The document discusses various types of organic reactions including addition, elimination, substitution and redox reactions. It describes nucleophiles as electron rich reagents that can donate electron pairs, and electrophiles as electron deficient reagents that can accept electron pairs. Specific reaction mechanisms are covered such as electrophilic and nucleophilic addition, SN1 and SN2 substitution reactions, and electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions including nitration, sulfonation, and halogenation. The scope and applications of these important organic reaction types and mechanisms are also summarized.
The document discusses organic reactions and reaction mechanisms. It defines nucleophiles and electrophiles, and provides examples of each. It then summarizes several common types of organic reactions including addition reactions, substitution reactions, elimination reactions, and aromatic substitutions. The mechanisms and examples of nucleophilic addition, electrophilic addition, nucleophilic substitution, and electrophilic aromatic substitutions like nitration, sulfonation, and halogenation are described in detail.
This document summarizes different types of substitution reactions in aliphatic and aromatic compounds. It describes three main types of substitution reactions: free radical substitution, electrophilic substitution, and nucleophilic substitution. Free radical substitution involves radicals and occurs in non-polar solvents. Electrophilic substitution can be aliphatic or aromatic and involves attack by an electrophile. Nucleophilic substitution involves displacement by a nucleophile and can proceed by SN1, SN2, or addition-elimination mechanisms. The document provides examples and details of the mechanisms and factors that influence each type of substitution reaction.
This document discusses different types of substitution reactions in aliphatic and aromatic compounds. It describes free radical substitution, electrophilic substitution including aliphatic and aromatic examples, and nucleophilic substitution including SN1, SN2, and aromatic examples. Key factors that influence the reactivity are also summarized such as kinetics, stereochemistry, solvent effects for SN1 and SN2, and activating/deactivating substituents for electrophilic aromatic substitution.
A substitution reaction is a chemical reaction during which an atom or one functional group in a chemical compound is replaced by another atom or functional group.
Reaction mechanism ppt for advance organic chemistry.pptxDiwakar Mishra
1. Organic reactions can be classified into four main types: addition, substitution, elimination, and rearrangement.
2. Addition reactions involve atoms or groups being added to a double or triple bond without eliminating any atoms. Substitution reactions involve replacing an atom or group directly attached to a carbon.
3. Elimination reactions remove atoms or groups from two adjacent carbons to form a multiple bond. Rearrangement reactions involve the migration of an atom or group within the same molecule to form an isomer.
The document discusses various types of organic reactions including addition, elimination, substitution and redox reactions. It describes nucleophiles as electron rich reagents that can donate electron pairs, and electrophiles as electron deficient reagents that can accept electron pairs. Specific reaction mechanisms are covered such as electrophilic and nucleophilic addition, SN1 and SN2 substitution reactions, and electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions including nitration, sulfonation, and halogenation. The scope and applications of these important organic reaction types and mechanisms are also summarized.
The document discusses organic reactions and reaction mechanisms. It defines nucleophiles and electrophiles, and provides examples of each. It then summarizes several common types of organic reactions including addition reactions, substitution reactions, elimination reactions, and aromatic substitutions. The mechanisms and examples of nucleophilic addition, electrophilic addition, nucleophilic substitution, and electrophilic aromatic substitutions like nitration, sulfonation, and halogenation are described in detail.
This document summarizes different types of substitution reactions in aliphatic and aromatic compounds. It describes three main types of substitution reactions: free radical substitution, electrophilic substitution, and nucleophilic substitution. Free radical substitution involves radicals and occurs in non-polar solvents. Electrophilic substitution can be aliphatic or aromatic and involves attack by an electrophile. Nucleophilic substitution involves displacement by a nucleophile and can proceed by SN1, SN2, or addition-elimination mechanisms. The document provides examples and details of the mechanisms and factors that influence each type of substitution reaction.
This document discusses different types of substitution reactions in aliphatic and aromatic compounds. It describes free radical substitution, electrophilic substitution including aliphatic and aromatic examples, and nucleophilic substitution including SN1, SN2, and aromatic examples. Key factors that influence the reactivity are also summarized such as kinetics, stereochemistry, solvent effects for SN1 and SN2, and activating/deactivating substituents for electrophilic aromatic substitution.
A substitution reaction is a chemical reaction during which an atom or one functional group in a chemical compound is replaced by another atom or functional group.
Reaction mechanism ppt for advance organic chemistry.pptxDiwakar Mishra
1. Organic reactions can be classified into four main types: addition, substitution, elimination, and rearrangement.
2. Addition reactions involve atoms or groups being added to a double or triple bond without eliminating any atoms. Substitution reactions involve replacing an atom or group directly attached to a carbon.
