Tympanic membrane perforation
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Tympanic membrane perforation can be caused by direct force from removing earwax, skull fractures, or hot objects entering the ear. Indirect force from increased violence, firearms, or barotrauma can also cause perforations. Perforations are often associated with trauma to the middle ear or inner ear structures and may result in ossicular discontinuity, facial nerve injury, chorda tympani nerve injury, or barotrauma to the stapes footplate. Clinical manifestations include otalgia, bleeding, fullness, conductive or mixed hearing loss, tinnitus, and a split shape of the perforation. Diagnosis involves otoscopic examination and audiometry to check for conductive or sensorineural
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Tympanic membrane perforation
This document discusses tympanic membrane perforation, which is a rupture of the eardrum. It can be caused by ear infections, trauma, or foreign objects in the ear canal. Symptoms include ear pain, bleeding, hearing loss, and drainage from the ear. Diagnosis involves examination of the ear. Small perforations may heal on their own with antibiotics and pain medication, while larger perforations require surgery like myringoplasty or tympanoplasty to repair the eardrum. Post-operative care involves keeping the ear dry and avoiding heavy lifting or air pressure changes for a few weeks.
Hearing Loss
Hearing loss can be conductive, sensorineural, or mixed. Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound is not conducted efficiently through the outer ear canal or middle ear. Sensorineural hearing loss involves damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve. Hereditary and noise-induced hearing loss are common causes of sensorineural hearing loss. Other causes include traumatic injury, infection, ototoxic drugs, presbycusis, and idiopathic conditions. Hearing is evaluated through tests like tuning fork tests, pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry, and tympanometry.
Impacted wax
This document discusses impacted ear wax. It defines impacted wax as an excess collection of thick ear wax. Symptoms of impacted wax include diminished hearing of sudden onset, discomfort without pain usually, and occasionally tinnitus. Treatment options include using ear drops containing ceruminolytics for 4-5 days before syringing or using a wax hook to remove it. Self-care options are using ear drops to soften wax or olive oil warmed on a spoon. Ear irrigation can help hearing for those with impacted wax if done at low pressure, but should be avoided if the eardrum is perforated or in cases of mastoid surgery, chronic ear disease, unilateral deafness, or recurrent ear infections/tinnitus
Meniere's disease
meniere disease is the inner ear condition which affect the patient haring and balance this ppt can help the nurses to take care of the patient affected with this disease and can be used as a study material for their examination
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE PERFORATION ( TMP)
This document discusses tympanic membrane perforation, also known as a ruptured eardrum. It can be caused by direct force trauma to the ear such as from wax removal or skull fractures, or indirect force from barotrauma or increased violence/firearms. Infection of the middle ear from bacteria, viruses or fungi can also cause a perforation. Symptoms include ear pain, fullness, discharge from the ear, hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, otoscopic exam, and audiogram. Treatment involves antibiotics to prevent infection, keeping the ear canal clean, avoiding nose blowing or ear drops, and surgery if not healed after 3 months. S
Otosclerosis
Otosclerosis is a disease characterized by abnormal bone growth in the middle ear that causes hearing loss. It is caused by bone remodeling that fixes the stapes bone, preventing sound vibration. Symptoms include progressive, asymmetric conductive hearing loss, tinnitus, and dizziness. Diagnosis involves audiogram and physical exam. Treatment options include hearing aids, sodium fluoride to arrest progression, and stapedectomy or stapedotomy surgery to restore hearing. Post-operative care involves rest and avoiding pressure changes or water entry into the ear during healing.
Nasal obstruction
This document discusses differential diagnoses of nasal obstruction and neoplasms of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It provides a list of structural, infectious, allergic and other causes of unilateral and bilateral nasal obstruction. It also classifies benign and malignant nasal tumors and describes the presentation, diagnosis and treatment of inverted papilloma and sinonasal carcinomas such as maxillary sinus carcinoma. The treatment of maxillary sinus carcinoma includes surgery such as total maxillectomy with options like orbital exenteration or anterior cranio-facial resection depending on tumor extent.
Labrinthitis
Labyrinthitis is an inflammation or infection of the inner ear labyrinth that can be caused by viral or bacterial pathogens. It leads to symptoms like vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and nausea. Diagnosis involves taking a medical history, physical examination, and audiogram. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms like vertigo and nausea with medications. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections while antiviral drugs may be used for viral causes. Nursing care aims to help the patient manage symptoms safely and prevent injury during acute vertigo attacks.
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Tympanic membrane perforation
This document discusses tympanic membrane perforation, which is a rupture of the eardrum. It can be caused by ear infections, trauma, or foreign objects in the ear canal. Symptoms include ear pain, bleeding, hearing loss, and drainage from the ear. Diagnosis involves examination of the ear. Small perforations may heal on their own with antibiotics and pain medication, while larger perforations require surgery like myringoplasty or tympanoplasty to repair the eardrum. Post-operative care involves keeping the ear dry and avoiding heavy lifting or air pressure changes for a few weeks.
Hearing Loss
Hearing loss can be conductive, sensorineural, or mixed. Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound is not conducted efficiently through the outer ear canal or middle ear. Sensorineural hearing loss involves damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve. Hereditary and noise-induced hearing loss are common causes of sensorineural hearing loss. Other causes include traumatic injury, infection, ototoxic drugs, presbycusis, and idiopathic conditions. Hearing is evaluated through tests like tuning fork tests, pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry, and tympanometry.
