INTRODUCTION:
While a helicopter is a far more complex machine than an aeroplane, the fundamental principles of flight are the same.
The rotor blades of a helicopter are identical to the wings of an aeroplane –when air is blown over them, lift is produced.
The crucial difference is that the flow of air is produced by rotating the wings – or rotor blades – rather than by moving the whole aircraft.
When the rotor blades start to spin, the air flowing over them produces lift, and this can cause the helicopter to rise into the air.
So, the engine is used to turn the blades, and the turning blades produce the required lift.
Nomenclature and classification of controls in an airplane (slide # 3-4).
Which are the aerodynamic forces acting on airplane (slide # 5).
Working principle of an airplane (slide # 6).
How an airplane flies (basic motions of an airplane) (slide # 7).
How controls play their roles in these motions (slide # 8-22).
Simulate a flight in Cessna Skyhawk (slide # 23-28).
References and Questions & answers (slide # 30).
Nomenclature and classification of controls in an airplane (slide # 3-4).
Which are the aerodynamic forces acting on airplane (slide # 5).
Working principle of an airplane (slide # 6).
How an airplane flies (basic motions of an airplane) (slide # 7).
How controls play their roles in these motions (slide # 8-22).
Simulate a flight in Cessna Skyhawk (slide # 23-28).
References and Questions & answers (slide # 30).
A helicopter is an aircraft that is lifted and propelled by one or more horizontal rotors, each
consisting of two or more rotor blades. The main objective of this seminar topic is to study the basic
concepts of helicopter aerodynamics. The forces acting on helicopter i.e. lift, drag, thrust and weight
are considered for developing analytic equations. The main topics that are discussed include blade
motions like blade flapping, feathering and lead-lag. The effect of stall on helicopter blade flapping is
studied and it was noticed that there is a sudden lift drop at this stall condition. It was also found that
dynamic stall occurs due to rapidly changing angle of attack, which inturn affect the air flow over the
airfoil. Blade flapping angle and induced angle of attack are the main parameters concerned with stall.
The theory behind blade element analysis has been inferred in detail. The importance of all these in the
present scenario are also taken into consideration
Powered Flight explained from First Principles. Starts with Sir Issac Newton's Laws of motion. Explains concepts of Weight, Lift, Drag and Thrust. Controlling the flight using concepts of Pitch, Roll & Yaw explained with illustrations.How this is explained with the help of Ailerons, Rudder and Elevators explained. Clear visuals provided.
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AT HINDUSTAN AERONAUTICS LIMITED, LUCKNOWAdrija Chowdhury
reviewed overall ACCESSORIES DIVISION, HAL, LUCKNOW. Emphasized major points on HAL history, their motto...how the industrial training can be fruitful to the aspiring engineers
The introduction of the automatic transmission did this by offering a “no-muss, no-fuss” form of shifting.
The earliest automobiles offered only manual transmissions, which were similar in principle to today’s stick-shift vehicles.
These cars sported two forward gears and one reverse, coupled to the engine via a series of pedals.
But as cars grew larger and traffic got worse, engineers began searching for a way to have the car “automatically” shift from one gear to another.
Designers spent decades perfecting the modern automatic transmission.
Here we offer a brief introduction and overview of the history of the automatic transmission.
Honing is an abrasive machining process that produces a precision surface on a metal work piece by scrubbing an abrasive stone against it along a controlled path.
Honing is primarily used to improve the geometric form of a surface, but may also improve the surface texture.
BEST PPT FOR DOWNLOADING & SUBMISSION
INFORMATION IN POINTS
When the inertia forces are considered in the analysis of the mechanism, the analysis is known as dynamic force analysis.
Now applying D’Alembert principle one may reduce a dynamic system into an equivalent static system and use the techniques used in static force analysis to study the system.
Garcia and Bayo (1994), Wang and Wang (1998), Shi and Mc Phee (2000) were interested in the analytical and
experimental study of the dynamic response of these mechanisms
Energy Transfer
Energy can cross the boundaries of a closed system in the form of heat or work.
If the energy transfer across the boundaries of a closed system is due to a temperature difference, it is heat; otherwise, it is work.
Energy transferred across a system boundary that can be thought of as the energy expended to lift a weight is called work.
