The early history of Al-Andalus By the 8th century, Muslims had expanded beyond Arabia and controlled North Africa. In 711, they crossed into the Iberian Peninsula, defeating the Visigoth King Roderic. They occupied most of the peninsula but not the mountainous regions. The Muslims called their new territory Al-Andalus, with its capital at Córdoba, dependent on the Umayyad caliphate. Over time Al-Andalus fragmented into taifa states and the Christian kingdoms grew in strength, gradually reconquering Muslim lands.

1. The early history
of Al-Andalus
By the early 8 century, the Muslims had expanded far beyond their original
territory the Arabian Peninsula, and controlled most of North Africa. In
711 they crossed over to the Iberian Peninsula.
 Was also made possible by a civil war between rival groups of the
nobility.
 Muslims defeated the Visigoths King Roderic in the Battle of
Guadalete. However Tariq did not hand power over to their Visigoth allies
they occupird mearly all of the Iberian Peninsula. The Muslims never fully
conquered the mountainous regions.
 The Muslims called their new territory Al- Andalus. Córdoba its capital
the emirate was dependent on the Umayyad caliphate in Damascus.

2. II were sleeping when they killed all my family.
It was the next day when I noticed these.
Because of that, I scaped to the Iberian
Peninsula.
This travel was very difficult because I can not
told that I were the prince to anyone. When I
arrive,I stay in a small city because I wanted
that the time pass. After a few years, I founded
the independant Empire of Cordoba.
Abd al-Rahman

4. Activities :
Describe the
invasion routes
taken by the
Muslims.
Which parts of the Iberian
Peninsula were not conquered
by the Muslims?

5. The Caliphate of
Córdoba (929-
1031).

6. The caliphate of Córdoba was a period of
excepcional achievement in Al-Andalus
followed the fundation of the caliphate of
Córdoba in 929. Created by Abd al Rahman
III who became it´s caliph- the supreme
political and rerligious authority.

7. Abd al Rahman II ruled through a chief
minister (hajib), ministers (vizers) and
provinicial governors (walis).
The caliphate of Córdoba was one of the
worlds great states in the 10th century:
• Abd al-Rahman III strengthened his
authority by repressing internal revolts
and resisting the Cristian Kingdoms.
•The city of Córdoba was one of the most
populous in the world.
•Was a great cultural centre.
CHARACTER

8. QUESTIONS PAGE
81. EXERCISES 6, 7
AND 8.
ANSWERS:
6. The room that was depicted was the
principal one.
7. Yes but womens weren´t really present.
8. was a Lorraine born monk, diplomat
administrator, and monastic reformer, at the
caliph´s court too.

9. The fragmentation of Al- Andalus
INDEX:
•The Taifa States
•The Almoravids and The Almohads
•Almoravids
•Almohads
•The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada

10. The taifa states
• The taifas states where political and ethnic
divisions that separated Al-Andalus into pieces.
This happened because of the collapse of the
Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031.
• There were many conflicts between the taifas.
The larger taifas, as Seville and Toledo fought
with each other, and also for the control of
smaller taifas.
Christians took advantage of the disassembly
of Al-andalus and they attacked them and
forced the rulers to pay parias (tributes).
• As the Christians were advancing very fast
Muslims asked for help to the Almoravids
• Activity 5
page 83
• Activity 5
page 88

11. The almoravids and the almohads
• In the 11th Century Al-Andalus was continually under attack as a result of the fragmentation of the
Muslim states. Rulers of the taifas asked for help to the Berbers in north Africa.
Muslim rulers first asked for help to the Almoravids in 1086.Even they stopped a little the advance
of the Christians, it was not enough. In 1140 there was another fragmentation in many small taifas.
• The almohads were the successors of the Almoravids in north Africa.
Al-Andalus requested their help over 1147. They could resist Christian attacks but again
unsuccessfully. They continued to expand in 12th and 13th centuries.
• In 13th century , the Christians created a large army between many kingdoms and they achieved a
glorious victory over Almohads in the battle of Navas de Tolosa. As the Almohad authority
collapsed, the Christian armies conquered all Spain except Granada
•Activity 6 page 83

12. The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada
The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada was the last Muslim territory on the Iberian Peninsula.
The Kingdom was not militarily strong but it was very prosperous thanks to trade and
agriculture. Christians allowed them to survive because it payed them large amounts of
tributes, and military assistance.
The Nasrid rulers created Alhambra which was built during 14th and 15th centuries.
The Kingdom was weakened by internal conflicts.
It was finally conquered by the Catholic Kings in 1492.
•Activity 7 page 83

14. Life in Al-andalus and evolution
of andalusi architecture

15. Life in Al-andalus
Conquerors: The conquerosrs and their descendants became the
most powerful groups in theirv society.
Arabs: Were the land owning of aristrocazi, who also held political
power.
Berbers: From the North Africa, helped to conquer the Iberian
Peninsula.
As Muslims conquered they let jews and christians
practice their religion, but only if they paid taxes:
Mozarabs: Cristians who did not convert into Islams.
Jews: Were merchants artisans and schelars.