Impacted wax
This document discusses impacted ear wax. It defines impacted wax as an excess collection of thick ear wax. Symptoms of impacted wax include diminished hearing of sudden onset, discomfort without pain usually, and occasionally tinnitus. Treatment options include using ear drops containing ceruminolytics for 4-5 days before syringing or using a wax hook to remove it. Self-care options are using ear drops to soften wax or olive oil warmed on a spoon. Ear irrigation can help hearing for those with impacted wax if done at low pressure, but should be avoided if the eardrum is perforated or in cases of mastoid surgery, chronic ear disease, unilateral deafness, or recurrent ear infections/tinnitus
Meniere's disease
meniere disease is the inner ear condition which affect the patient haring and balance this ppt can help the nurses to take care of the patient affected with this disease and can be used as a study material for their examination
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE PERFORATION ( TMP)
This document discusses tympanic membrane perforation, also known as a ruptured eardrum. It can be caused by direct force trauma to the ear such as from wax removal or skull fractures, or indirect force from barotrauma or increased violence/firearms. Infection of the middle ear from bacteria, viruses or fungi can also cause a perforation. Symptoms include ear pain, fullness, discharge from the ear, hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, otoscopic exam, and audiogram. Treatment involves antibiotics to prevent infection, keeping the ear canal clean, avoiding nose blowing or ear drops, and surgery if not healed after 3 months. S
Otosclerosis
Otosclerosis is a disease characterized by abnormal bone growth in the middle ear that causes hearing loss. It is caused by bone remodeling that fixes the stapes bone, preventing sound vibration. Symptoms include progressive, asymmetric conductive hearing loss, tinnitus, and dizziness. Diagnosis involves audiogram and physical exam. Treatment options include hearing aids, sodium fluoride to arrest progression, and stapedectomy or stapedotomy surgery to restore hearing. Post-operative care involves rest and avoiding pressure changes or water entry into the ear during healing.
Nasal obstruction
This document discusses differential diagnoses of nasal obstruction and neoplasms of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It provides a list of structural, infectious, allergic and other causes of unilateral and bilateral nasal obstruction. It also classifies benign and malignant nasal tumors and describes the presentation, diagnosis and treatment of inverted papilloma and sinonasal carcinomas such as maxillary sinus carcinoma. The treatment of maxillary sinus carcinoma includes surgery such as total maxillectomy with options like orbital exenteration or anterior cranio-facial resection depending on tumor extent.
Labrinthitis
Labyrinthitis is an inflammation or infection of the inner ear labyrinth that can be caused by viral or bacterial pathogens. It leads to symptoms like vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and nausea. Diagnosis involves taking a medical history, physical examination, and audiogram. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms like vertigo and nausea with medications. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections while antiviral drugs may be used for viral causes. Nursing care aims to help the patient manage symptoms safely and prevent injury during acute vertigo attacks.
Meniere's disease
Meniere's disease is a balance disorder caused by abnormal fluid balance in the inner ear. It is characterized by episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, and fluctuating hearing loss. The cause is unknown but may involve excess fluid accumulation in the inner ear. Treatment involves managing symptoms with medication and a low-sodium diet. If conservative measures fail, surgical procedures like endolymphatic sac decompression or vestibular nerve sectioning can be performed to eliminate vertigo attacks.
Otosclerosis
Otosclerosis is a condition where abnormal bone growth occurs in the middle ear, usually affecting both ears. This causes the stapes bone to become fixed, preventing sound vibrations from being transmitted effectively and resulting in conductive hearing loss. It is classified based on histological and clinical presentations. Diagnosis involves tests like audiometry and imaging. Treatment options range from hearing aids for mild cases to stapedectomy surgery to restore hearing by replacing or drilling the stapes bone.
Otosclerosis
Otosclerosis is a condition where abnormal bone growth occurs on the stapes in the middle ear, causing it to become fixed and preventing sound vibration transmission. This results in conductive hearing loss. It usually affects both ears and causes progressive hearing loss. It has two classifications - histological (found postmortem) and clinical (three subtypes based on location). The exact cause is unknown but heredity is a factor. Symptoms include hearing loss, dizziness, tinnitus, and vertigo. Diagnostic tests include audiometry and imaging. Treatment options include hearing aids and surgery like stapedectomy or stapedotomy to restore hearing. Complications can include infection, dizziness, or deafness
5. menier's disease
1. Meniere's disease is a disorder of the inner ear that causes episodes of vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of fullness in the ear.
2. The exact cause is unknown but may involve an obstruction of the endolymphatic duct resulting in a buildup of fluid in the inner ear.
3. Treatment focuses on controlling vertigo attacks, minimizing hearing loss, and in severe cases, surgery to relieve fluid buildup such as a shunt or labyrinthectomy.
Epistaxis
Epistaxis, or nosebleed, is caused by rupture of tiny blood vessels in the nasal cavity. It is common and can occur in any age group. Bleeding most often originates from an area in the front of the nose called Little's area. Epistaxis can be anterior, originating in the front part of the nose, or posterior, originating in the back part. Causes include local trauma, infections, medications, and systemic conditions like high blood pressure. Treatment depends on the location and severity of bleeding and may include pressure, cauterization, nasal packing, or medication. Nursing care focuses on monitoring vital signs, controlling bleeding, preventing anxiety, and providing discharge teaching to prevent future episodes.
Ear,Nose and throat Disorders...
The common ENT disorders includes Ear Disorder: Ear Infections,Hearing Disorders and Deafness, Meniere's Disease. acute otitis media, tonsillopharyngitis, sore throat, adenoid disorders, epistaxis, nasal congestion and rhinorrhea, sinusitis, and ear foreign bodies and nasal foreign bodies etc.
Impacted wax
Earwax buildup, known as impacted earwax, occurs when earwax production exceeds the body's ability to remove it. This can be caused by conditions like swimmer's ear or ear canal injuries. Symptoms include diminished hearing, discomfort, earache, and dizziness. Diagnosis involves a health history, physical exam, and using an otoscope to look in the ear. Impacted earwax is usually treated by softening and loosening the wax with drops before removing it through irrigation or instrumentation with tools like a cerumen hook and scoop.
