The turbo expander compressor are used to achieve cryogenic temperature by reducing the enthalpy of high pressure gas in refrigeration cycles of Oil and gas, Refining and Petrochemical Process. These slides covers the working process of Expander compressor, process applications of expander compressor, Preliminary sizing calculations, Auxiliaries associated with Expander compressor mainly focusing on Active magnetic bearing equipment and its control system.
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide Gerard B. Hawkins
Amine Gas Treating Unit Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide for H2S/CO2 Amine Systems
Contents
Process Capabilities for gas treating process
Typical Amine Treating
Typical Amine System Improvements
Primary Equipment Overview
Inlet Gas Knockout
Absorber
Three Phase Flash Tank
Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger
Regenerator
Filtration
Amine Reclaimer
Operating Difficulties Overview
Foaming
Failure to Meet Gas Specification
Solvent Losses
Corrosion
Typical Amine System Improvements
Degradation of Amines and Alkanolamines during Sour Gas Treating
APPENDIX
Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
In the hydrocarbon processing and production industry, gas is compressed for transportation to consuming markets and for use in processing operations. This presentation is about the construction and operation of compressors.
In this presentation you will learn about the construction and operation of centrifugal compressors.
Natural gas condensates can form liquid slugs in transmission lines. This presentation describes alternative modelling strategies to determine slug volumes
Centrifugal Compressors
SECTION ONE - ANTI-SURGE PROTECTION AND THROUGHPUT REGULATION
0 INTRODUCTION
1 SCOPE
2 MACHINE CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Characteristics of a Single Compressor Stage
2.2 Characteristic of a Multiple Stage Having More
Than One Impeller
2.3 Use of Compressor Characteristics in Throughput
Regulation Schemes
3 MECHANISM AND EFFECTS OF SURGE
3.1 Basic Flow Instabilities
3.2 Occurrence of Surge
3.3 Intensity of Surge
3.4 Effects of Surge
3.5 Avoidance of Surge
3.6 Recovery from Surge
4 CONTROL SCHEMES INCLUDING SURGE PROTECTION
4.1 Output Control
4.2 Surge Protection
4.3 Surge Detection and Recovery
5 DYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS
5.1 Interaction
5.2 Speed of Response of Antisurge Control System
6 SYSTEM EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
6.1 The Antisurge Control Valve
6.2 Non-return Valve
6.3 Pressure and flow measurement
6.4 Signal transmission
6.5 Controllers
7 TESTING
7.1 Determination of the Surge Line
7.2 Records
8 INLET GUIDE VANE UNITS
8.1 Application
8.2 Effect on Power Consumption of the Compressor
8.3 Effect of Gas Conditions, Properties and Contaminants
8.4 Aerodynamic Considerations
8.5 Control System Linearity
8.6 Actuator Specification
8.7 Avoidance of Surge
8.8 Features of Link Mechanisms
8.9 Limit Stops and Shear Links
APPENDICES
A LIST OF SYMBOLS AND PREFERRED UNITS
B WORKED EXAMPLE 1 COMPRESSOR WITH VARIABLE INLET PRESSURE AND VARIABLE GAS COMPOSITION
C WORKED EXAMPLE 2 A CONSTANT SPEED ~ STAGE COMPRESSOR WITH INTER-COOLING
D WORKED EXAMPLE 3 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THE ANTISURGE PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR A SERVICE AIR COMPRESSOR RUNNING AT CONSTANT SPEED
E EXAMPLE OF INLET GUIDE VANE REGULATION
FIGURES
2.1 TYPICAL COMPRESSOR STAGE CHARACTERISTIC PLOTTED WITH FLOW AT DISCHARGE CONDITIONS
2.2 TYPICAL COMPRESSOR STAGE CHARACTERISTIC PLOTTED WITH FLOW AT INLET CONDITIONS
2.3 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPRESSOR STAGE AT VARYING SPEEDS
