Ototoxicity is, quite simply, ear poisoning (oto = ear, toxicity = poisoning), which results from exposure to drugs or chemicals that damage the inner ear or the vestibulo-cochlear nerve (the nerve sending balance and hearing information from the inner ear to the brain).
Ototoxicity is, quite simply, ear poisoning (oto = ear, toxicity = poisoning), which results from exposure to drugs or chemicals that damage the inner ear or the vestibulo-cochlear nerve (the nerve sending balance and hearing information from the inner ear to the brain).
Otosclerosis is the overgrowth of the spongy bones in the bones of the middle ear leading to the fixation of the bones causing conductive hearing loss in patient.
This lecture includes its pathophysiology, causes, risk factors, symptoms and treatment
oto sclerosis is the hardning of the ear bone or abnormal spongy bone growth inside ear this topic include its definition , etiology, pathophysiology, clinical menisfestation, diagnosis and its treatment which can be used by nursing students for taking care of the patient suffering from otosclerosis and for learning for their examination and knowledge purpose
meniere disease is the inner ear condition which affect the patient haring and balance this ppt can help the nurses to take care of the patient affected with this disease and can be used as a study material for their examination
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
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As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Departmentās official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
Itās work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganongās Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. ā¢ Otosclerosis is the āhardening of the earā results from
abnormal bone growth in the middle ear that cause
hearing loss.
ā¢ Otosclerosis is a disease of otic capsule in which new
vascular spongy bone formation causes ankylosis or
fixation of the foot plate of the stapes and results in
progressive conductive hearing loss.
ā¢ Usually begin in one ear but may eventually affect both
ears.
3.
4. ETIOLOGY
ā¢ Exact cause not known.
ā¢ Heredity: Family history of deafness is present in 50% of
cases.
ā¢ Sex: females are affected twice as often as males.
ā¢ Age of onset: usually occurs between 20-30 years of age.
ā¢ Pregnancy: Otosclerosis may be initiated or aggravated by
pregnancy but never caused by it.
ā¢ Other factors:
ā¢ Metabolic disorder
ā¢ Endocrinal disorder
ā¢ Focal infection
ā¢ Viral infection - measles
6. 1. Clinical Otosclerosis
ā¢ Two sub types
1. Stapedial Otosclerosis : it causes stapes fixation and results
conductive deafness
1. Cochlear Otosclerosis : it involves region of round window and
may cause senso-neural hearing loss due to liberation of toxic
materials.
2. Histological Otosclerosis: remains asymptomatic and
cause neither conductive nor senso-neural hearing loss,
but is revealed only at postmortem
7. Stages
1. Early or spongiotic phase (otospongiosis)
2. Late or sclerotic phase
8. 1. Early or spongiotic phase (otospongiosis)
Osteolytic resorption of bone develops a spongy
appearance. It causes vascular dilation bone surrounding
blood vessels. This can be seen grossly as red hue behind
the tympanic membrane termed āSchwartze's signā.
9.
10. 2. Late or sclerotic phase
Dense sclerotic bone forms in the areas of previous
resorption.
11. Pathophysiology
Normal bone is absorbed and replaced by vascular spongy osteoid
tissue
Bone become thicker and less vascular
Fixes the stapes
Prevents vibration of ear bones in response to sound waves
Conductive deafness
Spread to foot plates of stapes
Affect bony capsule of the labyrinth
Results in sensory neural deafness
12. Clinical features
ā¢ Slowly progressive, bilateral (80%), asymmetric, hearing
loss
ā¢ Tinnitus (ringing in the ear)
ā¢ Vertigo
ā¢ Dizziness
13. Diagnostic measures
ā¢ History collection
ā¢ Physical examination
ā¢ Rinne test- Bone conduction is better than air conduction
ā¢ Weber test- laterization to affected ear
ā¢ Audiogram : to confirm hearing loss
ā¢ Otoscopic examination : revels normal tympanic
membrane or Schwartze sign is observed in 10% of
patients.
14. Management
ā¢ No known nonsurgical treatment for otosclerosis.
ā¢ The use of sodium fluoride can mature the abnormal spongy
bone growth and prevent the breakdown of the bone tissue.
ā¢ Sodium fluoride for 2 years, with calcium , arrests the rapid
progress of otosclerosis.
ā¢ (Fluoride ion replaces hydroxyl group in bone forming
fluorapatite. It resistant to resorption. It increases calcification
of new bone and causes maturation of active foci of
otosclerosis)
ā¢ Hearing aid if needed
15. Surgical Management
ā¢ Stapedectomy :
A stapedectomy involves removing the stapes
superstructure and part of the footplate and inserting a
tissue graft and a suitable prosthesis. The prosthesis
bridges the gap between the incus and the inner ear,
providing better sound conduction.
16. ā¢ Stapedotomy
Performed by drilling a small hole in the stapes
footplate with micro drill or laser, and the insertion of a
piston like prosthesis.
17. Post operative management
ā¢ Operated ear upside for 24 hrs after surgery.
ā¢ Monitor vital signs
ā¢ Observe for bleeding or drainage.
ā¢ Caution in ambulation: as dizziness may occur
ā¢ Antibiotic & Analgesic: to control infection & pain
ā¢ Medicated ribbon gauze pack removed after 5-7 days
18. Patient education
ā¢ Balance disturbance or true vertigo may occur during the
postoperative period for several days.
ā¢ Avoid sudden movements.
ā¢ hearing may fade the first few weeks after surgery
because of the blood clot that forms in the ear canal. As
the clot shrinks, hearing will gradually improve.
ā¢ Do not lie on operated ear
ā¢ Do not blow the nose
ā¢ Cough or sneeze with mouth open to reduce pressure on
the ear
ā¢ No heavy lifting for at least 2 weeks
ā¢ Avoid water entry into ear for 2 months.