3. Elimination reactions remove atoms or groups from two adjacent carbons to form a multiple bond. Rearrangement reactions involve the migration of an atom or group within the same molecule to form an isomer.
Reactions of Organic Compounds yesssssssValerieIntong
This document discusses organic reactions including substitution, elimination, addition, and rearrangement reactions. It provides details on:
- The components and mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution reactions including SN1 and SN2 pathways.
- The key differences between SN1 and SN2, including rate determining steps and order of reaction.
- Elimination reactions including E1 and E2, and the differences in their mechanisms and requirements.
- Addition reactions including electrophilic addition and examples like hydrogenation, halogenation, and hydration.
- Rearrangement reactions where the carbon skeleton is rearranged to form structural isomers.
Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. Organic reactions are used in the construction of new organic molecules. The production of many man-made chemicals such as drugs, plastics, food additives, fabrics depend on organic reactions.
This document discusses addition reactions to carbon-carbon multiple bonds and carbon-heteroatom multiple bonds. It covers electrophilic, nucleophilic, and free radical addition to alkenes and alkynes. It also discusses addition reactions to carbonyl compounds, nitriles, imines, and sulfonyl chlorides. Reaction mechanisms, orientation, stereochemistry, and factors affecting reactivity are explained for various addition reactions. Important reactions like hydroboration, hydrohalogenation, hydration, oxidation, and reductions are also summarized.
- Free energy (G) allows prediction of reaction direction and equilibrium. Cells acquire free energy from nutrients (heterotrophs) or sunlight (photosynthesizers).
- At equilibrium, forward and reverse reaction rates are equal. The equilibrium constant (Keq) defines concentrations of reactants and products at equilibrium.
- Biochemical reactions mainly occur through carbon-carbon bond formation/cleavage, isomerizations, free radical reactions, group transfers, and oxidation-reductions. Common functional groups and leaving groups facilitate these reactions.
Electrophilic substitution reactions involve an electrophile replacing a functional group, typically a hydrogen atom, on an organic compound. There are two main types: electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where the electrophile replaces an atom in an aromatic ring, and electrophilic aliphatic substitutions, where the electrophile replaces a group on an aliphatic compound. Both proceed by a three step mechanism of electrophile generation, carbocation formation, and proton removal to restore aromaticity.
This document provides an overview of electrophilic substitution reactions. It defines electrophilic substitution as a reaction where a functional group is attached to a compound by replacing another functional group, often a hydrogen atom. It describes two main types: electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, where an atom attached to an aromatic ring is replaced; and electrophilic aliphatic substitution reactions, where hydrogen in an aliphatic compound is usually replaced. The document also outlines the three step mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions: 1) generating an electrophile, 2) forming a carbocation, and 3) eliminating a proton to restore aromaticity.
This document summarizes a lab report on nucleophilic substitution reactions. It discusses how nucleophilic substitution involves replacing one functional group with another at a saturated carbon atom. Nucleophiles must have a lone pair of electrons and be neutral or negatively charged. The leaving group can be neutral or negatively charged and must accept electrons from the carbon it is bonded to. Safety procedures are outlined for adding acids to water and treating acid skin contact. The initial reaction yielded an orange product that became cloudy upon distillation. The calculated product yield was low likely due to temperature fluctuations and impurities. Tertiary alcohols treated with phosphorus trihalides have increased elimination reactions. Creating a tertiary alkyl halide from a
B.tech. ii engineering chemistry unit 4 B organic chemistryRai University
Organic reactions and their mechanisms are described. Key topics covered include nucleophiles and electrophiles, reaction types (addition, elimination, substitution), and organic intermediates. Electron displacement effects such as inductive, mesomeric, electromeric and inductometric effects are also discussed. Common organic reactions like nitration, halogenation and nucleophilic aromatic substitution are summarized.
Alkyl halides are organic compounds containing one or more carbon-halogen bonds. They can be prepared from alkanes, alkenes, and alcohols using free radical halogenation, addition reactions, or by treating alcohols with reagents like thionyl chloride or phosphorus tribromide. Alkyl halides undergo nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions. Nucleophilic substitution can proceed by an SN1 or SN2 mechanism depending on the substrate and conditions. The SN1 mechanism involves formation of a carbocation intermediate while SN2 is a concerted bimolecular process. Elimination reactions generate alkene products and compete with substitution. Alkyl halides are versatile
Topic 3 Introduction to Reaction Mechanism (1).pptxJaneYl1
This document provides an introduction to reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry. It begins by describing reaction variables such as reactants, reagents, products, and factors that influence reactions like energetics, electronic effects, steric effects, and solvent effects. It then explains how to explain organic reaction mechanisms using arrow notation, including reactive intermediates. Common organic reaction types are defined, such as substitution, addition, rearrangement and elimination reactions. The document provides examples of reaction mechanisms for these different reaction types.
