food starches. It begins by explaining that modified starches are normal starches that have been chemically or physically altered. Common modification methods include cross-linking, acid treatment, and oxidation. Modified food starches are used as thickeners, emulsifiers, and stabilizers in foods. They allow foods to have longer shelf lives and help bind ingredients. Some common foods containing modified starches include canned soups, chips, and cheese sauces. The document also discusses retrogradation, which is the process by which starch molecules realign and recrystallize.
Anthropology and archaeology of subsistencekolsonanth
This document provides an overview of subsistence strategies throughout human history, from foraging to the development of agriculture and intensive farming. It discusses the transition from food collection to food production starting around 10,000 years ago with the domestication of plants and animals. Key changes included increased sedentism, population growth, and social stratification. Archaeological evidence used to study subsistence includes animal bones, plant remains, human bones, and paleofeces, which can provide information on diet, technology, and past environments. Different measurement techniques are used to analyze faunal and floral remains.
This document summarizes evidence from multiple disciplines that supports the hypothesis that early humans like Homo erectus had a highly carnivorous diet. The evidence discussed includes archaeological evidence showing early control of fire and competition between humans and large carnivores; isotopic, strontium, and barium analyses indicating early humans were top carnivores; anatomical comparisons showing similarities to carnivores; genetic adaptations related to meat consumption; parallels between human and wolf social structures and hunting behaviors; shorter human weaning times resembling carnivores more than chimpanzees; and ethnographic data on traditional diets of recent human groups being majority animal foods. The interdisciplinary evidence presented argues for a single Paleolithic diet for early humans
1. The document discusses hunter-gatherer diets and lifestyles in the Paleolithic era compared to modern diets and lifestyles. Hunter-gatherers ate lean meats, fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds and were highly active, which protected against diseases.
2. Studies show that when indigenous populations adopt Western diets and sedentary lifestyles, they experience increased rates of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and some cancers. For example, Pima Indians and Australian Aborigines saw these health issues rise after changing their traditional diets and activities.
3. While genetically adapted to Paleolithic diets, humans now eat highly processed foods, get less physical activity, and
CommentaryOrigins and evolution of the Western diet healt.docxmonicafrancis71118
Commentary
Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the
21st century1,2
Loren Cordain, S Boyd Eaton, Anthony Sebastian, Neil Mann, Staffan Lindeberg, Bruce A Watkins, James H O’Keefe,
and Janette Brand-Miller
ABSTRACT
There is growing awareness that the profound changes in the envi-
ronment (eg, in diet and other lifestyle conditions) that began with
the introduction of agriculture and animal husbandry �10 000 y ago
occurred too recently on an evolutionary time scale for the human
genome to adjust. In conjunction with this discordance between our
ancient, genetically determined biology and the nutritional, cultural,
and activity patterns of contemporary Western populations, many of
the so-called diseases of civilization have emerged. In particular,
food staples and food-processing procedures introduced during the
Neolithic and Industrial Periods have fundamentally altered 7 cru-
cial nutritional characteristics of ancestral hominin diets: 1) glyce-
mic load, 2) fatty acid composition, 3) macronutrient composition,
4) micronutrient density, 5) acid-base balance, 6) sodium-potassium
ratio, and 7) fiber content. The evolutionary collision of our ancient
genome with the nutritional qualities of recently introduced foods may
underlie many of the chronic diseases of Western civilization. Am
J Clin Nutr 2005;81:341–54.
KEY WORDS Westernized diets, chronic disease, processed
foods, genetic discordance, hunter-gatherers, human evolution
EVOLUTIONARY DISCORDANCE
Evolution acting through natural selection represents an on-
going interaction between a species’ genome and its environment
over the course of multiple generations. Genetic traits may be
positively or negatively selected relative to their concordance or
discordance with environmental selective pressures (1). When
the environment remains relatively constant, stabilizing selec-
tion tends to maintain genetic traits that represent the optimal
average for a population (2). When environmental conditions
permanently change, evolutionary discordance arises between a
species’ genome and its environment, and stabilizing selection is
replaced by directional selection, moving the average population
genome to a new set point (1, 2). Initially, when permanent
environmental changes occur in a population, individuals bear-
ing the previous average status quo genome experience evolu-
tionary discordance (2, 3). In the affected genotype, this evolu-
tionary discordance manifests itself phenotypically as disease,
increased morbidity and mortality, and reduced reproductive
success (1–3).
