types of facies.ppt
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Sedimentary facies represent the original depositional environment and can be used to interpret changes in sea level. There are two main types of facies - lithofacies which describe rock characteristics, and biofacies which describe fossil composition. During a transgression, facies shift onshore as sea level rises. During a regression, facies shift offshore as sea level falls. A vertical succession of facies represents environments that were once laterally continuous according to Walther's Law. Global sea level changes are caused by continental glaciation and plate tectonics, while local changes involve vertical land movement or sediment supply.
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The document discusses facies analysis, which involves dividing sedimentary rock bodies into facies units based on their distinctive lithological or biological features. Facies can be defined descriptively based on attributes like rock type, fossils, or sedimentary structures, or interpretively to represent depositional environments. Facies units may represent different scales from thin sections to thick successions. Facies associations represent commonly associated attributes and form the basis for facies models, which explain observed associations. Interpreting facies involves considering factors like the meaning and scales of facies units as well as relationships between facies and depositional environments or processes.
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3. Longshore drift transports sediment parallel to the shoreline. Waves approaching at an angle drive a longshore current, while the swash and backwash move sediment in a zigzag pattern down the coast in the drift direction.
Sec3 Coast features
The document discusses various coastal landforms formed by erosion and deposition processes along shorelines. It describes how cliffs and wave-cut platforms form through wave erosion and undercutting of rock faces. It also explains how alternating hard and soft rock layers lead to the development of headlands and bays, and how wave refraction directs more energy towards headlands. Finally, it outlines how beaches, spits, and tombolos are depositional landforms that form through transport and accumulation of sediments by waves and currents.
Field assignment part 2
The San Andreas Fault runs nearly the length of California and is classified as a strike-slip fault, causing side-to-side movement between tectonic plates that has resulted in many earthquakes. Chemical and physical weathering change and break down rocks through chemical reactions and plant growth, respectively. Mass wasting such as rockslides transport loose rock and soil downslope due to gravity. Erosion by water widens creeks and rivers over time by carrying away eroded material. Marine, transitional, and continental sedimentary environments deposit sediments from moving water in oceans, shorelines, and streams/rivers. Geology informs practical applications like bridges, canals, and oil extraction.
Coastal erosional processes and landforms lesson 4
The document discusses coastal erosion processes and landforms. It describes the four main erosion processes as corrosion, abrasion, solution, and hydraulic action (CASH). These processes break down and transport sediment, forming features like sea cliffs, caves, arches, stacks, and stumps. Waves erode the base of cliffs and headlands through processes like hydraulic action, creating wave-cut notches and platforms that eventually result in arches and isolated rock columns. Alternating hard and soft rock layers produce headlands and bays along discordant coastlines.
Coastal Morphology
The document discusses different classifications of coastlines based on geology and energy levels. There are three main types of coastlines: transverse coasts which develop when rock strata is perpendicular to the shoreline; longitudinal/concordant coasts which develop when rock strata runs parallel to the shoreline; and coastlines classified by energy levels including high energy, low energy, and protected coastlines based on wave activity. Geology is the overriding factor in coastal morphology, with rock type and structure influencing coastal landforms.
coastal_landforms1.ppt
The document defines coastal landforms as being either erosional or depositional. It describes erosional coastal features formed by waves such as cliffs, headlands, bays, arches, stacks, and wave-cut platforms. Cliffs develop through notch formation and erosion. Headlands are made of resistant rock while bays form in softer rocks. Depositional coastal features include beaches, spits, tombolos, mudflats, and sand dunes, which are formed through processes such as longshore drift and deposition of materials eroded from cliffs.
COASTAL LANDFORMS.pptx
The document discusses coastal landforms and the processes that create them. It describes how waves, tides, and currents shape the coastal environment and lead to both erosional and depositional landforms. Erosional features include cliffs, headlands, sea caves, and stacks, which are formed by processes like abrasion and hydraulic action. Depositional landforms include beaches, bars, spits, and barrier islands, which are produced when sediment is transported and deposited by waves, currents, and biological activity.