Halohydrocarbons are derivatives of hydrocarbons where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms. There are several types including alkyl halides, aryl halides, vinyl halides, and benzyl halides. Halohydrocarbons can undergo nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions. The reactivity depends on factors like the stability of carbocation intermediates, the nature of the leaving group, and solvent polarity. Vinyl and aryl halides are more resistant to substitution due to conjugation effects.
The document provides an overview of organic reactions, describing common reaction types like addition, elimination, substitution, and rearrangement. It explains that organic reactions can be described in terms of their mechanisms, which involve the making and breaking of covalent bonds. Polar reactions occur through the attack of electron-rich nucleophiles on electron-deficient electrophilic sites, while radical reactions proceed through the formation, reaction, and termination of free radicals. Curved arrows are used to indicate the flow of electrons between reagents in reaction mechanisms.
1) Alkyl halides are organic compounds containing one or more carbon-halogen bonds. They can be used as fire-resistant solvents, refrigerants, and in pharmaceuticals.
2) Alcohols contain an OH group bonded to a carbon atom. They exhibit hydrogen bonding which increases their boiling points relative to similar alkanes. Common alcohols include methanol, ethanol, and phenol.
3) Organic reactions can occur through addition, elimination, substitution, or rearrangement mechanisms. Reaction mechanisms are described through curved arrows to indicate the formation and breaking of covalent bonds. Polar reactions involve the attack of a nucleophile on an electrophile.
The Reformatsky reaction condenses aldehydes or ketones with α-halo esters using zinc metal to form β-hydroxy esters. The reaction proceeds via an organozinc reagent or 'Reformatsky enolate' formed by treating the α-halo ester with zinc dust. This enolate then reacts with the carbonyl group in a concerted reaction involving a six-membered transition state to form the carbon-carbon bond. Workup with acid removes zinc and provides the β-hydroxy ester product. The main application is the preparation of β-hydroxy esters from aldehydes or ketones.
Elimination reactions involve the removal of two substituents from adjacent carbon atoms to form a double or triple bond. The document discusses E1 elimination reactions, which proceed through a two-step unimolecular mechanism. In the first step, a carbocation intermediate is formed. In the second step, a proton is removed from the carbocation rapidly to form the alkene product. E1 reactions favor substrates that form stable carbocations and are accelerated by polar protic solvents, weak bases, and high temperatures. The rate depends on the concentration of the substrate and the reaction follows first-order kinetics.
This document provides an overview of alkenes and alkynes reactions. It discusses addition reactions of alkenes including hydrohalogenation, hydration, halogenation, hydrogenation, oxidation, and polymerization. It also covers conjugated dienes, the Diels-Alder reaction, and drawing resonance forms. For alkynes, the document discusses reduction, addition reactions, hydration, oxidative cleavage, acidity, and acetylide anion formation and reactions.
The document discusses electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes. It introduces the topic and provides details about reaction mechanisms and kinetics. Specifically, it explains that (1) alkenes undergo addition reactions where an electrophile attacks the carbon-carbon double bond, (2) the reaction follows a two-step mechanism where the double bond first attacks the electrophile to form a carbocation intermediate which is then attacked by a halide ion, and (3) reaction rates increase with increasing alkyl substituents on the alkene and decreasing hydrogen-halogen bond strength as it stabilizes the carbocation intermediate.
(26) session 26 electrophilic addition of alkenesNixon Hamutumwa
The document discusses electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes. It describes how alkenes react with electrophiles by breaking the pi bond to form new sigma bonds. Specific reactions covered include addition of hydrogen halides, water, alcohols and hydrogen. The mechanism and products of each reaction are explained. Markovnikov's rule for the regioselectivity of hydrogen halide additions is also covered.
Reactions of Organic Compounds yesssssssValerieIntong
This document discusses organic reactions including substitution, elimination, addition, and rearrangement reactions. It provides details on:
- The components and mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution reactions including SN1 and SN2 pathways.
- The key differences between SN1 and SN2, including rate determining steps and order of reaction.
- Elimination reactions including E1 and E2, and the differences in their mechanisms and requirements.
- Addition reactions including electrophilic addition and examples like hydrogenation, halogenation, and hydration.
- Rearrangement reactions where the carbon skeleton is rearranged to form structural isomers.
Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. Organic reactions are used in the construction of new organic molecules. The production of many man-made chemicals such as drugs, plastics, food additives, fabrics depend on organic reactions.
This document discusses addition reactions to carbon-carbon multiple bonds and carbon-heteroatom multiple bonds. It covers electrophilic, nucleophilic, and free radical addition to alkenes and alkynes. It also discusses addition reactions to carbonyl compounds, nitriles, imines, and sulfonyl chlorides. Reaction mechanisms, orientation, stereochemistry, and factors affecting reactivity are explained for various addition reactions. Important reactions like hydroboration, hydrohalogenation, hydration, oxidation, and reductions are also summarized.
- Free energy (G) allows prediction of reaction direction and equilibrium. Cells acquire free energy from nutrients (heterotrophs) or sunlight (photosynthesizers).
- At equilibrium, forward and reverse reaction rates are equal. The equilibrium constant (Keq) defines concentrations of reactants and products at equilibrium.
- Biochemical reactions mainly occur through carbon-carbon bond formation/cleavage, isomerizations, free radical reactions, group transfers, and oxidation-reductions. Common functional groups and leaving groups facilitate these reactions.
Electrophilic substitution reactions involve an electrophile replacing a functional group, typically a hydrogen atom, on an organic compound. There are two main types: electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where the electrophile replaces an atom in an aromatic ring, and electrophilic aliphatic substitutions, where the electrophile replaces a group on an aliphatic compound. Both proceed by a three step mechanism of electrophile generation, carbocation formation, and proton removal to restore aromaticity.
This document provides an overview of electrophilic substitution reactions. It defines electrophilic substitution as a reaction where a functional group is attached to a compound by replacing another functional group, often a hydrogen atom. It describes two main types: electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, where an atom attached to an aromatic ring is replaced; and electrophilic aliphatic substitution reactions, where hydrogen in an aliphatic compound is usually replaced. The document also outlines the three step mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions: 1) generating an electrophile, 2) forming a carbocation, and 3) eliminating a proton to restore aromaticity.
This document summarizes a lab report on nucleophilic substitution reactions. It discusses how nucleophilic substitution involves replacing one functional group with another at a saturated carbon atom. Nucleophiles must have a lone pair of electrons and be neutral or negatively charged. The leaving group can be neutral or negatively charged and must accept electrons from the carbon it is bonded to. Safety procedures are outlined for adding acids to water and treating acid skin contact. The initial reaction yielded an orange product that became cloudy upon distillation. The calculated product yield was low likely due to temperature fluctuations and impurities. Tertiary alcohols treated with phosphorus trihalides have increased elimination reactions. Creating a tertiary alkyl halide from a
B.tech. ii engineering chemistry unit 4 B organic chemistryRai University
Organic reactions and their mechanisms are described. Key topics covered include nucleophiles and electrophiles, reaction types (addition, elimination, substitution), and organic intermediates. Electron displacement effects such as inductive, mesomeric, electromeric and inductometric effects are also discussed. Common organic reactions like nitration, halogenation and nucleophilic aromatic substitution are summarized.
Alkyl halides are organic compounds containing one or more carbon-halogen bonds. They can be prepared from alkanes, alkenes, and alcohols using free radical halogenation, addition reactions, or by treating alcohols with reagents like thionyl chloride or phosphorus tribromide. Alkyl halides undergo nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions. Nucleophilic substitution can proceed by an SN1 or SN2 mechanism depending on the substrate and conditions. The SN1 mechanism involves formation of a carbocation intermediate while SN2 is a concerted bimolecular process. Elimination reactions generate alkene products and compete with substitution. Alkyl halides are versatile
Topic 3 Introduction to Reaction Mechanism (1).pptxJaneYl1
This document provides an introduction to reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry. It begins by describing reaction variables such as reactants, reagents, products, and factors that influence reactions like energetics, electronic effects, steric effects, and solvent effects. It then explains how to explain organic reaction mechanisms using arrow notation, including reactive intermediates. Common organic reaction types are defined, such as substitution, addition, rearrangement and elimination reactions. The document provides examples of reaction mechanisms for these different reaction types.
Halohydrocarbons are derivatives of hydrocarbons where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms. There are several types including alkyl halides, aryl halides, vinyl halides, and benzyl halides. Halohydrocarbons can undergo nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions. The reactivity depends on factors like the stability of carbocation intermediates, the nature of the leaving group, and solvent polarity. Vinyl and aryl halides are more resistant to substitution due to conjugation effects.