Similar to all species, contemporary humans are genetically
adapted to the environment of their ancestors—that is, to the
environment that their ancestors survived in and that conse-
quently conditioned their genetic makeup (1–3). There is grow-
ing awareness that the profound environmental changes (eg, in
diet and other lifestyle conditions) that began with the introduc-
tion of agriculture and.
Humans are likely herbivorous by nature based on biological evidence. Humans have longer digestive tracts suited to breaking down plant matter, flat teeth for grinding, and weaker jaws and nails than carnivores. While early human ancestors ate some meat, their diets were mainly fruits and plants. Meat consumption increased significantly only in recent centuries when cooking made it safer to eat in larger amounts, unlike carnivores which eat raw meat. A largely plant-based diet is still more aligned with human biology and linked to fewer health issues than diets high in meat.
Scientific American November 13, 2002Food for ThoughtD.docxkenjordan97598
Scientific American November 13, 2002
Food for Thought
Dietary change was a driving force in human evolution
By William R. Leonard
We humans are strange primates.
We walk on two legs, carry around enormous brains and have colonized every
corner of the globe. Anthropologists and biologists have long sought to
understand how our lineage came to differ so profoundly from the primate norm
in these ways, and over the years all manner of hypotheses aimed at explaining
each of these oddities have been put forth. But a growing body of evidence
indicates that these miscellaneous quirks of humanity in fact have a common
thread: they are largely the result of natural selection acting to maximize dietary
quality and foraging efficiency. Changes in food availability over time, it seems,
strongly influenced our hominid ancestors. Thus, in an evolutionary sense, we
are very much what we ate.
Accordingly, what we eat is yet another way in which we differ from our primate
kin. Contemporary human populations the world over have diets richer in
calories and nutrients than those of our cousins, the great apes. So when and
how did our ancestors' eating habits diverge from those of other primates?
Further, to what extent have modern humans departed from the ancestral
dietary pattern?
Scientific interest in the evolution of human nutritional requirements has a long
history. But relevant investigations started gaining momentum after 1985, when
S. Boyd Eaton and Melvin J. Konner of Emory University published a seminal
paper in the New England Journal of Medicine entitled "Paleolithic Nutrition."
They argued that the prevalence in modern societies of many chronic diseases-
-obesity, hypertension, coronary heart disease and diabetes, among them--is
the consequence of a mismatch between modern dietary patterns and the type
of diet that our species evolved to eat as prehistoric hunter-gatherers. Since
then, however, understanding of the evolution of human nutritional needs has
advanced considerably-- thanks in large part to new comparative analyses of
traditionally living human populations and other primates--and a more nuanced
picture has emerged. We now know that humans have evolved not to subsist on
a single, Paleolithic diet but to be flexible eaters, an insight that has important
implications for the current debate over what people today should eat in order to
be healthy.
To appreciate the role of diet in human evolution, we must remember that the
search for food, its consumption and, ultimately, how it is used for biological
processes are all critical aspects of an organism's ecology. The energy dynamic
between organisms and their environments--that is, energy expended in relation
to energy acquired--has important adaptive consequences for survival and
reproduction. These two components of Darwinian fitness are reflected in the
way we divide up an animal's energy budget. Maintenance energy is what
keeps an animal alive on a day-to-day basis. Productive e.
This document summarizes a conference on food in the Anthropocene era. It discusses how current diets and food systems are driving poor health outcomes and environmental degradation. Science-based targets are proposed to create a shared vision for low risk diets and sustainable land use. These targets include limits on nitrogen and phosphorus inputs, fresh water use, biodiversity loss and more. Achieving these targets will require changes across science, business and policy to transform food systems and make food a solution to environmental and health problems.
A talk examining how the energy requirements for life in the ocean impact evolution, ecology, and ultimately biodiversity. I examine this through the lense of both energy allocation and energy adaptation theory.
This document discusses using ancient DNA analysis to study archaeological remains. It notes that ancient DNA is typically fragmented into small pieces 100-500 base pairs long. Contamination from other sources is also a major issue. However, ancient DNA analysis can be used to study species phylogenies, hominin evolution, past diets and behaviors, origins of domestication, and population histories. As a case study, the document discusses analyzing ancient DNA from pygmy hippopotamus remains on Cyprus to learn about population dynamics and what caused their extinction 12,000 years ago alongside human arrival and climate change. Stable isotope analysis of bones and teeth can also provide clues about past diets.
