1) The Visigoths ruled the Iberian Peninsula until the Muslim invasion led by Tariq ibn Ziyad in 711 AD. They established control over most of the region, which they called Al-Andalus. 2) Al-Andalus progressed from a dependent emirate under Umayyad rule to an independent emirate and later a caliphate based in Córdoba, which became one of the largest cities in the world. 3) After a period of fragmentation, the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada was the last Muslim state on the Iberian Peninsula before its fall to the Reconquista in 1492. The document outlines the

1. AL ANDALUS SOCIAL SCIENCES 2º ESO
Mª EULALIA CASTILLO
SÁEZ

2. SUMMARY
THE VISIGOTHS.
THE MUSLIM INVASION OF HISPANIA.
I. TIMELINE OF AL ANDALUS.
1º. DEPENDENT EMIRATE (711-756).
2º. INDEPENDENT EMIRATE (756-929).
3º. CALIPHATE OF CORDOBA (929-1031).
4º. TAIFAS AND NORTH AFRICAN RULERS (1031-1212).
5º. NASRID KINGDOM OF GRANADA (1212–1492).
I. SOCIETY IN AL ANDALUS.
II. THE ECONOMY OF AL ANDALUS.
III. URBAN LIFE IN AL ANDALUS.

3. THE VISIGOTHS.
- The visigoths were a Germanic tribe from Eastern Europe.
- Although they invaded Rome in 410, they became allies of the Romans,
and attacked and defeated other Germanic tribes in the Iberian Peninsula –
Vandals, the Alans and the Suevi. They controlled the Iberian Peninsula and
the South of France.
- In 507 the Franks forced them out of Gaul, and they only controlled the
Iberian Peninsula. They called it Hispania.

4. THE MUSLIM INVASION OF
HISPANIA.
- In 711, Tariq, a general from the North of Africa, crossed the
Strait of Gibraltar with a small army of Berbers and Arabs.
- As there were internal conflicts in Hispania, some Visigoths
supported Tariq.
- At the Battle of Guadalete, he defeated the Visigoth army.
Roderic, the Visigoth King, was killed.
- The Emir of North Africa, Musa bin Nusayr al – Balawi, came
with more soldiers. Together, Tariq and Musa conquered most
of Hispania quite easily. They called the conquered area Al
Andalus.

5. I. TIMELINE OF AL ANDALUS.
DEPENDENT
EMIRATE
711-756
INDEPENDE
NT EMIRATE
756-929
CALIPHATE OF
CORDOBA
929-1031
TAIFAS AND
NORTH –
AFRICAN RULERS
1031-1212
NASRID KINGDOM
OF GRANADA
1212-1492

6. 1º. DEPENDENT
EMIRATE (711 -
756)
- 711-714: the muslims
conquered most of Hispania.
- 750: The Abbasids
overthrow the last caliph in
Damascus.
- Al Andalus is part of the
Umayyad Caliphate.

7. 2º. INDEPENDENT EMIRATE (756 -
929)
- In 756 the Umayyad prince Abd ar-
Rahman I defeated the governor of Al
Andalus and becomes Emir of Córdoba.
- The Emirate of Córdoba is governed by
the Umayyad dynasty.
- It is independent from the Abbasid
Caliphate in Baghdad.
- The Emirates becomes more and more
prosperous.

8. 3º. CALIPHATE OF CÓRDOBA (929 –
1031)
- In 929 the Emir Abd ar-
Rahman III declares himself
caliph of Córdoba.
- During the Caliphate,
Córdoba was one of the
biggest and most important
cities in the world.

13. 4º. TAIFAS AND
NORTH
AFRICAN
RULERS (1031-
1212)
- In 1031 the Caliphate
disintegrated into
several smaller
kingdoms called Taifas.

14. - In 1085, the Christians took Toledo.
- In 1086, the Almoravids defeated the Christians at the battle of
Sagrajas.
- The Taifas weren’t strong enough to resist the Christians kings, so
they ask for help to the Almoravids (Berbels from Morocco). The
Almoravides then took control of Al Andalus.
- Later, in 1147, another group from North Africa, the Almohads,
took over from the Almoravids.

16. 5º. NASRID KINGDOM OF GRANADA
(1212– 1492)
- In 1212, the Christians kings defeated the Almohads at the battle of Navas de Tolosa. Afterwards,
the Christians soon took cities in Andalusia like Jaén, Córdoba and Seville.
- Granada was the only Muslim kingdom left in the Iberian Peninsula. It covered the modern provinces
of Málaga, Granada and Almería.
- Granada was ruled by the Nasrid Dinasty (Dinastía Nazarí).
- Many Muslims left other parts of the Península and go to the Kingdom of Granada.
- This kingdom was prosperous, but its army was weak. This meant that it had to pay tribute to the
Christian Kingdom of Castile.
- In 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand conquered Granada. Boabdil was the last Muslim King in Al Andalus.

17. II. SOCIETY IN AL ANDALUS.

18. II. SOCIETY
IN AL
ANDALUS.
KEY WORDS.
- ARABS: they were the most important social group. There weren’t many Arabs, but they had the most privileges:
they had the best lands, and most Muslim’s leaders were mainly Arabs.
- BERBERS: they lived mainly from livestock farming. Most of the ordinary soldiers were also Berbers. They came
from North Africa. There were more Berbers tan Arabs, but they had less privileges.
- MULADIES: they were Christians converted to Islam. Most of them were peasants. As many people converted, they
were evenually the majorty of the population. (some converted because Muslims paid less taxes tan non-Muslims).
- MOZARABS: they were Christians.
- JEWS: they dedicated to trade, craftwork and finance. They played an important role in the economy of Al Andalus.
- WOMEN IN AL ANDALUS.
☞ LOOK FOR INFORMATION: AIXA THE HONEST. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aixa

19. III. THE ECONOMY OF AL ANDALUS.
- AGRICULTURE: Muslims grew crops like sugar cane, rice, citrus
fruits, grapes and cotton.
They had a good irrigation system, installing waterwheels in the
rivers. This made agriculture much more productive.
- TRADE: The Muslim world extended from the Iberian Peninsula
to India. Al Andalus exported silk and copper, and imported
slaves and gold. In cities like Córdoba, Seville or Zaragoza was
also possible to buy ceramics from China.
The Muslims use gold and silver coins caled dinars and dírhams.
- ARTISANS: Muslims brought many new technologies with them,
like the production of silk. Weapons, ceramics and jewellery were
also popular and high quality.

20. ☞ THE SILK INDUSTRY.

21. IV. URBAN LIFE IN AL ANDALUS.