16. Evolution of andalusi
architecture
Andalusi architecture had different stages:
Caliphate architecture: The most exceptional building was
the Great Mosque of Cordoba. And also the palace at
Medina Azahara, near Cordoba.
Taidfa architecture: The ryulers of the taifa states built
fortresses, like the castler in Málaga. They also built
palaces such us the Aljaefería palace in Zaragoza.
Almohad palace: Buildings were fairly plain in the Northc
African style. They had decorative patterns. The Giralda
and the tower of Gold were god examples.
Nasrid architecture: Abundant decoration was shown,
walls were covered in plasterwork and ceramics. The
alhambra and the Generalife in Granada are exceptional
examples.

17. Activities
What is the most important
building in Spain
14 abril 1126 10 diciembre 1198
The most important buildings on
the evolution of the Andalusi
architecture
Explain the following terms:
Arabs:
Berbers:
Mozarabs:
Jews:
When did Averroes bron and
died?
La Giralda

18. Averroes
•Averroës (14 April 1126 – 10 December 1198) I was born in Córdoba in Andalusia. I
was a Muslim polymath from Andalusia. I was a scholar of Greek and Islamic
philosophy. I also studied Islamic theology, law, politics, classical music, and the
sciences of medicine, psychology, physics, astronomy, geography and mathematics.
• I was influenced by the ideas of Aristotle. My philosophy was often criticised by
fellow Muslims. I´m most famous for my commentaries of Aristotle's works.
•I began studying medicine in Seville, then I began my career with the help of Ibn
Tufail, later I was granted many honors and became a Qadi in Seville in 1169, and two
years later I became the Qadi of Córdoba. In 1195, I wrote a paper about how I
thought philosophy was less than useful for the discovery of religious truth. The Caliph
imprisoned me and exiled me from the country and I died in 1198.

19. Christian survival in the north:
The Muslims conquered most of the Iberian
Peninsula. In the 8th and 9th centuries, a group of
small Christian states were precursors of the later
Hispanic kingdoms:
-Cantabrian, the Kingdom of Asturias was created.
-The Pyrenees, the Kingdom of Navarre was
estabished, while the Aragonese and Catalan
counties emerged further east.
THE ORIGINS OF CHRISTIAN IN
SPAIN

20. For nearly 800 years, Al-Alandalus an a series
of Christian states existed together on the
Iberian Peninsula. They traded and
exchanged knowledge, also frequendly
fougth each other. Al-Andalus was stronger
up to the 100th century. The Christian king
grew in power and began to take Muslims
teritorries.
Activities:
Page 96; 1 and 2

21. The kingdom of Asturias:
In the early 8th century, an Asturian or
Visigoth noble called Pelayo established
the Kingdom of Astirias.Cobadonga in
722 .Although Cobadonga was only a
minor comfrontation it was later
considered the start of the Christian
Reconquest of Al-Andalus.

22. Over 2 centuries, the kingdom of Asturias
expanded southwards into Al-Andalus.
Pelayo´s successors ,Oviedo become its
capital city .Alfonso 3th took advantage of
conflicts in the Emirate of Córdoba.
In the 10th century the capital was moved
to the city of León, the kingdom become
known as the kingdom of León .
Activities:
Page 97; 5 and 6

23. Counties and kingdoms of the Pyrenees :
• The Pyrenees formed part of the Carolingian empire after defensive
fronter.Carolingian empire broke apart in the 9th century,3
separated religion developed:
• Navarre:in the erly nine century ,count Inigo Arista expelled frontiers
troops from Pamplona and declare him self the Kingdom of
Pamplona.
• Aragon: the counties of Aragón Soarable and Ribagorza broke away
from Carolingian control. In 820 count Aznar Galíndez rose to power
in Aragón
• Catalan Counties: At the end of the 9 century, the count of urgell,
Wilfredo the HAIRY, expand3d his territory and won independence
from Frankish rule.

24. Catalan counties mantained good relation with the Caliphs of Córdoba.
This help to established a period of estyability in the countuies. They
consolated thei independence in the 10th century.

25. The christians kingdoms of Leon
and Castile
Origins
During the 11 , 12, 13 centuries, this
kingdoms were linked. They
weren´t like the modern states:
• They expanded is they conquered
new territories, but they were also
divided as a result of royal
inheritance .
• Were sometimes ruled by the
same monarchs, and sometimes
formed separate kingdoms.

26. LEON AND CASTILE
(Relationship)
•Leon was Christian Kingdom
in the 10 century and early 11
centuries. Castile was a
sparsely populated group of
countries in the east of the
kigndom .
•Castile was near the frontier
with Al-andalus so it was a
zone of comflict where
numerous castles were built.