This document discusses the analysis of non-artifactual remains such as botanical and zoological remains in archaeological studies. It notes that such remains can provide insights into past agricultural practices, food sources, environmental conditions, and religious beliefs and rituals. The document outlines how archaeozoologists study animal remains to understand relationships between humans and animals, including diet, the environment, technology, and the role of animals in economic and social systems. It also discusses the multi-disciplinary nature of faunal studies and the variety of direct and indirect evidence used, such as bones, isotopes, genetics, and historical documents.
This is a PPT I made for an hour long talk given for my Seminar in Evolutionary Biology class at JSU. It explores in great depth the evolution of the human/hominid dietary pattern in pursuit of a single question: What is the most optimal diet for human consumption, encouraging health and longevity, based on evolutionary trends?
Use of Silage Acid Devil Fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.) as Protein Supplement i...criollito
Animal nutrition is one of the most important limiting factors in animal production, especially in ruminants, providing
proteins being the main constraint, due to the limited availability and high cost of protein sources (oilseed meals). Currently in the dam
“El Infiernillo” in Michoacán México, has a large population of devil fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.), which is an economic and ecological
problem, because it is not consumed by humans and causes pollution to be discarded directly into the environment. For that reason the
objective of this study was to evaluate the use of silage acid devil fish (SADF) in fattening beef cattle as a protein supplement. SADF is
defined as a product semi-liquid or pasty mixed with formic acid, which leads to a decrease in pH to near 4.0. Used 18 young bulls (Bos
taurus × Bos indicus) for 60 days with a starting weight of 278.9 ± 51.2 kg, housed in individual pens with food and water ad libitum
were randomly assigned to three treatments with different levels of inclusion SADF (0%, 12% and 18%). They were weighed to the
beginning of the experiment and later every 30 days, previous fasting of 24 hours. To determine the food consumption, weigh every day
the offered food and the surplus. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatments with different levels of inclusion of
SADF with respect to daily weight gain, with values of 952 ± 324, 927 ± 322 and 854 ± 307 g/day, respectively. The dry matter intake
(DMI) was 8.9, 9.3 and 7.7 kg/day to 0%, 12% and 18% of SADF, respectively. In the same values for feed conversion were 9.34, 10.03
and 9.01 kg DMI/kg of weigh live, and carcass yield of 60.6%, 60.3% and 58.5%, respectively. It is concluded that fish silage acid devil
is an excellent alternative in feeding beef cattle as a protein supplement.
Food insecurity is increasing due to population growth and declining agricultural productivity. Entomophagy, or consuming edible insects, has the potential to address this issue as insects are a natural, renewable source of nutrients. Many cultures already incorporate insects into their diets. Edible insects are high in protein, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. They also have a higher feed conversion efficiency than traditional livestock. Insect farming could help alleviate food insecurity by providing additional nutrients in a sustainable way.
The document provides an overview of conservation biology, including definitions and history. It discusses the meaning of conservation, the early history of conservation efforts dating back thousands of years, and milestones in the field such as the establishment of the first national park in the US in 1872. It also summarizes key topics within conservation biology like biological diversity, genetics, ecology, and periods of mass extinction.
Humans are herbivorous by nature based on biological evidence. Humans have longer digestive tracts, weaker jaws and nails, and teeth adapted for grinding plant material unlike carnivores. While early human ancestors ate mostly fruits and bugs, meat became a larger part of the diet more recently. A high meat diet is linked to many modern health issues, and humans are one of the only species that cooks meat for safe consumption. Overall, the evidence suggests humans are best suited for low meat, plant-based diets.
The document summarizes research investigating the role of plants in the Neanderthal diet through microscopic residue analysis of stone tools. The researcher created a database of edible wild plants found in Europe and the Ohio region. Plant specimens were processed with stone tools to create residue profiles. Residues on tools from the Neanderthal site of Maras, France were then compared, finding similarities between residues there and experimental processing of wild parsnip and bur-reed. This suggests Neanderthals incorporated more varied plant foods into their diet than typically claimed, obtaining important nutrients beyond what meat alone could provide.
Mayo Clinic endorses Paleolithic Eating and the Serenity Eating LifetstyleMICHELLE Edmonds
The Serenity Weight Loss and Detoxification Program, established in 1992, teaches PALEO Eating. We also recognize the importance of KETOGENIC additions to the diet.
For more information about us, click @ https://serenityweightloss.business.site
Evolution of human diet- From paleolithic age to Industrial revolution which brings lots of changes in lifestyle and increases communicable disease incidences.