The document provides an overview of organic reactions, describing common reaction types like addition, elimination, substitution, and rearrangement. It explains that organic reactions can be described in terms of their mechanisms, which involve the making and breaking of covalent bonds. Polar reactions occur through the attack of electron-rich nucleophiles on electron-deficient electrophilic sites, while radical reactions proceed through the formation, reaction, and termination of free radicals. Curved arrows are used to indicate the flow of electrons between reagents in reaction mechanisms.
1) Alkyl halides are organic compounds containing one or more carbon-halogen bonds. They can be used as fire-resistant solvents, refrigerants, and in pharmaceuticals.
2) Alcohols contain an OH group bonded to a carbon atom. They exhibit hydrogen bonding which increases their boiling points relative to similar alkanes. Common alcohols include methanol, ethanol, and phenol.
3) Organic reactions can occur through addition, elimination, substitution, or rearrangement mechanisms. Reaction mechanisms are described through curved arrows to indicate the formation and breaking of covalent bonds. Polar reactions involve the attack of a nucleophile on an electrophile.
The Reformatsky reaction condenses aldehydes or ketones with α-halo esters using zinc metal to form β-hydroxy esters. The reaction proceeds via an organozinc reagent or 'Reformatsky enolate' formed by treating the α-halo ester with zinc dust. This enolate then reacts with the carbonyl group in a concerted reaction involving a six-membered transition state to form the carbon-carbon bond. Workup with acid removes zinc and provides the β-hydroxy ester product. The main application is the preparation of β-hydroxy esters from aldehydes or ketones.
Elimination reactions involve the removal of two substituents from adjacent carbon atoms to form a double or triple bond. The document discusses E1 elimination reactions, which proceed through a two-step unimolecular mechanism. In the first step, a carbocation intermediate is formed. In the second step, a proton is removed from the carbocation rapidly to form the alkene product. E1 reactions favor substrates that form stable carbocations and are accelerated by polar protic solvents, weak bases, and high temperatures. The rate depends on the concentration of the substrate and the reaction follows first-order kinetics.
This document provides an overview of alkenes and alkynes reactions. It discusses addition reactions of alkenes including hydrohalogenation, hydration, halogenation, hydrogenation, oxidation, and polymerization. It also covers conjugated dienes, the Diels-Alder reaction, and drawing resonance forms. For alkynes, the document discusses reduction, addition reactions, hydration, oxidative cleavage, acidity, and acetylide anion formation and reactions.
The document discusses electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes. It introduces the topic and provides details about reaction mechanisms and kinetics. Specifically, it explains that (1) alkenes undergo addition reactions where an electrophile attacks the carbon-carbon double bond, (2) the reaction follows a two-step mechanism where the double bond first attacks the electrophile to form a carbocation intermediate which is then attacked by a halide ion, and (3) reaction rates increase with increasing alkyl substituents on the alkene and decreasing hydrogen-halogen bond strength as it stabilizes the carbocation intermediate.
(26) session 26 electrophilic addition of alkenesNixon Hamutumwa
The document discusses electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes. It describes how alkenes react with electrophiles by breaking the pi bond to form new sigma bonds. Specific reactions covered include addition of hydrogen halides, water, alcohols and hydrogen. The mechanism and products of each reaction are explained. Markovnikov's rule for the regioselectivity of hydrogen halide additions is also covered.
Similar to organicreactionsandmechanisms-120331092608-phpapp01.pdf (20)
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
Volume URL: https://airccse.org/journal/ijc2022.html
Abstract URL:https://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v14n5/14522cnc05.html
Pdf URL: https://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V14N5/14522cnc05.pdf
#scopuspublication #scopusindexed #callforpapers #researchpapers #cfp #researchers #phdstudent #researchScholar #journalpaper #submission #journalsubmission #WBAN #requirements #tailoredtreatment #MACstrategy #enhancedefficiency #protrcal #computing #analysis #wirelessbodyareanetworks #wirelessnetworks
#adhocnetwork #VANETs #OLSRrouting #routing #MPR #nderesidualenergy #korea #cognitiveradionetworks #radionetworks #rendezvoussequence
Here's where you can reach us : ijcnc@airccse.org or ijcnc@aircconline.com
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)GiselleginaGloria
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024) will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches, developments, and research projects in the area advanced Artificial Intelligence. It will also serve to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and advancement in the research area. Core areas of AI and advanced multi-disciplinary and its applications will be covered during the conferences.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
1. Organic Reactions and Mechanisms
• Organic reactions are chemical reactions
involving organic compounds. The basic
organic chemistry reaction types are addition
reactions, elimination reactions, substitution
reactions, pericyclic reactions, rearrangement
reactions and redox reactions.
• A reaction mechanism is the step by step
sequence of elementary reactions by which
overall chemical change occurs.