27. Kings
•The power and
influence increased
when Fernando I
became king in 1035
•After Fernando´s I death
Leon and castile were
divided and then became
again one state.
•Fernando III inherited the kingdom
os castile in 1217, and the kingdom
of leon from his father in 1230. from
1230 onwards, the two kingo¡doms
were definitevely united under de
name of the crown od castile.

28. Importance
•Despite its complicated dinastic
history, the kingdom of castile and
leon emerged as the largezst and
strongest kingdom on the iberian
peninsula in the 12th and 13th
century.
• It played a key role in the
reconquest which brought it prestige
and new territories. Portugal
separates from the rest of the rest of
the kingdom, becoming independent
in the mid-12th century

29. Fernando III was king of Castile between 1217 and 1252 and of Leona between 1230
and 1252. He wa the son of Berenguela Queen of Castile, and Alfonso IX, King of
Leon, definitively unified during the reign of the Castilian and Leonese crowns, which
had remained divided since the time of Alfonso VII "the Emperor", who at his death
divided them among his sons , The infants Sancho and Fernando.
During his reign,they captured the Kingdom of Jaén, the Kingdom of Cordoba, the
Kingdom of Seville and Extremadura ,forcing them to retreat to the Muslim
kingdoms. At the end of the reign of Fernando III, they only possessed Andalucia,
Tejada and the Kingdom of Granada.

30. Christian Kingdoms
Index:
1. Kingdom of Navarre
• Introduction
• Sancho III
2. Kingdom of Aragón to the
crown of Aragón
• Introduction
• Kings
3. Activities

31. INTRODUCTION
Navarre was ruled by the Jimena dinasty. Under Sancho
III, the kingdom of Navarre became the largest
Christian Power on the Peninsula.
Sancho III acquired the counties of
Aragón, Castile and part of León.

32. SANCHO III
Sancho ‘ s death in 1035
the kingdom was divided
among his sons:
Garcia Sanchez
(1035-1054),
inherited
Navarre
Fernando I
(1035-1065)
inherited
Castile.
Ramiro I
(1035-1063)
inherited
Aragón.
Gonzalo (1035-
1045) inherited
the counties of
Sobrarbe and
Ribagorza

33. He was king of Pamplona from the year 1004 until his death.
Dominó by marriage in Castile, Álava and Monzón (1028-1035),
that increased with the county of Cea (1030-1035). He added to
his dominions the territories of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza from
1015 and 1018, respectively. His intervention in the heart of the
kingdom of Leon in 1034-35 has been the subject of opposing
interpretations: from a lightning war to a more or less voluntary
collaboration with Bermudo III (since the documentation does
not mention struggles between Leonese and Navarre).
His parents were Garcia
Sanchez II the Temblón and
the queen Jimena
Fernandez, daughter of
Fernando Bermúdez, count
of Cea, and the countess
Elvira Diaz of the house of
Saldaña.
County of Castilla
And
County of Ribagorza
Sancho III life

34. THE KINGDOM OF ARAGÓN TO THE CROWN
OF ARAGÓN
Count of Barcelona, became engaged
to marry Petronilla of Aragón. This
united Aragón and the Catalan
counties, and led to the creation of
the Crown of Aragón.
Reunited the Kingdoms of Aragón
and Navarre, which remained
together untill 1134. In the 12th
century the Kingdom of Aragón
increased its territory
considerably.
In the 10th century, the county of Aragón became part of the
kingdom of Navarre.
Ramiro I Ramón Berenguer IV
Introduction

35. activities
Page. 99
Act. 9:
What do the striped areas on
the timeline indicate?
Page. 99
Act. 10:
What happened to the
kingdoms of Navarre and
Aragón when Sancho III died?

44. Settlement in the
conquered territories
As the kingdoms advanced shouthwards,Christian
populations settled in the new territories
Repopulation
Land distribution
Military orders

45. Repopulation
•Characteristics:
To attract
settlers, kings
granted them
privileges, such
as personal
freedom,
exemption from
taxes and
charters.
•People: lands
were farmend
by free
peasants
•Places: In
unhabited areas
arround the
River Duero and
the Ebro Valley

47. Land distribution
•Places: In Andalusia,
Valencia, and the Balearic
Islands, Muslim land was
mainly given to nobles in
return for their role in the
Reconquest. In this lands
that created large states.
•Characteristics: In some
regions, the Muslims were
allowed to keep their land in
return for the payment of
special taxes.

48. Military orders
•In some dangerous frontier areas, the Christian kings gave the
military orders of warrior-monks the responsibility for
conquering and defending territories. The most powerful were:
Alcántara, Calatrava and Santiago of Castille and Montesa in
Aragon.
ACTIVITIES:
Page 101 (ex 4 (b))
Page 111 (ex 7)

49. Military orders of Castille:
Alcántara Calatrava Santiago
Founded in
1154
Founded
in 1158
Founded
in 1158