The document discusses major geological drivers of evolution on Earth over time, including tectonic movement, volcanism, climate change, and meteorite impacts. These geological forces have caused large-scale migrations, speciation events, mass extinctions, and adaptive radiations in species. Specific examples of major extinction events are described, such as the Permian-Triassic, Cretaceous-Paleogene, and more recent extinctions following human arrival and activities on various continents and islands.
The document discusses several key aspects of evolution including early theories on life and land, evidence from fossils, the endosymbiotic theory of how mitochondria formed, homologous and analogous structures as evidence of evolution, adaptive radiation and natural selection, and mechanisms of speciation such as geographic isolation and behavioral isolation.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdfrightmanforbloodline
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
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Were there many paleo diets?
1. Miki Ben-Dor
Department of Archaeology
Tel Aviv University, Israel
AHS13
August 2013
2. Conklin-Brittain NL, Wrangham R, Smith CC
(2002) A two-stage model of increased dietary
quality in early hominid evolution: The role of
fiber. In: Ungar PS, Teaford MF, editors. Human
diet: Its origin and evolution: Greenwood
% weight (Conklin-Britten 2002)
% calories (Assuming 1.5 cal. fat/1 gr fiber)
Full explanation and references at http://www.paleostyle.com/?p=2001
Anatomy
3. Smaller
Colon is of a smaller
gut, ¼ of Chimp colon,
Little B12, max. 8% of
energy
Colon is of the gut,
Source of fat and B12
Milton, K. (1999).
Nutritional
characteristics of wild
primate foods: do the
diets of our closest
living relatives have
lessons for
us? Nutrition 15:488–
498
Anatomy
4. Wrangham proposed that cooking by Homo erectus 1.8 million years ago
allowed humans to consume tubers despite their significant fiber content and
humans smaller colon and teeth.
However:
◦ Archaeological evidence shows habitual control of fire only begin 1.4 million years
later
◦ Genes that promote significant starch metabolism appear at the earliest only 1.6
million years later.
◦ Genes to cope with tubers’ low folic acid content and detoxification of tuber
glycosides appear only recently and only among agricultural populations that
consume domesticated tubers.
◦ Starch dependent bacteria found in human teeth plaque only after the Agriculture
Revolution indicating low starch diet pre-agriculture.
◦ Nitrogen Isotope studies confirm low plant consumption in the late Paleolithic even
though cooking was well established.
◦ Meat and fat consumption offer more parsimonious solution to the fiber problem as
they are energy dense and do not have fiber so do not require cooking to be
metabolized.
5. Genetic adaptation only in groups with post-Paleolithic consumption of
tubers to:
•Starch and sucrose metabolism
•Folic acid biosynthesis
•Detoxification of plant glycosides
Genetics
15. Strontium and Barium analysis in human and animal
teeth from approx. 2 MYA show: “Early Homo (is)
indistinguishable from carnivores” (Nature 2012)
Strontium
16. Africa 1.5 MYA - “The appearance of Homo is marked by a sharp drop in the number of large carnivores (>20
kgs) but not small carnivores”
Italy 0.5 MYA – Homo appear. Large carnivores drop despite increase in large herbivores.
Werdelin L, Lewis ME (2013) Temporal Change in Functional Richness and Evenness in the Eastern African Plio-
Pleistocene Carnivoran Guild. PLoS ONE 8(3): e57944.
Large Carnivores Small Carnivores
Homo erectus
Paleontology
Signs of competition between early humans and large carnivores
17. “there is incontrovertible evidence of
the convergence of human behavior
with carnivore behavior”
Animal Behavior
18. Wolf (Canis)
Social
Monogamy
2nd Widest geographic
distribution
Endurance locomotion
Prey size: 1000 kgs – 1 kg
Preying on young and old
Homo
Social
Monogamy
Widest geographic
distribution
Endurance locomotion
Prey size: 6000 kgs - 1 kg
Preying on adults
Animal Behavior
Joint venture?
19. “our findings highlight the emergence of carnivory as a
process fundamentally determining human evolution.”
Weaning in humans 2-3 yearWeaning in Chimps 4-5 years
Life History
20. Kuhn, S. L., & Stiner, M. C.
(2006). What’s a Mother to Do?