2. Nucleophilie
• A reagent which can donate an electron pair in a
reaction is called a nucleophile.
• The name nucleophile means nucleous loving and
indicates that it attacks regions of low electron
density (positive centres) in the substrate molecule.
• Nucleophiles are electron rich.
• They may be negative ions including carbanions or
neutral molecules with free electron pair.
• A nucleophile can be represented by a by general
symbol Nu:-
• Examples
• Cl-
, Br-
, I-
, CN -
, OH-
, RCH2
-
, NH3, RNH2, H2O, ROH
3. Electrophiles
• A reagent which can accept an electron pair in a
reaction called an electrophile.
• The name electrophile means electron-loving and
indicates that it attacks regions of high electron
density (negative centres) in the substrates
molecule.
• Electrophiles are electron deficient.
• They may be positive ions including carbonium ions
or neutral molecules with electron deficient centres
• An electrophile can represented by E+
• Examples
• H+
, Cl+
, Br+
, I+
, NO2
+
, R3C+
, +
SO3H, AlCl3, BF3
4. Organic Reaction Mechanism
• A reaction mechanism is the step by
step sequence of elementary reactions by
which overall chemical change occurs.
• Although only the net chemical change is
directly observable for most chemical
reactions, experiments can often be
designed that suggest the possible
sequence of steps in a reaction
mechanism.
5. Mechanism
• There is no limit to the number of possible organic
reactions and mechanisms . However, certain general
patterns are observed that can be used to describe
many common or useful reactions. Each reaction has a
stepwise reaction mechanism that explains how it
happens, although this detailed description of steps is
not always clear from a list of reactants alone.
6. Types of Organic Reactions
• Organic reactions can be organized into
several basic types. Some reactions fit into
more than one category. For example,
some substitution reactions follow an
addition-elimination pathway. This overview
isn't intended to include every single
organic reaction. Rather, it is intended to
cover the basic reactions.
8. Types of Reactions
redox reactions specific
to organic compounds
Organic Redox
reactions
1,2-rearrangements
pericyclic reactions
metathesis
Rearrangements
reactions
with SN1
, SN2
and
SNi reaction
mechanisms
nucleophilic aliphatic
Substitution
nucleophilic aromatic substitution
nucleophilic acyl substitution
electrophilic substitution
electrophilic aromatic substitution
radical substitution
Substitution reactions
Dehydration
Elimination reaction
halognenation,
hydrohalogenation and
hydration
Electrophilic
Nucloephilic
radical
Addition reactions
comments
Sub-type
Reaction Type
9. Addition Reactions-Electrophilic addition
• An electrophilic addition reaction is an addition
reaction where, in a chemical compound, a π
bond is broken and two new σ bonds are
formed. The substrate of an electrophilic addition
reaction must have a double bond or triple
bond.
• The driving force for this reaction is the
formation of an electrophile X+ that forms a
covalent bond with an electron-rich
unsaturated C=C bond. The positive charge on
X is transferred to the carbon-carbon bond,
forming a carbocation.
11. Addition Reactions-Electrophilic addition
• In step 1, the positively charged
intermediate combines with (Y) that is
electron-rich and usually an anion to form
the second covalent bond.
•
Step 2 is the same nucleophilic attack
process found in an SN1 reaction. The
exact nature of the electrophile and the
nature of the positively charged
intermediate are not always clear and
depend on reactants and reaction
conditions.
12. Addition Reactions-Electrophilic addition
• In all asymmetric addition reactions to carbon,
regioselectivity is important and often determined by
Markovnikov's rule. Organoborane compounds give anti-
Markovnikov additions. Electrophilic attack to an
aromatic system results in electrophilic aromatic
substitution rather than an addition reaction.
• Typical electrophilic additions to alkenes with reagents
are:
• dihalo addition reactions: X2
• Hydrohalogenations:HX
• Hydration reactions: H2O
• Hydrogenations H2
• Oxymercuration reactions: mercuric acetate, water
• Hydroboration-oxidation reactions : diborane
• the Prins reaction : formaldehyde, water
13. Nucleophiic addition
• A nucleophilic addition reaction is an addition
reaction where in a chemical compound a π
bond is removed by the creation of two new
covalent bonds by the addition of a
nucleophile.
• Addition reactions are limited to chemical
compounds that have multiple-bonded atoms
• molecules with carbon - hetero multiple bonds
like carbonyls, imines or nitriles
• molecules with carbon - carbon double bonds or
triple bonds
14. Nucleophiic addition
• An example of a nucleophilic addition reaction that
occurs at the carbonyl group of a ketone by substitution
with hydroxide-based compounds, denoted shorthand. In
this example, an unstable hemiketal is formed.