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION OF COASTAL LANDFORMS
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION OF COASTAL LANDFORMS. It contains: the formation of erosional landforms: cliffs and wave-cut platforms, caves, arches and stacks
Learners should be able to explain the formation of depositional landforms: beaches in cross section (profile) and plan, swash and drift aligned beaches, simple and compound spits, tombolos, offshore bars, barrier beaches, coastal dunes, tidal sedimentation in estuaries, coastal saltmarshes and mangroves, the role of sea level change in the formation of coastal landforms.
Physical Geography Lecture 17 - Oceans and Coastal Geomorphology 120716
This document discusses various topics related to coastal geomorphology including ocean currents, tides, waves, and the landforms shaped by coastal processes. It describes how tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. Spring tides occur when these three bodies are aligned and produce the highest tides, while neap tides occur at right angles and have lower tides. Extreme tides over 15 meters occur in the Bay of Fundy. Waves are affected by factors like fetch, wind strength, and duration. Refraction disperses wave energy at headlands and concentrates it in bays, shaping distinctive coastal landforms. Human structures can disrupt sediment flows and cause shoreline erosion over time.
Coasts Revision GCSE
This document discusses various coastal erosion and deposition processes. It describes four types of erosion: hydraulic action, abrasion, corrosion, and attrition. It also discusses weathering processes like chemical, mechanical, and biological weathering. Coastal landforms like cliffs, wave-cut platforms, bays and headlands are formed through erosion. Waves deposit material through processes like longshore drift to create beaches, bars, spits and tombolos. The document provides examples of these features from the Dorset coast in England. Coastal areas need protection, but methods used must consider sustainability.
Lithosphere Coasts
The document discusses various coastal landforms created by wave erosion and deposition along shorelines. It describes how alternating bands of hard and soft rock lead to the formation of headlands and bays through differential erosion. As waves erode the soft rock faster than the hard rock, an irregular coastline develops. Further erosion can form caves, arches, stacks, and stumps. Coves are formed when a stream cuts through a cliff, widening through erosion. Wave-cut platforms are flat terraces exposed when cliffs retreat inland. Longshore drift can build up spits, narrow accumulations of sand and gravel stretching from the shore into the sea.
Igcse coasts
Coasts are zones where land meets the sea. Coastal processes like waves, tides and currents shape the coastline and form landforms. Waves can be constructive or destructive depending on factors like swash strength. Coastal erosion forms landforms through various processes. Sediment is transported alongshore by longshore drift, forming features like spits and bars. Coasts experience both erosional and depositional landforms. Coasts need protecting for economic and social reasons, and various hard and soft engineering techniques are used for coastal management.
3 e coasts (1)
Coasts are shaped by the dynamic forces of the sea, air, and waves. Waves erode coastlines through hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and corrosion. Erosion carves out coastal landforms like cliffs, headlands, and bays. Waves also transport and deposit eroded material, building up beaches and forming depositional landforms such as spits, bars, and sand dunes. Managing coastal change involves either "hard engineering" using structures, or "soft engineering" techniques like beach nourishment and managed retreat that work with natural coastal processes.
Similar to types of facies.ppt (20)
Coastal erosional processes and landforms lesson 4
Coastal erosional processes and landforms lesson 4
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION OF COASTAL LANDFORMS
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION OF COASTAL LANDFORMS
Physical Geography Lecture 17 - Oceans and Coastal Geomorphology 120716
Physical Geography Lecture 17 - Oceans and Coastal Geomorphology 120716
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leaves a stump..ppt
Waves erode cliffs and headlands through various processes, forming different coastal landforms. Caves form where waves attack both sides of headlands. Arches may form if caves erode all the way through. Stacks and stumps are left when arches and stacks eventually collapse. Over time, this differential erosion of harder and weaker rocks creates a series of alternating headlands and bays along the coastline.