The Division of Labor among
Neandertals and Modern
Humans in Eurasia. Current
Anthropology, 47(6), 953-981
Ethnography
22. Inter-disciplinary evidence supports
One Paleolithic
Highly Carnivorous Diet
Life History
Archaeology
N Isotope
Strontium
Anatomy
Genetics
Animal Behavior
Ethnography
Paleontology
Bacteriology
Editor's Notes
This lecture was initiated by a statement made at last year's AHS by the keynote speaker, Prof. Dan Liebermann, who said that “there were many Paleo diets”. A few prominent Paleo bloggers were quick to quote him and later that year the book Paleofantasy came out so I am glad to have the opportunity to try to subtentiate a completely different point of view here.
In Paleofantasy Prof. Marlin Zuk ask why pick up 2 million years and not 6 million or 30 million years ago? The answer lies in the major change in our digestive system in the transition to Homo 1.8 million years ago. Here is the composition of the Chimpanzee’s diet in terms of calories based on a paper by Conklin-Britain, Wrangham and others. When the fat from the by product of the fermentation of the high fiber content is taken into account we get a composition of 50 % fat, some 20 % protein and 30% sugar.
Much of the 50% fat is the product of fermentation by bacteria in a large colon which forms 52% of the Chimp’s gut. Our colon is only 21% of a gut that is 40% smaller than the Chimp's gut. With such small colon highly fibrous food is indigestible. And most plants in nature are highly fibrous. In the season there are some nuts that provide fat, fruits that provide little sugar and roots and tubers that are somewhat less fibrous than most plants and provide starch. So prof. Wrangham of Harvard, who studied primats and tubers and know they are too fibrous in a raw state, came up with the “Cooking Hypothesis” and identify starch from tubers as a major cooked source of calories for early humans .
So if we return to the most notable alternative hypothesis to one presented here, the Cooking Hypothesis, It is evident that starch metabolism and specifically tubers consumption in significant quantities is a post Paleolithic phenomena. In addition, evidence for habitual control of fire only shows up clearly from 400-200 Kya which is 1.2 million yearts after the appearance of early Homo erectus. Thirdly, as I will show in the next slides Isotope studies on pre-agricultural humans all confirm low plant consumption in the Paleolithic. it seems that the Cooking Hypothesis can quite convincingly be discarded
However, based on a study published in 2009 by Hancock et al genetic adaptation to tuber diet, such as high starch metabolism, high rate of folic acid biosynthesis and detoxification of tubers poisonous glycosides is prevalent only in farming groups that consume high tuber diet and not in hunter gatherers. So it transpires that although cooking is ubiquitous for hundred of thousands of years we were not genetically adapted to consume tubers until few thausands years ago.
To prove that only agriculture brought with it significant quantities of starch a genetic study of the bacteria S. mutans which feed on starch and is responsible for our carries found that they had a population explosion around 10,000 years ago.
Another genetic study by Perry et al shows that we are still not fully adapted to consume large quantities of starch of any kind tuber or otherwise. The AMY1 gene allows us to metabolize starch with lower insulin secretion which is good.You will notice that most people in the studied sample have less than theadapted population median, marked by a green line on the graph. Based on the previous evidence for explosion of starch feeding bacteria 10,000 years ago It is quite likely that the prevalence of multiple copies of AMY1 is as recent as agriculture. As can be seen on the left graph John Hawks found out that most of the genetic changes in the last 80 thaousands years took place around the time of the agriculture revolution.
Lets turn now to Archaeology. Almost every archaeological prehistoric site contains almost exclusively stones and bones. Animal bones with cut marks from stone tools. You can see a typical table reporting taxa and number of bones from a paper by Rabinovich et al.
Use marks studies on the stones all show that the main reason for their prolific productionwas to hunt and butcher animals. You have to be blind not to see that these are cultures of hunters. Yes, in very few sites one finds a single grinding stone but untill the period just prior to the agriculture revolution they are few and far between in comparison to the hundred of thousands of hunting and butchering stone tools.
Just prior to agriculture twenty to ten thousand years ago, Petals, Storage bins and large quantities of grinding stones show up, indicating that when significant quantities of plant material are consumed they do show very well in the archaeological record.
Recently plant residues were found in teeth plaque showing that plant food was consumed during the Paleolithic. However It is seasonal and costly to obtain and prepare for safe consumption so the quantities, in a nomadic culture could only be limited.