Ex.1 Write a program to print the following pattern
1
2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5
Ex.2 Write a program to find bigger of three integers.
Ex.3 Write a program to calculate GCD between two numbers.
Ex.4 Write a program to find transpose of matrix.
Ex.5 Write a program which deletes an element from an array & display all other elements.
Ex.6 Write a program to calculate XA+YB where A & B are matrix & X=2, Y=3.
Ex.7 Write a program to calculate the total amount of money in the piggy bank, given that coins of Rs.10, Rs.5, Rs.2, RS.1.
& many more.....
A fluid is a state of matter in which its molecules move freely and do not bear a constant relationship in space to other molecules.
In physics, fluid flow has all kinds of aspects: steady or unsteady, compressible or incompressible, viscous or non-viscous, and rotational or irrotational to name a few. Some of these characteristics reflect properties of the liquid itself, and others focus on how the fluid is moving.
Fluids are :-
Liquid : blood, i.v. infusions)
Gas : O2 , N2O)
Vapour (transition from liquid to gas) : N2O (under compression in cylinder), volatile inhalational agents (halothane, isoflurane, etc)
Sublimate (transition from solid to gas bypassing liquid state) : Dry ice (solid CO2), iodine
Report on LIFI Technology
Content:-
LIGHT FIDELITY
NEED FOR LI-FI
OVERCOMING WIFI ISSUES
VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION
LIFE OF LIFI
HOW IT WORKS?
IMPLEMENTATION
LI-FI NETWORKS
APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES
LIMITATIONS
CONCLUSION
LIGHT FIDELITY
Light is used instead of radio-waves to transmit information.
Transceiver fitted LED lamps acts like Wi-Fi modems.
LED lamps can light a room as well as transmit-receive information.
Provides illumination as well as data communication.
Light based WI-FI.
POLARIZATION
Polarization is a property of waves that can oscillate with more than one orientation.
Electromagnetic waves such as light exhibit polarization, as do some other types of wave, such as gravitational waves.
Sound waves in a gas or liquid do not exhibit polarization, since the oscillation is always in the direction the wave travels.
Technical Presentation on External Gear PPT
Introduction
A gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another toothed part to transmit torque.
Geared devices can change the speed, torque, and direction of a power source.
Gears almost always produce a change in torque, creating a mechanical advantage, through their gear ratio, and thus may be considered a simple machine.
The teeth on the two meshing gears all have the same shape. Two or more meshing gears, working in a sequence, are called a gear train or a transmission.
A gear can mesh with a linear toothed part, called a rack, thereby producing translation instead of rotation.
The gears in a transmission are analogous to the wheels in a crossed belt pulley system. An advantage of gears is that the teeth of a gear prevent slippage.
Report on Types of fluid flow
fluid dynamics
Introduction
In physics, fluid flow has all kinds of aspects: steady or unsteady, compressible or incompressible, viscous or non-viscous, and rotational or irrotational to name a few. Some of these characteristics reflect properties of the liquid itself, and others focus on how the fluid is moving. Note that fluid flow can get very complex when it becomes turbulent. Physicists haven’t developed any elegant equations to describe turbulence because how turbulence works depends on the individual system whether you have water cascading through a pipe or air streaming out of a jet engine. Usually, you have to resort to computers to handle problems that involve fluid turbulence. Types of fluid flow:
Aerodynamic force
Cavitation
Compressible flow
Couette flow
Free molecular flow
Incompressible flow
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
1. To lift a helicopter
INTRODUCTION:
While a helicopter is a far more
complex machine than an aeroplane,
the fundamental principles of flight
are the same.
The rotor blades of a helicopter are
identical to the wings of an aeroplane
–when air is blown over them, lift is
produced.
The crucial difference is that the flow
of air is produced byrotating the
wings – or rotorblades – rather than
by moving the whole aircraft.
When the rotor blades start to spin,
the air flowing over them produces
lift, and this can cause the helicopter
to rise into the air.
So, the engine is used to turn the blades, and the turning blades producethe required lift.
WORKING:
In order to fly, an object must have
"lift," a force moving it upward. Lift
is usually made by wings. Wings
create lift becauseof a relationship
called the Bernoulli Principle.
The Bernoulli Principle describes
how the speed of air and the pressure
in the air are related. When the speed
goes up, the pressure goes down and
the oppositeis also true.