Labyrinthitis
Labyrinthitis is inflammation of the inner ear that can cause vertigo, hearing loss, and nausea. It is often caused by a middle ear infection spreading to the inner ear. The inner ear contains semi-circular canals for balance and the cochlea for hearing. Labyrinthitis can be circumscribed, diffuse serous, or diffuse suppurative depending on the extent and presence of pus. Treatment involves antibiotics, antihistamines, or steroids depending on the cause. Surgery may be needed for complications like cholesteatoma.
Otitis media
1. Otitis media is inflammation of the middle ear that can involve surrounding areas. It is commonly seen in children and caused by infections that spread from nearby areas like the throat.
2. The condition progresses through stages from initial congestion to collection of fluid/pus in the middle ear. Without treatment, the ear drum may rupture, allowing drainage of pus from the ear.
3. Treatment involves antibiotics and drainage procedures. Chronic or recurring cases may require surgery to repair damaged tissues and prevent complications like infection of the mastoid bone behind the ear.
Presbycusis
Ms. Elizabeth presented on age-related hearing loss (presbycusis). It is a common condition linked to aging where hearing is slowly lost in both ears, with about 30 out of 100 adults over 65 having some hearing loss. Causes include long-term noise exposure, aging, genetics, certain health conditions, medications, race, income level, infections, and smoking. Symptoms are difficulty hearing conversations, high pitches, or sounds that seem too loud. Diagnosis involves tests of the ear canal, eardrum, hearing levels, and middle ear function. Treatments include hearing aids, assistive devices, speech reading, cochlear implants, and middle ear implants. Nursing considerations are involving family, speaking slowly
Hearing loss
This document discusses different types of hearing loss including conductive, sensorineural, and mixed varieties. It outlines the World Health Organization's classification of hearing impairment based on decibel thresholds. Common causes of conductive hearing loss include ear infections, while sensorineural hearing loss can result from genetic factors, noise exposure, certain medications, and aging. Treatment depends on the type and includes hearing aids, surgery, and cochlear implants.
Chronic otitis media
This document discusses chronic otitis media, including tubotympanic and atticoantral types. Tubotympanic type is a safe inflammation of the middle ear lining, while atticoantral type involves a cholesteatoma sac. Symptoms include ear discharge and deafness. Examination may reveal perforations or debris in the ear canal. Investigations include culture, endoscopy and imaging. Management involves medical treatment like cleaning or antibiotics, with surgery for more severe cases like mastoidectomy or tympanoplasty.
ENT Examination
This document provides guidance on examining the nose and throat. It describes how to inspect the nose, including shape, deformities, discharge, and speculum examination of the nasal cavities. It also outlines how to assess the nasal airway and palpate for polyps. Regarding the throat exam, it details inspecting the lips, mouth, tonsils, soft palate and assessing hydration. The document provides images and describes inspecting and palpating the parotid glands as well.
ENT Examination
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This document discusses ear wax accumulation, also known as cerumen impaction. It defines ear wax accumulation as the buildup of ear wax inside the ear canal. Some causes listed include structural defects, old age, and using ear plugs. Signs and symptoms include fullness in the ear, ringing in the ear, dizziness, itching, ear pain, odorous ear discharge, and hearing difficulty. Diagnosis involves a history and physical exam using an otoscope. Management includes irrigation with warm water or warmed oils followed by suction or instrumentation to remove the ear wax.
Deafness
Hearing is one of our primary modes of communication. 360 million people worldwide have disabling hearing loss.
Hearing loss may result from genetic causes, complications at birth, certain infectious diseases, chronic ear infections, the use of particular drugs, exposure to excessive noise and ageing.
Hearing loss may be mild, moderate, severe or profound.
It can affect one ear or both ears, and leads to difficulty in hearing conversational speech or loud sounds. it may occur in one or both ear.
CONDUCTIVE HEARING LOSS (CHL)
SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS (SHL)
MIXED HEARING LOSS (MHL)
Vocal nodules
this presentation was done in the ENT course 2011-2012.
i hope you will get an interesting time with this presentation.
Meniere’s disease
Meniere's disease is a disorder of the inner ear that causes episodes of vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus. It was first described by Prosper Meniere in 1861. The cause is unknown but risk factors include metabolic, toxic, allergic, emotional, and circulatory disorders. Symptoms include vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, fullness, nausea, increased heart rate, and sweating. Diagnosis involves history, exams of the ear, and tests like audiograms and ENG. Treatment aims to control vertigo and tinnitus and preserve hearing using medications, diet changes, exercises, and sometimes surgery. Complications include permanent hearing or balance issues, anxiety, dehydration
Otalgia
Otalgia refers to ear pain or ear ache, which can be primary (originating in the ear) or referred (originating elsewhere but felt in the ear). Primary causes include infections, wax buildup, trauma, and tumors of the outer ear canal, eardrum, middle ear bones, inner ear, and mastoid bone behind the ear. Referred otalgia can occur via cranial nerves from areas like the teeth, throat, larynx, neck, or due to conditions like shingles. Risk factors include inserting objects in the ear, swimming in polluted water, and respiratory infections. Treatment involves relieving pain, promoting healing, restoring function, and removing foreign bodies through irrigation, antibiotics, surgery
Ent disorders
Describe nursing assessment of the ear, sinuses ,nose, throat.
Identify nursing responsibilities for patient undergo diagnostic test or procedure for ear, sinuses, nose, throat.
Describe the common therapeutic measures for ear, sinuses ,nose, throat.
Explain the pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestation and treatment for ENT disorders.
Assist in developing nursing care plans for patient with ENT disorders.