Recent groups of Hunter gatherers are a problematic model for Paleolithic humans as they live close to farming communities and most importantly, large animals, which formed most of the Paleolithic target prey animals have gone extinct or largely diminished prior to ten thousand years ago. Despite this, of 10 groups for which detailed studies were carried out, 5 groups consumed approximately 80% animal food and only 2 groups from very specific semi desert area consumed less than 50% animal sourced food.
However as can be seen from studies of Neolithic populations the method is very sensitive when humans do eat significant quantities of plant foods. In this Isotope study Pearson et al were able to distinguish between farmers’ social classes based on a slightly higher consumption of meat.
The premier geochemical tool for quantifying the relative amount of animal sourced food in the diet of ancient peopleis the content of Nitrogen isotope 15 in bone colagen and therefore only individual from about 50,000 years ago onward can be studied. Every single study carried on tens of pre-agricultural humans show them to be top carnivores. Their position above Hyaena and wolf is interpretaed as indicating a consumption of large animals. Recently there have been claims that humans metabolise nitrogen differently and therefore these studies tend to overestimate animal food consumption.
Another method of quantifiying animal sourced food in relation to plant sourced food is by measuring Strontium and Barium in relation to calcium in animals and human teeth. In a study that was published this year Balter et al state that “Early Homo is indistinguishable from carnivores”.
Another source of information is Paleontology. Researchers noticed the association of the appearance of the Homo species with the extinction of large carnivores. For example a study that was published this year in Plos one by Werdlin and Lewis found that in Africa that phenomena is evident at the time of the appearance of Homo erectus 1.7-1.5 Mya and another pair of researchers Palombo and Russi identified in an earlier paper that the same phenomena took place in Italy when Homo arrived there half a million years ago.
Another line of evidence come from comparative animal behavior. Comparing the behavior, especially concerning food acquisition, among humans, 11 carnivores and 14 primates Thompson found that in 6 behaviors out of the seven studied humans behave like carnivores. He therefore concluded that “there is incontrovertible evidence of the convergence of human behavior with carnivore behavior”
Wolf is another widely distributed species. his wide range of prey size, just like humans cause his widespread adaptability. I always think of wolf as a good example of an omnivore who can and does eat plant food but his diet is basically carnivorous. Researchers have suggested that the drive to domesticate the wolf was the help it could provide in hunting.
Life history is the timing of key events in an organism's lifetime and is a very important sub-field of evolution studies. It always pazzelded scientists why, despite longer childhood, weaning in human takes place half as early as in chimps.2-3 years as opposed to 4-5 years in chimpsIn a study published this year Psouni et al found that shorter weaning periods typify carnivores and therefore concluded that humans’ short weaning period in comparison to Chimpanzee is a proof for the emergence of carnivory as a process fundamentally determining human evolution. Short weaning periods are made possible in carnivores by the high nutritious value of meat. Humans are dependent on meat for short weaning and dependent on short weaning for high fertility.
This table here is essential to understanding the next life history evidence. It was compiled by Kuhn and Stiner and it shows that large game hunting is 6 to 10 times more efficient in terms of obtaining calories than gathering roots and tuber. Even hunting small game is two times more efficient than gathering tubers.
This graph from one of the most cited paper I know by Kaplan et al,to my mind, is the ultimate explanation of why humans could not rely on plant food as a major food source. Kaplan and his colleagues found out that it takes 20 years of investment in education for a hunter to stop being dependent on others for his food supply compared to 5 years for the chimp. So much knowledge is associated with hunting that a hunter reaches the pick of his productivity at 40 years old. For 20 years other hunters have to obtain and share many more calories than they themselves need which indeed they do as the graph shows. Taking into account the enormous difference in efficiency between big game hunting and tubers collection it just doesn’t make sense that gathering plants is likely to leave time to obtain foods for others. Indeed food sharing as we have seen in behavior comparison paper of Thompson is uniquely carnivorous and here we see that it is the cornerstone of the pre-agriculture human society.
To sum up – for nearly 2 million years we were fully fledged carnivores. Our social organization, our behavior, our material culture our biology all co-operated in helping us being a fully fledged eurytopiccarnivore. So yes, my conclusion is that we had one Paleo diet – a Carnivorous diet with a very high percentage of animal meat and fat.How is this conclusion relevant to the present day Paleo practitioner? I think of Paleo not as a romantic reconstruction of the past but as a safety template. From that point of view plenty of meat and fat in the diet seems to be a good bet. Yes we did adapt to consume agriculture based foods but we have to take into account that the adaptation seems to be partial and most of us don’t know to what to extent we are genetically adapted to non-meat foods.