2.4 SYSTEM WORKING POINT DEFINED BY INTERSECTION OF PROCESS AND COMPRESSOR CHARACTERISTICS
2.5 DISCHARGE THROTTLE REGULATION
2.6 BYPASS REGULATION
2.7 INLET THROTTLE REGULATION
2.8 INLET GUIDE VANE REGULATION
2.9 VARIABLE SPEED REGULATION
3.1 GAS PULSATION LEVELS FOR A CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.2 REPRESENTATION OF CYCLIC FLOW DURING SURGE OF LONG PERIOD
3.3 TYPICAL WAVEFORM OF DISCHARGE PRESSURE DURING SURGE
3.4 MULTIPLE SURGE LINE FOR A MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.5 TYPICAL MULTIPLE SURGE LINES FOR SINGLE STAGE AXIAL-FLOW COMPRESSOR
4.1 GENERAL SCHEMATIC FOR COMPRESSORS OPERATING IN PARALLEL TO FEED MULTIPLE USER PLANTS
4.2 ILLUSTRATION OF SAFETY MARGIN BETWEEN SURGE POINT AND SURGE PROTECTION POINT AT WHICH ANTISURGE SYSTEM IS ACTIVATED
4.3 ANTISURGE SYSTEM FOR COMPRESSOR WITH FLAT PERFO ..........
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide Gerard B. Hawkins
Amine Gas Treating Unit Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide for H2S/CO2 Amine Systems
Contents
Process Capabilities for gas treating process
Typical Amine Treating
Typical Amine System Improvements
Primary Equipment Overview
Inlet Gas Knockout
Absorber
Three Phase Flash Tank
Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger
Regenerator
Filtration
Amine Reclaimer
Operating Difficulties Overview
Foaming
Failure to Meet Gas Specification
Solvent Losses
Corrosion
Typical Amine System Improvements
Degradation of Amines and Alkanolamines during Sour Gas Treating
APPENDIX
Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
In the hydrocarbon processing and production industry, gas is compressed for transportation to consuming markets and for use in processing operations. This presentation is about the construction and operation of compressors.
In this presentation you will learn about the construction and operation of centrifugal compressors.
Natural gas condensates can form liquid slugs in transmission lines. This presentation describes alternative modelling strategies to determine slug volumes
Centrifugal Compressors
SECTION ONE - ANTI-SURGE PROTECTION AND THROUGHPUT REGULATION
0 INTRODUCTION
1 SCOPE
2 MACHINE CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Characteristics of a Single Compressor Stage
2.2 Characteristic of a Multiple Stage Having More
Than One Impeller
2.3 Use of Compressor Characteristics in Throughput
Regulation Schemes
3 MECHANISM AND EFFECTS OF SURGE
3.1 Basic Flow Instabilities
3.2 Occurrence of Surge
3.3 Intensity of Surge
3.4 Effects of Surge
3.5 Avoidance of Surge
3.6 Recovery from Surge
4 CONTROL SCHEMES INCLUDING SURGE PROTECTION
4.1 Output Control
4.2 Surge Protection
4.3 Surge Detection and Recovery
5 DYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS
5.1 Interaction
5.2 Speed of Response of Antisurge Control System
6 SYSTEM EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
6.1 The Antisurge Control Valve
6.2 Non-return Valve
6.3 Pressure and flow measurement
6.4 Signal transmission
6.5 Controllers
7 TESTING
7.1 Determination of the Surge Line
7.2 Records
8 INLET GUIDE VANE UNITS
8.1 Application
8.2 Effect on Power Consumption of the Compressor
8.3 Effect of Gas Conditions, Properties and Contaminants
8.4 Aerodynamic Considerations
8.5 Control System Linearity
8.6 Actuator Specification
8.7 Avoidance of Surge
8.8 Features of Link Mechanisms
8.9 Limit Stops and Shear Links
APPENDICES
A LIST OF SYMBOLS AND PREFERRED UNITS
B WORKED EXAMPLE 1 COMPRESSOR WITH VARIABLE INLET PRESSURE AND VARIABLE GAS COMPOSITION
C WORKED EXAMPLE 2 A CONSTANT SPEED ~ STAGE COMPRESSOR WITH INTER-COOLING