Tympanic membrane
The tympanic membrane (TM) receives its arterial blood supply from both the deep auricular artery and first part of the maxillary artery on its outer surface, and the anterior and posterior tympanic arteries which branch from the first part of the maxillary artery and stylomastoid artery on its inner surface. The TM's nerve supply originates from the auriculotemporal nerve on its anterior half, the auricular branch of the vagus nerve on its posterior half, and the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve through the tympanic plexus on its medial surface. The document provides an overview of examining the TM and various pathological conditions that can affect it including retraction, bul
Tympanic membrane dr. fadil
The document discusses the normal tympanic membrane and various conditions that can affect it. It provides over 50 images of normal tympanic membranes, as well as membranes affected by conditions like perforation, trauma, infection, effusion, and more. The tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum, can be photographed via the external auditory canal or by drilling a hole perpendicular to gain different optical perspectives.
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Meniere's disease
Meniere's disease is a balance disorder caused by abnormal fluid balance in the inner ear. It is characterized by episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, and fluctuating hearing loss. The cause is unknown but may involve excess fluid accumulation in the inner ear. Treatment involves managing symptoms with medication and a low-sodium diet. If conservative measures fail, surgical procedures like endolymphatic sac decompression or vestibular nerve sectioning can be performed to eliminate vertigo attacks.
Otosclerosis
Otosclerosis is a condition where abnormal bone growth occurs in the middle ear, usually affecting both ears. This causes the stapes bone to become fixed, preventing sound vibrations from being transmitted effectively and resulting in conductive hearing loss. It is classified based on histological and clinical presentations. Diagnosis involves tests like audiometry and imaging. Treatment options range from hearing aids for mild cases to stapedectomy surgery to restore hearing by replacing or drilling the stapes bone.
Otosclerosis
Otosclerosis is a condition where abnormal bone growth occurs on the stapes in the middle ear, causing it to become fixed and preventing sound vibration transmission. This results in conductive hearing loss. It usually affects both ears and causes progressive hearing loss. It has two classifications - histological (found postmortem) and clinical (three subtypes based on location). The exact cause is unknown but heredity is a factor. Symptoms include hearing loss, dizziness, tinnitus, and vertigo. Diagnostic tests include audiometry and imaging. Treatment options include hearing aids and surgery like stapedectomy or stapedotomy to restore hearing. Complications can include infection, dizziness, or deafness
5. menier's disease
1. Meniere's disease is a disorder of the inner ear that causes episodes of vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of fullness in the ear.
2. The exact cause is unknown but may involve an obstruction of the endolymphatic duct resulting in a buildup of fluid in the inner ear.
3. Treatment focuses on controlling vertigo attacks, minimizing hearing loss, and in severe cases, surgery to relieve fluid buildup such as a shunt or labyrinthectomy.
Epistaxis
Epistaxis, or nosebleed, is caused by rupture of tiny blood vessels in the nasal cavity. It is common and can occur in any age group. Bleeding most often originates from an area in the front of the nose called Little's area. Epistaxis can be anterior, originating in the front part of the nose, or posterior, originating in the back part. Causes include local trauma, infections, medications, and systemic conditions like high blood pressure. Treatment depends on the location and severity of bleeding and may include pressure, cauterization, nasal packing, or medication. Nursing care focuses on monitoring vital signs, controlling bleeding, preventing anxiety, and providing discharge teaching to prevent future episodes.
Ear,Nose and throat Disorders...
The common ENT disorders includes Ear Disorder: Ear Infections,Hearing Disorders and Deafness, Meniere's Disease. acute otitis media, tonsillopharyngitis, sore throat, adenoid disorders, epistaxis, nasal congestion and rhinorrhea, sinusitis, and ear foreign bodies and nasal foreign bodies etc.
Impacted wax
Earwax buildup, known as impacted earwax, occurs when earwax production exceeds the body's ability to remove it. This can be caused by conditions like swimmer's ear or ear canal injuries. Symptoms include diminished hearing, discomfort, earache, and dizziness. Diagnosis involves a health history, physical exam, and using an otoscope to look in the ear. Impacted earwax is usually treated by softening and loosening the wax with drops before removing it through irrigation or instrumentation with tools like a cerumen hook and scoop.
Labyrinthitis
Labyrinthitis is inflammation of the inner ear that can cause vertigo, hearing loss, and nausea. It is often caused by a middle ear infection spreading to the inner ear. The inner ear contains semi-circular canals for balance and the cochlea for hearing. Labyrinthitis can be circumscribed, diffuse serous, or diffuse suppurative depending on the extent and presence of pus. Treatment involves antibiotics, antihistamines, or steroids depending on the cause. Surgery may be needed for complications like cholesteatoma.
Otitis media
1. Otitis media is inflammation of the middle ear that can involve surrounding areas. It is commonly seen in children and caused by infections that spread from nearby areas like the throat.
2. The condition progresses through stages from initial congestion to collection of fluid/pus in the middle ear. Without treatment, the ear drum may rupture, allowing drainage of pus from the ear.
3. Treatment involves antibiotics and drainage procedures. Chronic or recurring cases may require surgery to repair damaged tissues and prevent complications like infection of the mastoid bone behind the ear.
Presbycusis
Ms. Elizabeth presented on age-related hearing loss (presbycusis). It is a common condition linked to aging where hearing is slowly lost in both ears, with about 30 out of 100 adults over 65 having some hearing loss. Causes include long-term noise exposure, aging, genetics, certain health conditions, medications, race, income level, infections, and smoking. Symptoms are difficulty hearing conversations, high pitches, or sounds that seem too loud. Diagnosis involves tests of the ear canal, eardrum, hearing levels, and middle ear function. Treatments include hearing aids, assistive devices, speech reading, cochlear implants, and middle ear implants. Nursing considerations are involving family, speaking slowly
Hearing loss
This document discusses different types of hearing loss including conductive, sensorineural, and mixed varieties. It outlines the World Health Organization's classification of hearing impairment based on decibel thresholds. Common causes of conductive hearing loss include ear infections, while sensorineural hearing loss can result from genetic factors, noise exposure, certain medications, and aging. Treatment depends on the type and includes hearing aids, surgery, and cochlear implants.