15. Nucleophilic Addition
to carbon - hetero double bonds
• Addition reactions of a nucleophile to carbon - hetero
double bonds such as C=O or CN triple bond show a
wide variety. These bonds are polar (have a large
difference in electronegativity between the two atoms)
consequently carbon carries a partial positive charge.
This makes this atom the primary target for the
nucleophile.
16. Nucleophilic Addition
to carbon - hetero double bonds
• This type of reaction is also called a 1,2 nucleophilic addition. The
stereochemistry of this type of nucleophilic attack is not an issue,
when both alkyl substituents are dissimilar and there are not any
other controlling issues such as chelation with a Lewis acid, the
reaction product is a racemate. Addition reactions of this type are
numerous. When the addition reaction is accompanied by an
elimination, the reaction type is nucleophilic acyl substitution or an
addition-elimination reaction.
17. • Carbonyls
• With a carbonyl compound as an electrophile, the nucleophile can be:
• water in hydration to a geminal diol (hydrate)
• an alcohol in acetalisation to an acetal
• an hydride in reduction to an alcohol
• an amine with formaldehyde and a carbonyl compound in the
Mannich reaction
• an enolate ion in an aldol reaction or Baylis-Hillman reaction
• an organometallic nucleophile in the Grignard reaction or the related
Barbier reaction or a Reformatskii reaction
• ylides such as a Wittig reagent or the Corey-Chaykovsky reagent or α-silyl
carbanions in the Peterson olefination
• a phosphonate carbanion in the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction
• a pyridine zwitterion in the Hammick reaction
• an acetylide in the Favorskii reaction
18. • Nitriles
• With nitrile electrophiles nucleophilic addition
take place by:
• hydrolysis of a nitrile to an amide or a
carboxylic acid
• organozinc nucleophiles in the Blaise reaction
• alcohols in the Pinner reaction.
• the (same) nitrile α-carbon in the
Thorpe reaction. The intramolecular version is
called the Thorpe-Ziegler reaction.
19. • Imines and other
• With imine electrophiles nucleophilic addition
take place by:
• hydrides to amines in the
Eschweiler-Clarke reaction
• water to carbonyls in the Nef reaction.
• With miscellaneous electrophiles:
• addition of an alcohol to an isocyanate to form a
carbamate.
• Nucleophiles attack carbonyl centers from a
specific angle called the Bürgi-Dunitz angle.
20. Nucleophilic Addition
to carbon - carbon double bonds
• The driving force for the addition to alkenes is the
formation of a nucleophile X- that forms a covalent bond
with an electron-poor unsaturated system -C=C- (step 1).
The negative charge on X is transferred to the carbon -
carbon bond.
• In step 2 the negatively charged carbanion combines
with (Y) that is electron-poor to form the second covalent
bond.
21. Nucleophilic Addition
to carbon - carbon double bonds
• Ordinary alkenes are not susceptible to a nucleophilic
attack (apolar bond). Styrene reacts in toluene with
sodium to 1,3-diphenylpropane through the intermediate
carbanion:
22. Substitution Reactions
The reactions in which an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced or
substituted by different atoms or group of atoms are called substitution
reaction. For example,
23. Nucleophilic Substitution
• Nucleophilic substitution is a fundamental
class of substitution reaction in which an
"electron rich" nucleophile selectively bonds with
or attacks the positive or partially positive charge
of an atom attached to a group or atom called
the leaving group; the positive or partially
positive atom is referred to as an electrophile.
• Nucleophilic substitution reactions can be
broadly classified as
– Nucleophilic substitution at saturated carbon centres
– Nucleophilic substitution at unsaturated carbon
centres
24. Nucleophilic substitution at
saturated carbon centres
• In 1935, Edward D. Hughes and Sir Christopher
Ingold studied nucleophilic substitution reactions
of alkyl halides and related compounds. They
proposed that there were two main mechanisms
at work, both of them competing with each other.
The two main mechanisms are the SN1
reaction and the SN2 reaction. S stands for
chemical substitution, N stands for nucleophilic,
and the number represents the kinetic order of
the reaction.
25. • In the SN2 reaction, the addition of the
nucleophile and the elimination of leaving group
take place simultaneously. SN2 occurs where
the central carbon atom is easily accessible to
the nucleophile. By contrast the SN1 reaction
involves two steps. SN1 reactions tend to be
important when the central carbon atom of the
substrate is surrounded by bulky groups, both
because such groups interfere sterically with the
SN2 reaction (discussed above) and because a
highly substituted carbon forms a stable
carbocation.