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types of facies.ppt
- 1. Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level Sedimentary Facies and Sea Level Changes
- 2. Sedimentary Facies: • general appearance or aspects of a rock (composition & texture). Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
- 3. Sedimentary Facies: • original environment of deposition can be determined. • used to describe vertical and lateral variations in strata. Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
- 4. Sedimentary Facies: • facies transform laterally by gradual changes in their properties into different, adjacent facies. Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
- 5. Two types of facies 1). Lithofacies: distinguishing characteristics are . . . lithologic Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
- 6. Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level sandstone facies shale facies
- 7. Two types of facies 1). Lithofacies: can be degree of difference Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level limestone sandstone vs. vs. fine grained limestone coarse, well sorted sandstone
- 8. Two types of facies 2). Biofacies: differences in biological (fossil) composition. Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
- 9. Two types of facies 2). Biofacies: • can have different adjacent biofacies in the same lithology • can be sensitive to small environmental differences Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
- 10. Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level Foraminifera facies Mississippi Delta
- 11. Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level Changes in sea level
- 12. Transgression: • Advance of sea over the land Regression: • Retreat of the sea from the land Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
- 13. Idealized gradation: • Near shore = coarse sediment - to - • Off shore = fine sediment - yielding to - • Shelf carbonate deposition Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
- 14. Idealized gradation: Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level near shore off shore continent
- 15. No sea level change: Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level near shore off shore continent http://www.uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/transreg.gif sediment through time
- 16. Sea level at Time A: Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level “the beach” Sea level change: cross section
- 17. Sea level at Time B: Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level “the beach”
- 18. Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level Transgression • facies shift on-shore • resulting rock unit (sandstone) varies in age laterally
- 19. Shift from Time A to Time B: Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level “the beach” “the beach” Transgression • facies shift on-shore • resulting rock unit (sandstone) varies in age laterally
- 20. Time A: on the beach (sandstone) Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level Stand in one spot during a transgression:
- 21. Time B: underwater (finer sediment) Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level Stand in one spot during a transgression:
- 22. Regression: • facies shift off-shore Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
- 23. Regression: • facies shift off-shore Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level “the beach” “the beach” Time A Time B
- 24. Regression: • in one place, facies become more “onshore” (= coarser) up section Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level Ls Slt Ss fine course
- 25. • In a vertical column, facies become progressively more "on shore" (coarser) up section. Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level Regression Conglomerate Sandstone Siltstone Limestone erosion
- 26. • In a vertical column, facies become progressively more "on shore" (coarser) up section. Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level Regression Conglomerate Sandstone Siltstone Limestone erosion “deep” “beach” “land”
- 27. • In a vertical column, facies become progressively more ”off shore" (finer) up section. Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level Transgression Limestone Siltstone Sandstone Conglomerate erosion
- 28. • In a vertical column, facies become progressively more ”off shore" (finer) up section. Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level Transgression Limestone Siltstone Sandstone Conglomerate erosion “deep” “beach” “land”
- 29. • A vertical sequence represents facies that were once laterally continuous Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level Walther’s Law Limestone Siltstone Sandstone vertical sequence
- 30. • A vertical sequence represents facies that were once laterally continuous Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level Walther’s Law Limestone Siltstone Sandstone vertical sequence Lateral Distribution
- 31. Ls Sh Ss • A vertical sequence represents facies that were once laterally continuous Walther’s Law
- 32. Ls Sh Ss “deep” “beach” • A vertical sequence represents facies that were once laterally continuous Walther’s Law
- 33. • The relative sequence is more important than absolute completeness. Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level Walther’s Law Limestone Sandstone vertical sequence-1 Siltstone vertical sequence-2 unconformity
- 34. • The relative sequence is more important than absolute completeness. Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level Walther’s Law Limestone Sandstone vertical sequence-1 Siltstone vertical sequence-2 unconformity Transgression Regression “deep” “beach” “land” “intermediate”
- 36. • Tectonic subsidence (sinking) • Rise in sea level • Erosion of shore line Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level What cause a Transgression?
- 37. • Tectonic uplift • Drop in sea level • Over supply of sediment Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level What cause a Regression?
- 38. 1. Continental Glaciation more ice = lower sea level (max. 200 meter change) Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level Eustatic sea level change (world wide) - causes?
- 42. 30 meter rise
- 43. 100 meter rise link to: USGS
- 44. 2. Plate Tectonics fast spreading rate = high sea level slow = low sea level (affects the shape of ocean basins) Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level Eustatic sea level change (world wide) - causes?
- 45. • transgression in one place while regression in another • local mountain uplift or crustal subsidence • very rapid influx of sediment or erosion. Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level Local sea level change