Chronic otitis media
This document discusses chronic otitis media, including tubotympanic and atticoantral types. Tubotympanic type is a safe inflammation of the middle ear lining, while atticoantral type involves a cholesteatoma sac. Symptoms include ear discharge and deafness. Examination may reveal perforations or debris in the ear canal. Investigations include culture, endoscopy and imaging. Management involves medical treatment like cleaning or antibiotics, with surgery for more severe cases like mastoidectomy or tympanoplasty.
ENT Examination
This document provides guidance on examining the nose and throat. It describes how to inspect the nose, including shape, deformities, discharge, and speculum examination of the nasal cavities. It also outlines how to assess the nasal airway and palpate for polyps. Regarding the throat exam, it details inspecting the lips, mouth, tonsils, soft palate and assessing hydration. The document provides images and describes inspecting and palpating the parotid glands as well.
ENT Examination
3rd year B.Sc Nursing
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Impacted cerumen
This document discusses ear wax accumulation, also known as cerumen impaction. It defines ear wax accumulation as the buildup of ear wax inside the ear canal. Some causes listed include structural defects, old age, and using ear plugs. Signs and symptoms include fullness in the ear, ringing in the ear, dizziness, itching, ear pain, odorous ear discharge, and hearing difficulty. Diagnosis involves a history and physical exam using an otoscope. Management includes irrigation with warm water or warmed oils followed by suction or instrumentation to remove the ear wax.
Deafness
Hearing is one of our primary modes of communication. 360 million people worldwide have disabling hearing loss.
Hearing loss may result from genetic causes, complications at birth, certain infectious diseases, chronic ear infections, the use of particular drugs, exposure to excessive noise and ageing.
Hearing loss may be mild, moderate, severe or profound.
It can affect one ear or both ears, and leads to difficulty in hearing conversational speech or loud sounds. it may occur in one or both ear.
CONDUCTIVE HEARING LOSS (CHL)
SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS (SHL)
MIXED HEARING LOSS (MHL)
Vocal nodules
this presentation was done in the ENT course 2011-2012.
i hope you will get an interesting time with this presentation.
Meniere’s disease
Meniere's disease is a disorder of the inner ear that causes episodes of vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus. It was first described by Prosper Meniere in 1861. The cause is unknown but risk factors include metabolic, toxic, allergic, emotional, and circulatory disorders. Symptoms include vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, fullness, nausea, increased heart rate, and sweating. Diagnosis involves history, exams of the ear, and tests like audiograms and ENG. Treatment aims to control vertigo and tinnitus and preserve hearing using medications, diet changes, exercises, and sometimes surgery. Complications include permanent hearing or balance issues, anxiety, dehydration
Otalgia
Otalgia refers to ear pain or ear ache, which can be primary (originating in the ear) or referred (originating elsewhere but felt in the ear). Primary causes include infections, wax buildup, trauma, and tumors of the outer ear canal, eardrum, middle ear bones, inner ear, and mastoid bone behind the ear. Referred otalgia can occur via cranial nerves from areas like the teeth, throat, larynx, neck, or due to conditions like shingles. Risk factors include inserting objects in the ear, swimming in polluted water, and respiratory infections. Treatment involves relieving pain, promoting healing, restoring function, and removing foreign bodies through irrigation, antibiotics, surgery
Ent disorders
Describe nursing assessment of the ear, sinuses ,nose, throat.
Identify nursing responsibilities for patient undergo diagnostic test or procedure for ear, sinuses, nose, throat.
Describe the common therapeutic measures for ear, sinuses ,nose, throat.
Explain the pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestation and treatment for ENT disorders.
Assist in developing nursing care plans for patient with ENT disorders.
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Tympanic membrane
The tympanic membrane (TM) receives its arterial blood supply from both the deep auricular artery and first part of the maxillary artery on its outer surface, and the anterior and posterior tympanic arteries which branch from the first part of the maxillary artery and stylomastoid artery on its inner surface. The TM's nerve supply originates from the auriculotemporal nerve on its anterior half, the auricular branch of the vagus nerve on its posterior half, and the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve through the tympanic plexus on its medial surface. The document provides an overview of examining the TM and various pathological conditions that can affect it including retraction, bul
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The document discusses the normal tympanic membrane and various conditions that can affect it. It provides over 50 images of normal tympanic membranes, as well as membranes affected by conditions like perforation, trauma, infection, effusion, and more. The tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum, can be photographed via the external auditory canal or by drilling a hole perpendicular to gain different optical perspectives.
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Ear wax management
This document discusses conductive hearing loss caused by earwax impaction. It describes how earwax is normally produced in the ear canal and may accumulate if not removed. Common symptoms of earwax impaction include deafness, pain, tinnitus, and vertigo. Examination reveals black, brown, or dry wax in the ear canal obstructing the eardrum. Treatment involves removing the wax either through wet or dry methods. The wet method soaks the wax to soften it for removal by syringing warm water into the ear canal. The dry method uses tools like a wax hook or suction to extract hard wax. Proper removal of earwax helps restore hearing and prevent further blockage.
Anatomy of the ear
The ear has three main sections - the outer, middle, and inner ear. The outer ear collects sound waves and directs them through the ear canal to the eardrum. Vibrations of the eardrum are transmitted by the ossicles to the cochlea of the inner ear. Inside the cochlea, vibrations stimulate hair cells which convert the mechanical energy into electrical signals sent to the brain for interpretation as sound.
Ear wax
This document provides definitions for various terms related to ear wax, including forbidden, naturally, canal, permanent, observe, cerumen, glands, coats, and heritage. It describes how ear wax forms and protects the ear canal, produces cerumen using glands, and how the type of wax is determined by one's heritage. It aims to improve healthcare access in India through fundraising and partnerships to address issues founder Parveen Kumar Chaddha faced due to lack of care.
