A fluid is a state of matter in which its molecules move freely and do not bear a constant relationship in space to other molecules.
In physics, fluid flow has all kinds of aspects: steady or unsteady, compressible or incompressible, viscous or non-viscous, and rotational or irrotational to name a few. Some of these characteristics reflect properties of the liquid itself, and others focus on how the fluid is moving.
Fluids are :-
Liquid : blood, i.v. infusions)
Gas : O2 , N2O)
Vapour (transition from liquid to gas) : N2O (under compression in cylinder), volatile inhalational agents (halothane, isoflurane, etc)
Sublimate (transition from solid to gas bypassing liquid state) : Dry ice (solid CO2), iodine
1. Introduction to Kinematics
2. Methods of Describing Fluid Motion
a). Lagrangian Method
b). Eulerian Method
3. Flow Patterns
- Stream Line
- Path Line
- Streak Line
- Streak Tube
4. Classification of Fluid Flow
a). Steady and Unsteady Flow
b). Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow
c). Laminar and Turbulent Flow
d). Rotational and Irrotational Flow
e). Compressible and Incompressible Flow
f). Ideal and Real Flow
g). One, Two and Three Dimensional Flow
5. Rate of Flow (Discharge) and Continuity Equation
6. Continuity Equation in Three Dimensions
7. Velocity and Acceleration
8. Stream and Velocity Potential Functions
1. Introduction to Kinematics
2. Methods of Describing Fluid Motion
a). Lagrangian Method
b). Eulerian Method
3. Flow Patterns
- Stream Line
- Path Line
- Streak Line
- Streak Tube
4. Classification of Fluid Flow
a). Steady and Unsteady Flow
b). Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow
c). Laminar and Turbulent Flow
d). Rotational and Irrotational Flow
e). Compressible and Incompressible Flow
f). Ideal and Real Flow
g). One, Two and Three Dimensional Flow
5. Rate of Flow (Discharge) and Continuity Equation
6. Continuity Equation in Three Dimensions
7. Velocity and Acceleration
8. Stream and Velocity Potential Functions
Reynolds number and geometry concept, Momentum integral equations, Boundary layer equations, Flow over a flat plate, Flow over cylinder, Pipe flow, fully developed laminar pipe flow, turbulent pipe flow, Losses in pipe flow
Report on Types of fluid flow
fluid dynamics
Introduction
In physics, fluid flow has all kinds of aspects: steady or unsteady, compressible or incompressible, viscous or non-viscous, and rotational or irrotational to name a few. Some of these characteristics reflect properties of the liquid itself, and others focus on how the fluid is moving. Note that fluid flow can get very complex when it becomes turbulent. Physicists haven’t developed any elegant equations to describe turbulence because how turbulence works depends on the individual system whether you have water cascading through a pipe or air streaming out of a jet engine. Usually, you have to resort to computers to handle problems that involve fluid turbulence. Types of fluid flow:
Aerodynamic force
Cavitation
Compressible flow
Couette flow
Free molecular flow
Incompressible flow
Reynolds number and geometry concept, Momentum integral equations, Boundary layer equations, Flow over a flat plate, Flow over cylinder, Pipe flow, fully developed laminar pipe flow, turbulent pipe flow, Losses in pipe flow
Report on Types of fluid flow
fluid dynamics
Introduction
In physics, fluid flow has all kinds of aspects: steady or unsteady, compressible or incompressible, viscous or non-viscous, and rotational or irrotational to name a few. Some of these characteristics reflect properties of the liquid itself, and others focus on how the fluid is moving. Note that fluid flow can get very complex when it becomes turbulent. Physicists haven’t developed any elegant equations to describe turbulence because how turbulence works depends on the individual system whether you have water cascading through a pipe or air streaming out of a jet engine. Usually, you have to resort to computers to handle problems that involve fluid turbulence. Types of fluid flow:
Aerodynamic force
Cavitation
Compressible flow
Couette flow
Free molecular flow
Incompressible flow
A flywheel, in essence is a mechanical battery - simply a mass rotating about an axis.Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy.They take an electrical input to accelerate the rotor up to speed by using the built-in motor, and return the electrical energy by using this same motor as a generator.Flywheels are one of the most promising technologies for replacing conventional lead acid batteries as energy storage systems.
Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer at Bodies of Different Shapes: Numerical Solutions presents the current theoretical developments of boundary layer theory, a branch of transport phenomena. Also, the book addresses the theoretical developments in the area and presents a number of physical problems that have been solved by analytical or numerical method. It is focused particularly on fluid flow problems governed by nonlinear differential equations. The book is intended for researchers in applied mathematics, physics, mechanics and engineering.