Wings are curved on top and flatter
on the bottom. This shape is called an
airfoil. That shape makes air flow
over the top faster than under the
bottom.
As a result, there is less air pressure on top of the wing; this causes suction and makes the
wing move up. A helicopter's rotor blades are wings and create lift.
2. An airplane must fly fast to move enough air over its wings to provide lift.
A helicopter moves air over its rotor by spinning its blades.
Key parts of a helicopter:
A quick summary of the essential, mechanical parts of a helicopter:
Each rotor blade (1) is connected to the hub (2) and rotating mast by a feathering hinge
(3), which allows it to swivel.
A pitch link (a short rod) attached to each blade (4, orange) can tilt it to a steeper or
shallower angle according to the position of the rotating upper swash plate (5, blue),
which spins on bearings around the static lower swash plate (6, red).
That's how a chopperhovers and steers and it's described in more detail later in this
article.
The two swash plates are moved up and down or tilted to the side by the pilot's cyclic
and collective cockpit controls (not shown), which are explained below.
The rotor is powered by a driveshaft (7) connected to a transmission and gearbox (8,
red).
The same transmission powers a second, longer driveshaft (9, yellow) connected to a
gearbox that spins the tail rotor (10, orange).
The power from both rotors comes from one or two turboshaft jet engines (11).
Flight controls:
A helicopter has four flight control inputs.
These are the cyclic, the collective, the anti-
torque pedals, and the throttle.
The cyclic control is usually located between
the pilot's legs and is commonly called
the cyclic stick or just cyclic
The control is called the cyclic because it
changes the pitch of the rotor blades cyclically.
3. The result is to tilt the rotor disk in a particular direction, resulting in the helicopter
moving in that direction.
The collective pitch control or collective is located on the left side of the pilot's seat with
a settable friction control to prevent inadvertent movement. The collective changes the
pitch angle of all the main rotor blades collectively (i.e. all at the same time) and
independently of their position.
Helicopter hover and steer:
Hovering:
The airfoils on the rotor blades generate lift
that overcomes the weight of the craft,
pushing it up into the air.If the lift is greater
than the weight, the helicopter climbs; if it's
less than the weight, the helicopter falls.
When the lift and the weight are exactly
equal, the helicopter hovers in mid-air. The
pilot can make the rotor blades generate
more or less lift using a controlcalled
the collective pitch, which increases or decreases the angle ("pitch") that all the blades
make to the oncoming air as they spin around. Fortakeoff, the blades need to make a
steep angle to generate maximum lift.
Steering:
The rotors also provide the steering for a
helicopter by making more lift on one side
than the other. They do this by swiveling
back and forth as they rotate, so, for
example, they make a steeper angle when
they're on the left side of the craft than
when they're on the right. That means they
generate more lift on the left, tilting the
craft over to the right and steering it in that direction. The pilot steers like this using a
second lever called the cyclic pitch, similar to a joystick, which makes the blades swivel
as they cycle around.
USES:
Due to the operating characteristics of the helicopter its ability to take off and land
vertically and to hover for extended periods of time.
4. As well as the aircraft's handling properties under low airspeed conditions it has been
chosen to conducttasks that were previously not possible with other aircraft, or were time
or work intensive to accomplish on the ground.
Today, helicopter uses include transportation of people and cargo, military uses,
construction, firefighting, search and rescue, tourism, medical transport, law
enforcement, agriculture, news and media, and aerial observation, among others.
Advantages and disadvantages of helicopters:
Choppers have lots of advantages over planes. You don't need a runway, for starters, or
big wings, and you can operate helicopters more easily from ships.
From the center of a city to the middle of a jungle, you can take off or land more or less
anywhere.
You can pause, mid-flight, to rescue someone, pick up a load, or drop it off with a winch.
Admittedly, you can't usually fly as fast or as far as a plane, or carry as many people or as
much cargo, but you have much more flexibility in where you cango.
Unfortunately, this versatility comes at a price: helicopters with spinning rotors are
mechanically more complex than planes with static wings, more prone to failure, need
more maintenance, and are expensive to operate.
Since you can fly a helicopter in all kinds of ways it's effectively several different flying
craft all rolled into one you might think piloting a chopperis automatically harder than
flying a plane.