Otitis Media
Otitis media, or middle ear infection, is the most common reason for pediatrician visits and the second most common reason for childhood surgery. It is often caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis or viruses like respiratory syncytial virus. Risk factors include daycare attendance, exposure to cigarette smoke, and not being breastfed. Treatment involves antibiotics, ear tubes for persistent cases, or vaccines and xylitol to help prevent infections.
Otitis Media
La otitis media es la inflamación aguda de la mucosa del oído medio. Puede ser aguda, persistente, recurrente, secretora o crónica. Los principales mecanismos de defensa del oído medio son la trompa de Eustaquio y factores tisulares e inmunológicos. Los patógenos más comunes son Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae y Moraxella catarrhalis. El diagnóstico se realiza clínicamente mediante otoscopia. El tratamiento incluye antibióticos y medidas sint
ear disorders
This document discusses various ear disorders including infections of the external ear like otitis externa. It describes the anatomy of the ear and the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic otitis externa. It also covers otitis media, explaining the types like acute suppurative, non-suppurative and chronic suppurative otitis media. The causes, symptoms, investigations and management of different types of otitis media are outlined. Complications of chronic suppurative otitis media and differences between tubotympanic and atticoantral diseases are summarized as well. The pathology of otosclerosis is also briefly explained.
Perforated Tympanic Membrane
A perforated eardrum presents with ear pain after trauma like diving or a sharp object piercing the ear. The patient will experience bleeding in the ear canal, hearing loss, tinnitus, or vertigo. Examination shows a hole in the eardrum that may involve damage to inner ear bones. Treatment includes cleaning the ear canal, testing for dizziness and hearing loss, placing a cotton plug to keep the ear dry, prescribing pain medication, and ensuring follow up with an ear doctor. Water should be kept out of the ear to avoid irritation. Small, uncomplicated perforations often heal but consultation is advised if dizziness, hearing loss, or bone damage is present.
Bullous myringitis
Bullous myringitis is a condition where fluid-filled blisters form on the eardrum, caused by viruses like influenza or bacteria like mycoplasma pneumoniae. It presents with sudden, severe pain in one ear following an upper respiratory infection, along with blood-stained discharge from the ear canal and hearing loss. On examination, blisters can be seen on the eardrum and inner ear canal. It is usually diagnosed based on symptoms and examination findings. While the eardrum heals within days, sensorineural hearing loss affects between 15-67% of patients, though often improves within 3 months with antibiotics.
Otitis part 2
1) Retraction pockets and atelectasis occur when parts of the eardrum lack an elastic layer, causing the eardrum to retract inward and accumulate debris.
2) Perforations of the eardrum can be central, marginal, or attic. Marginal perforations involve the fibrous annulus and are associated with bone disease and cholesteatoma formation.
3) Chronic otitis media can be non-suppurative (e.g. serous or glue ear) or suppurative (e.g. tubo-tympanic or attico-antral disease), which is more destructive and dangerous.
Management of foreign body in ear
This document discusses foreign bodies in the ear. It begins by defining a foreign body in the ear as something not normally present. It then lists the common signs and symptoms children experience with a foreign body in their ear, such as ear pain, discharge, hearing loss or reduction. The document categorizes types of foreign bodies as either living or non-living, providing examples like nuts, beans, worms for living and cotton buds, wood, plastic for non-living. It notes most foreign bodies lodge laterally or in the anterior recess. The goal is to educate on identifying and managing foreign bodies in the ear.
Foreign Body In Ear
Foreign bodies in the ear are common, especially in children. Common objects include beads, beans, and insects. Treatment depends on the type and location of the object. Less invasive methods like irrigation or suction should be tried first. If the object is not removable, a specialist may need to perform removal under anesthesia to avoid injury. Complications can occur if the object is forcefully removed, so care must be taken during any removal procedure.
Management of foreign body in ear
This document provides information on managing and removing ear foreign bodies in children. It begins by outlining the learning objectives which include describing signs and symptoms, identifying foreign body types, preparing equipment, differentiating complications, planning nursing care, and providing health education. Common foreign bodies are then described including location in the ear. Techniques for removal depending on type and location are explained. Potential complications are outlined. The case study provides background on a 3-year-old girl admitted with a bead lodged in her ear along with her treatment course and nursing care including health education provided at discharge.
Foreign bodies in the ear
Foreign bodies in the ear are common, especially in children. Common foreign bodies include cotton, insects, and small toys or objects. Before removing a foreign body, its nature, precise location, and the patient's cooperation should be considered. Living insects should be killed first before removal. Irregular objects can often be removed with forceps, while round, hard objects may require hooks or irrigation. Button batteries require urgent removal to prevent leakage. Foreign bodies deeper in the ear canal may require surgical removal. Younger children may need gentle irrigation to remove objects while gaining their trust. Underlying ear issues should be checked for after removal. Potential complications include ear canal lacerations, ear drum perforations, and facial nerve palsy from
Myringoplasty ppt
Myringoplasty is a procedure to repair a perforated eardrum using a graft without examining the middle ear. It aims to replace the missing fibrous layer and allow regeneration of skin and mucosa over the graft. The document discusses the indications, contraindications, surgical approaches, techniques, post-op care, complications and advantages/disadvantages of the underlay and overlay techniques. The key steps of underlay involve freshening the perforation edges, elevating the tympanomeatal flap, placing the graft under the flap and reposing the flap. Overlay places the graft over the remaining eardrum and covers it with the elevated skin.
Acute Otitis Media
This document discusses acute otitis media, including its causes, stages of progression, symptoms, treatment, and differential diagnosis. It notes that acute otitis media is a suppurative infection of the middle ear cleft that typically lasts less than 3 weeks. Common causative organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. The stages of the infection include tubal occlusion, pre-suppuration, suppuration, and sometimes resolution or complications. Treatment involves antibiotics, local therapy such as myringotomy, and treating any related diseases like rhinitis or sinusitis.