Multiphase flow is a phenomena of simultaneous flow of mixtures of phases such as gases (like bubbles) in a liquid, or liquid (like droplets) in gases and similar such flows. By multiphase flow we mean that its a mixture of phase and each phase in it has a distinct velocity field.
INTRODUCTION:
While a helicopter is a far more complex machine than an aeroplane, the fundamental principles of flight are the same.
The rotor blades of a helicopter are identical to the wings of an aeroplane –when air is blown over them, lift is produced.
The crucial difference is that the flow of air is produced by rotating the wings – or rotor blades – rather than by moving the whole aircraft.
When the rotor blades start to spin, the air flowing over them produces lift, and this can cause the helicopter to rise into the air.
So, the engine is used to turn the blades, and the turning blades produce the required lift.
The introduction of the automatic transmission did this by offering a “no-muss, no-fuss” form of shifting.
The earliest automobiles offered only manual transmissions, which were similar in principle to today’s stick-shift vehicles.
These cars sported two forward gears and one reverse, coupled to the engine via a series of pedals.
But as cars grew larger and traffic got worse, engineers began searching for a way to have the car “automatically” shift from one gear to another.
Designers spent decades perfecting the modern automatic transmission.
Here we offer a brief introduction and overview of the history of the automatic transmission.
Honing is an abrasive machining process that produces a precision surface on a metal work piece by scrubbing an abrasive stone against it along a controlled path.
Honing is primarily used to improve the geometric form of a surface, but may also improve the surface texture.
BEST PPT FOR DOWNLOADING & SUBMISSION
INFORMATION IN POINTS
When the inertia forces are considered in the analysis of the mechanism, the analysis is known as dynamic force analysis.
Now applying D’Alembert principle one may reduce a dynamic system into an equivalent static system and use the techniques used in static force analysis to study the system.
Garcia and Bayo (1994), Wang and Wang (1998), Shi and Mc Phee (2000) were interested in the analytical and
experimental study of the dynamic response of these mechanisms
Energy Transfer
Energy can cross the boundaries of a closed system in the form of heat or work.
If the energy transfer across the boundaries of a closed system is due to a temperature difference, it is heat; otherwise, it is work.
Energy transferred across a system boundary that can be thought of as the energy expended to lift a weight is called work.
Ex.1 Write a program to print the following pattern
1
2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5
Ex.2 Write a program to find bigger of three integers.
Ex.3 Write a program to calculate GCD between two numbers.
Ex.4 Write a program to find transpose of matrix.
Ex.5 Write a program which deletes an element from an array & display all other elements.
Ex.6 Write a program to calculate XA+YB where A & B are matrix & X=2, Y=3.
Ex.7 Write a program to calculate the total amount of money in the piggy bank, given that coins of Rs.10, Rs.5, Rs.2, RS.1.
& many more.....
Report on LIFI Technology
Content:-
LIGHT FIDELITY
NEED FOR LI-FI
OVERCOMING WIFI ISSUES
VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION
LIFE OF LIFI
HOW IT WORKS?
IMPLEMENTATION
LI-FI NETWORKS
APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES
LIMITATIONS
CONCLUSION
LIGHT FIDELITY
Light is used instead of radio-waves to transmit information.
Transceiver fitted LED lamps acts like Wi-Fi modems.
LED lamps can light a room as well as transmit-receive information.
Provides illumination as well as data communication.
Light based WI-FI.
POLARIZATION
Polarization is a property of waves that can oscillate with more than one orientation.
Electromagnetic waves such as light exhibit polarization, as do some other types of wave, such as gravitational waves.
Sound waves in a gas or liquid do not exhibit polarization, since the oscillation is always in the direction the wave travels.
Technical Presentation on External Gear PPT
Introduction
A gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another toothed part to transmit torque.
Geared devices can change the speed, torque, and direction of a power source.
Gears almost always produce a change in torque, creating a mechanical advantage, through their gear ratio, and thus may be considered a simple machine.
The teeth on the two meshing gears all have the same shape. Two or more meshing gears, working in a sequence, are called a gear train or a transmission.
A gear can mesh with a linear toothed part, called a rack, thereby producing translation instead of rotation.
The gears in a transmission are analogous to the wheels in a crossed belt pulley system. An advantage of gears is that the teeth of a gear prevent slippage.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
2. Introduction
A fluid is a state of matter in which its molecules move
freely and do not bear a constant relationship in space to
other molecules.
In physics, fluid flow has all kinds of aspects: steady or
unsteady, compressible or incompressible, viscous or
non-viscous, and rotational or irrotational to name a few.
Some of these characteristics reflect properties of the
liquid itself, and others focus on how the fluid is moving.