28. Nucleophilic substitution at
unsaturated carbon centres
• Nucleophilic substitution via the SN1 or SN2
mechanism does not generally occur with vinyl
or aryl halides or related compounds.
• When the substitution occurs at the carbonyl
group, the acyl group may undergo nucleophilic
acyl substitution. This is the normal mode of
substitution with carboxylic acid derivatives such
as acyl chlorides, esters and amides.
29. Nucleophilic Aromatic substitution
• A nucleophilic aromatic substitution is a
substitution reaction in organic chemistry in
which the nucleophile displaces a good leaving
group, such as a halide, on an aromatic ring.
30. Nitration
• Nitration is a general chemical process for the
introduction of a nitro group into a chemical compound.
Examples of nitrations are the conversion of glycerin to
nitroglycerin and the conversion of toluene to
trinitrotoluene. Both of these conversions use nitric acid
and sulfuric acid.
• In aromatic nitration, aromatic organic compounds are
nitrated via an electrophilic aromatic substitution
mechanism involving the attack of the electron-rich
benzene ring by the nitronium ion.
31. Aromatic nitro compounds are important intermediates to anilines by
action of a reducing agent. Benzene is nitrated by refluxing with
concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid at 50 °C.The
sulfuric acid is regenerated and hence acts as a catalyst. It also
absorbs water.
• The formation of a nitronium ion (the electrophile) from nitric acid
and sulfuric acid and subsequent reaction of the ion with benzene is
shown below:
32. Sulphonation
• Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
• Overall transformation : Ar-H to Ar-SO3H, a sulfonic acid.
• Reagent : for benzene, H2SO4 / heat or SO3 / H2SO4 / heat (= fuming
sulfuric acid)
• Electrophilic species : SO3 which can be formed by the loss of water from
the sulfuric acid
• Unlike the other electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, sulfonation is
reversible.
• Removal of water from the system favours the formation of the sulfonation
product.
• Heating a sulfonic acid with aqueous sulfuric acid can result be the reverse
reaction, desulfonation.
• Sulfonation with fuming sulfuric acid strongly favours formation of the
product the sulfonic acid.
33. MECHANISM FOR SULFONATION OF BENZENE
• Step 1:
The p electrons of the aromatic C=C act as a
nucleophile, attacking the electrophilic S,
pushing charge out onto an electronegative O
atom. This destroys the aromaticity giving the
cyclohexadienyl cation intermediate.
• Step 2:
Loss of the proton from the sp3 C bearing the
sulfonyl- group reforms the C=C and the
aromatic system.
• Step 3:
Protonation of the conjugate base of the
sulfonic acid by sulfuric acid produces the
sulfonic acid
34. Halogenation
• An electrophilic aromatic halogenation is a type of
electrophilic aromatic substitution. This organic reaction
is typical of aromatic compounds and a very useful
method for adding substituents to an aromatic system.
35. • A few types of aromatic compounds, such as phenol, will react
without a catalyst, but for typical benzene derivatives with less
reactive substrates, a Lewis acid catalyst is required. Typical Lewis
acid catalysts include AlCl3, FeCl3, FeBr3, and ZnCl2. These work
by forming a highly electrophilic complex which attacks the
benzene ring.
36. Reaction mechanism
• The reaction mechanism for chlorination of benzene is
the same as bromination of benzene.
• The mechanism for iodination is slightly different: iodine
(I2) is treated with an oxidizing agent such as nitric acid
to obtain the electrophilic iodine (2 I+). Unlike the other
halogens, iodine does not serve as a base since it is
positive.
• Halogenation of aromatic compounds differs from the
halogenation of alkenes, which do not require a Lewis
Acid catalyst.
37. scope
• If the ring contains a strongly activating
substituent such as -OH, -OR or amines, a
catalyst is not necessary, for example in
the bromination of p-cresol
• However, if a catalyst is used with excess
bromine, then a tribromide will be formed.
38. • Halogenation of phenols is faster in polar solvents due to the
dissociation of phenol, with phenoxide ions being more susceptible
to electrophilic attack as they are more electron-rich.
• Chlorination of toluene with chlorine without catalyst requires a polar
solvent as well such as acetic acid. The ortho to para selectivity is
low:
39. • No reaction takes place when the solvent is replaced by
tetrachloromethane. In contrast, when the reactant is 2-phenyl-
ethylamine, it is possible to employ relatively apolar solvents with
exclusive ortho- regioselectivity due to the intermediate formation of
a chloramine making the subsequent reaction step intramolecular.
40. • The food dye erythrosine can be
synthesized by iodination of another dye
called fluorescein:
• This reaction is driven by sodium
bicarbonate.