Otitis media with effusion ome
1) Otitis media with effusion (OME), also known as glue ear, is a chronic accumulation of fluid in the middle ear behind an intact but retracted eardrum that can cause hearing loss.
2) It commonly affects young children, with the highest prevalence between ages 2-5 years old. Risk factors include age, male gender, family history, and exposure to smoke.
3) The fluid is caused by eustachian tube dysfunction preventing drainage and ventilation of the middle ear, which can be due to infections, allergies, or adenoid hypertrophy among other factors.
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This document summarizes various disorders that can cause conductive, sensorineural, and mixed hearing losses. It describes pathologies of the outer, middle, and inner ear that result in these types of hearing loss. Treatment options are discussed for each type and include medical, surgical, and amplification approaches. Disorders covered include otitis externa, tympanic membrane perforations, otosclerosis, Meniere's disease, noise-induced hearing loss, and sudden sensorineural hearing loss.
E.N.T 5th year, 2nd lecture (Dr. Muaid)
This document provides an overview of a physical examination for ear-related issues. It discusses examining the patient's history regarding deafness, discharge, pain, itching, tinnitus, and vertigo. It then covers clinically examining the external ear, tympanic membrane, hearing assessment using Rinne and Weber tests, and cranial nerve assessment. Finally, it discusses investigations that may be conducted including audiometric tests of pure-tone audiometry and tympanometry as well as radiographic tests of plain X-rays and CT scans of the temporal bone.
(Com) Chronic otitis media (com).ppt
This document discusses chronic otitis media (COM), an unresolved inflammatory process of the middle ear associated with tympanic membrane perforation, discharge from the ear, and hearing loss. It outlines the etiology as unresolved middle ear infections that damage the mucosal lining over time. Key pathogens include Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Pathologies include tympanosclerosis, ossicular erosion, cholesterol granulomas, and cholesteatoma formation. Clinical presentations are ear discharge, hearing loss, and defects in the eardrum. Treatment involves initial medical management to control infection followed by surgical procedures to remove lesions, dry the ear, and reconstruct hearing structures.
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This document discusses ear pain, its causes, diagnosis, and management. The most common causes of ear pain are otitis media (middle ear infection), cerumen impaction, and otitis externa (outer ear infection). Diagnosis involves history, physical exam including otoscopy, and sometimes diagnostic tests like tympanometry. Optimal management of otitis media is antibiotics for new or resistant infections and long-term prevention strategies for recurrent infections. Cerumen impaction is usually treated by irrigation while perichondritis and furunculosis require antibiotics.
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The document discusses various conditions managed by ENT specialists, including:
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This document discusses chronic otitis media (COM), its classification, symptoms, and history taking. It provides details on analyzing the onset, duration, nature and quantity of ear discharge. It discusses the types of perforations and aims to establish a proper diagnosis through history and clinical examination. Key points include classifying COM as tubotympanic or atticoantral type based on symptoms like intermittent, profuse discharge. History should focus on onset, progression, relieving/aggravating factors to determine underlying cause and guide management.
Ear problems
Dr. Ornouma Sriwanishvipat is an ENT specialist with over 15 years of experience treating ear disorders like tinnitus and ear infections. She offers both medical and surgical treatments. The ear is divided into the outer, middle, and inner ear. The outer ear collects sound waves, the middle ear amplifies sounds through tiny bones, and the inner ear converts sounds into nerve signals sent to the brain. Common ear diseases include otitis externa (swimmer's ear), which involves infection of the outer ear canal, and otitis media, a middle ear infection that can cause hearing loss if not treated with antibiotics or surgery like myringoplasty to repair the eardrum.
Tinnitus
Tinnitus is characterized by the perception of sound without an external stimulus. It affects a significant portion of the population, especially those with hearing loss or noise exposure. Tinnitus can be subjective (heard only by the patient) or objective (heard by the patient and clinician). Common causes include noise exposure, presbycusis, Meniere's disease, tumors, and TMJ dysfunction. Evaluation involves history, exams of hearing and neurological function, and imaging like MRI for underlying anatomical causes. Management consists of treating any identified cause, sound therapy, medications in some cases, and rarely surgery.
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Tinnitus, defined as the perception of sound without an external source, has many underlying causes and pathophysiologies. It is a symptom with diverse presentations rather than a single disease. Treatment aims to manage comorbidities, reduce distress, and promote habituation to the phantom sounds through counseling, sound therapy, and in some cases medication. Future therapies continue to explore modulating neural activity and neurotransmitter systems involved in central tinnitus generation and perception.
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Common ENT emergencies include foreign bodies, trauma, and complications of infections in the ear, nose, and throat. Foreign bodies in the ear can cause discomfort and infection if not removed. Epistaxis (nosebleeds) may be caused by trauma, dry air, or medical issues and are typically managed first by applying pressure and then treatments like cauterization if needed. Infections of the sinuses can lead to orbital or intracranial complications requiring intravenous antibiotics or surgery. Deep neck infections like peritonsillar abscesses or Ludwig's angina require needle aspiration, drainage, or tracheostomy. Airway obstruction emergencies are treated by securing the airway through maneuvers like Heimlich
Topic2
The document discusses the various causes of hearing impairment, which are grouped into disorders of the outer, middle, and inner ear as well as central auditory disorders. Outer ear disorders include structural defects from malformations or trauma. Middle ear disorders comprise conditions like otitis media, otosclerosis, cholesteatoma, and physical trauma. Cochlear disorders involve syndromic/inherited disorders, noise-induced hearing loss, infections, ototoxicity, Meniere's disease, and presbycusis. Central auditory disorders affect the vestibulocochlear nerve or brain structures.