Fluids are :-
• Liquid : blood, i.v. infusions)
• Gas : O2 , N2O)
• Vapour (transition from liquid to gas) : N2O (under
compression in cylinder), volatile inhalational agents
(halothane, isoflurane, etc)
• Sublimate (transition from solid to gas bypassing
liquid state) : Dry ice (solid CO2), iodine
3. Definition of Flow
Flow is defined as the quantity of fluid
(gas, liquid, vapour or sublimate) that
passes a point per unit time.
A simple equation to represent this is:
Flow (F) = Quantity (Q)
Time (t)
Flow is sometimes written as ∆Q (rate
of change of a quantity).
5. Aerodynamic Force
Aerodynamic force is exerted on a body by the air
(or some other gas) in which the body is immersed,
and is due to the relative motion between the body
and the gas. Aerodynamic force arises from two
causes:
• The normal force due to the pressure on the
surface of the body.
• The shear force due to the viscosity of the gas,
also known as skin friction.
Forces on an Aero foil
6. Cavitation
Cavitation is the formation of vapour cavities in
liquid i.e. small liquid free zones that are the
consequence of forces acting upon the liquid.
It usually occurs when a liquid is subjected to rapid
changes of pressure that cause the formation of
cavities where the pressure is relatively low.
When subjected to higher pressure, the voids
implode and can generate an intense shock wave.
Cavitating propeller model
in a water tunnel
experiment
7. Compressible Flow
Compressible flow is the branch of fluid mechanics
that deals with flows having significant changes in fluid
density. Gases, but not liquids, display such behaviour.
To distinguish between compressible and
incompressible flow in air, the Mach number (the ratio
of the speed of the flow to the speed of sound) must be
greater than about 0.3 (since the density change is
greater than 5% in that case) before significant
compressibility occurs.
The study of compressible flow is relevant to high-
speed aircraft, jet engines, rocket motors, hyper loops
high-speed entry into a planetary atmosphere, gas
pipelines, commercial applications such as abrasive
blasting, and many other fields.
8. Couette Flow
Couette flow is the laminar flow of a viscous fluid in
the space between two parallel plates, one of which is
moving relative to the other.
The flow is driven by virtue of viscous drag force acting
on the fluid and the applied pressure gradient parallel
to the plates.
This type of flow is named in honour of Maurice Marie
Alfred Couette, a Professor of Physics at the French
University of Angers in the late 19th century.
9. Free Molecular Flow
Free molecular flow describes the fluid dynamics of
gas where the mean free path of the molecules is
larger than the size of the chamber or of the object
under test.
For tubes/objects of the size of several cm, this means
pressures well below 10−3 Torr. This is also called the
regime of high vacuum. This is opposed to viscous
flow encountered at higher pressures.
In free molecular flow, the pressure of the remaining
gas can be considered as effectively zero. Thus,
boiling points do not depend on the residual pressure.
The flow can be considered to be individual particles
moving in straight lines. Practically, the "vapour"
cannot move around bends or into other spaces
behind obstacles, as they simply hit the tube wall.
10. Incompressible Flow
In fluid mechanics or more generally continuum
mechanics, incompressible flow (isochoric flow) refers
to a flow in which the material density is constant within a
fluid parcel an infinitesimal volume that moves with the
flow velocity. An equivalent statement that implies
incompressibility is that the divergence of the flow
velocity is zero.
Inviscid Flow
An inviscid flow is the flow of an ideal fluid that is
assumed to have no viscosity. In fluid dynamics there are
problems that are easily solved by using the simplifying
assumption of an inviscid flow. The flow of fluids with low
values of viscosity agree closely with inviscid flow
everywhere except close to the fluid boundary where the
boundary layer plays a significant role.
11. Isothermal Flow
Isothermal flow is a model of compressible fluid
flow whereby the flow remains at the same
temperature while flowing in a conduit.
In the model, heat transferred through the walls of
the conduit is offset by frictional heating back into
the flow.
Although the flow temperature remains constant, a
change in stagnation temperature occurs because
of a change in velocity.
The interesting part of this flow is that the flow is
choked at and not at Mach number equal to one as
in the case of many other model such as Fanno
flow. This fact applies to real gases as well as ideal
gases.
12. Laminar Flow
laminar flow (or streamline flow) occurs when a fluid
flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between the
layers.
At low velocities, the fluid tends to flow without lateral
mixing, and adjacent layers slide past one another like
playing cards.
There are no cross-currents perpendicular to the
direction of flow, nor eddies or swirls of fluids. In laminar
flow, the motion of the particles of the fluid is very
orderly with all particles moving in straight lines parallel
to the pipe walls.
Laminar flow is a flow regime characterized by high
momentum diffusion and low momentum convection.