Lecture 13 Middle Ear Disorders 2015.ppt
This document discusses several middle ear disorders including otitis media, mastoiditis, cholesteatoma, Bell's palsy, and otosclerosis. It describes the anatomy and development of the middle ear, how changes in mass and stiffness affect resonance, and symptoms, interventions, and audiometric results for each disorder. Common interventions discussed include antibiotics, PE tubes, myringotomy, politzerization, and surgery.
Introduction of ear
This document discusses several middle ear disorders including otitis media, mastoiditis, cholesteatoma, Bell's palsy, and otosclerosis. It describes the anatomy and development of the middle ear, how changes in mass and stiffness affect resonance, and symptoms, interventions, and audiometric results for each disorder.
Let’s review
This document provides an overview of basic hearing evaluation procedures including audiometry and speech testing. It discusses puretone audiometry including air and bone conduction testing. Normal hearing thresholds and different types of hearing loss including conductive, sensorineural and mixed are defined. Common pathologies of the outer, middle and inner ear that can cause different types of hearing loss are described. The document also reviews different audiometric configurations and treatments for various hearing losses.
Menier's disease & tonsilitis
The document discusses Meniere's disease, which is a disorder of the inner ear that affects balance and hearing. It causes episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss. The exact cause is unknown, but risk factors include toxicity, allergies, and emotional factors. Symptoms include vertigo, nausea, and hearing problems. Diagnosis involves examining the ears and conducting hearing tests. Treatment options include diuretics, steroids, and in severe cases, surgery to remove parts of the inner ear. Complications can include permanent hearing loss and balance problems. Nurses should monitor for dehydration and injury risks.
7 ear desease
The document summarizes diseases of the external ear, otitis media, and mastoiditis. It describes the anatomy of the external ear and common types of trauma such as hematoma and lacerations. It also discusses various infections including acute otitis externa. For otitis media, it covers acute otitis media including symptoms, diagnosis, and management with antibiotics. It also describes otitis media with effusion and risk factors such as Eustachian tube dysfunction. For mastoiditis, it provides details on symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment involving antibiotics and possible surgery.
7 ear desease
The document discusses diseases of the external ear, otitis media, and middle ear effusions. It covers topics such as trauma to the external ear including hematoma and lacerations. It also discusses infections of the external ear canal including acute and chronic otitis externa. For otitis media, it defines acute otitis media and describes the symptoms, physical examination findings, diagnosis, and management including antibiotics and surgery. It also covers otitis media with effusions including definitions, epidemiology, pathogenesis, classification, symptoms, diagnosis and treatments like tympanostomy tubes.
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Musculoskeletal
This document outlines how to assess the musculoskeletal system through range of motion and orthopedic tests. It describes collecting subjective and objective data and then provides instructions on how to test the range of motion and check for pain in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine, shoulders, wrists, hands, fingers, hips, knees, ankles, and feet. Tests include checking range of motion, Lasegue's test, Phalen's test, and McMurray's test.
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This document discusses musculoskeletal disorders including joint dislocation, ligament injuries, and tendon ruptures. Joint dislocation occurs when trauma distorts and stresses the joint structures, blood supply, and nerves, which can lead to avascular necrosis or nerve palsy. Specific ligament injuries mentioned are to the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament, as well as meniscal injuries and ruptured Achilles tendons.
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This document provides descriptions and information on many common bone fractures. It discusses fractures of the skull such as Jefferson fractures, fractures of the spine like Clay-Shoveler's fractures and Hangman's fractures, fractures of the shoulder and upper arm bones including clavicular, scapular, and humerus fractures. It also covers forearm fractures like Monteggia and radial head fractures, wrist fractures including Galeazzi and Colles' fractures, hand fractures such as Bennett's and Boxer's fractures, as well as hip fractures like intertrochanteric and femoral neck fractures. Additionally, it summarizes fractures of the lower leg, ankle, and foot bones such as tibial plateau, tibial p
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Bone tumors
Bone tumors can vary significantly in their size, features, and severity, ranging from innocuous to rapidly fatal. It is important to accurately diagnose, stage, and treat bone tumors based on the normal tissue they resemble. The two main categories are benign and malignant tumors. Benign tumors typically occur in younger people while malignant tumors are more common in the elderly. Some key bone tumors mentioned are osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and giant cell tumor. Osteosarcoma produces abnormal bone and often affects the long bones of teenagers and young adults. Ewing sarcoma is highly malignant and affects children and young adults. Giant cell tumor is usually benign but can be locally aggressive.
Peripheral nerve disrders
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Tympanic membrane perforation
- 3. Etiology Direct force Careless while removal wax by himself or herself Skull fracture may tear TM Hot slag fly into the ear Indirect force Increase in violence and firearms Barotrauma
- 4. Associated complications Is usually associated with TM or inner ear trauma unless Iatrogenic Ossicular discontinuity Facial Nerve Injury Chorda tympani Nerve Injury Barotrauma to Stapes footplate
- 5. Clinical manifestations Otalgia Bleeding Fullness Hearing loss: conductive HL or mixed HL Tinnitus Shape of perforation is split
- 6. Physical examination Tympanic perforation Central perforation Marginal perforation Blood crust If skull base fracture is occurred with CSF leakage, clear fluid is observed.
- 7. Diagnosis Otoscopic examination The audiometry can provide useful informations. Conductive Hearing loss > 40db suspicion for ossicular discontinuity Hearing test reveals sensori-neural Hearing Loss, it means inner ear injury
- 8. Management Antibiotic to prevent infection Aseptic external auditory canal with alcohol Prevent super respiratory infection Prohibit nasal blow Prohibit ear drops It takes 3-4 weeks to heal the ear drum If 3 months later, perforation still exists, myringoplasty is indicated.
- 9. Preventions Be caution while removing your wax Using ear plug
- 10. The End