D WORKED EXAMPLE 3 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THE ANTISURGE PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR A SERVICE AIR COMPRESSOR RUNNING AT CONSTANT SPEED
E EXAMPLE OF INLET GUIDE VANE REGULATION
FIGURES
2.1 TYPICAL COMPRESSOR STAGE CHARACTERISTIC PLOTTED WITH FLOW AT DISCHARGE CONDITIONS
2.2 TYPICAL COMPRESSOR STAGE CHARACTERISTIC PLOTTED WITH FLOW AT INLET CONDITIONS
2.3 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPRESSOR STAGE AT VARYING SPEEDS
2.4 SYSTEM WORKING POINT DEFINED BY INTERSECTION OF PROCESS AND COMPRESSOR CHARACTERISTICS
2.5 DISCHARGE THROTTLE REGULATION
2.6 BYPASS REGULATION
2.7 INLET THROTTLE REGULATION
2.8 INLET GUIDE VANE REGULATION
2.9 VARIABLE SPEED REGULATION
3.1 GAS PULSATION LEVELS FOR A CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.2 REPRESENTATION OF CYCLIC FLOW DURING SURGE OF LONG PERIOD
3.3 TYPICAL WAVEFORM OF DISCHARGE PRESSURE DURING SURGE
3.4 MULTIPLE SURGE LINE FOR A MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.5 TYPICAL MULTIPLE SURGE LINES FOR SINGLE STAGE AXIAL-FLOW COMPRESSOR
4.1 GENERAL SCHEMATIC FOR COMPRESSORS OPERATING IN PARALLEL TO FEED MULTIPLE USER PLANTS
4.2 ILLUSTRATION OF SAFETY MARGIN BETWEEN SURGE POINT AND SURGE PROTECTION POINT AT WHICH ANTISURGE SYSTEM IS ACTIVATED
4.3 ANTISURGE SYSTEM FOR COMPRESSOR WITH FLAT PERFO ..........
Common poisons include
Sulfur
Chlorides and other halides
Metals including arsenic, vanadium, mercury, alkali metals (including potassium)
Phosphates
Organo-metalics
This PowerPoint shows an introduction to positive displacement compressors. You will have a brief introduction about the operating principles of reciprocating compressors, the different types of rotary compressors, and techniques for controlling compressor output most important variables.You will learn as well the construction, principal parts, and operation of reciprocating compressors
In petroleum refining, the Crude Distillation Unit (CDU) (often referred to as the Atmospheric Distillation Unit) is usually the first processing equipment through which crude oil is fed. Once in the CDU, crude oil is distilled into various products, like naphtha, kerosene, and diesel, that then serve as feedstocks for all other processing units at the refinery.
Steam ejector working principle
An ejector is a device used to suck the gas or vapour from the desired vessel or system. An ejector is similar to an of vacuum pump or compressor. The major difference between the ejector and the vacuum pump or compressor is it had no moving parts. Hence it is relatively low-cost and easy to operate and maintenance free equipment.
Pressure Safety Valve Sizing - API 520/521/526Vijay Sarathy
No chemical process facility is immune to the risk of overpressure to avoid dictating the necessity for overpressure protection. For every situation that demands safe containment of process gas, it becomes an obligation for engineers to equally provide pressure relieving and flaring provisions wherever necessary. The levels of protection are hierarchical, starting with designing an inherently safe process to avoid overpressure followed by providing alarms for operators to intervene and Emergency Shutdown provisions through ESD and SIL rated instrumentation. Beyond these design and instrument based protection measures, the philosophy of containment and abatement steps such as pressure relieving devices, flares, physical dikes and Emergency Response Services is employed
Reciprocating Compressors - Protection against Crank Case ExplosionsGerard B. Hawkins
Reciprocating Compressors - Protection against Crank Case Explosions
1 SCOPE
2 OIL MIST/AIR MIXTURE EXPLOSIONS
3 PREVENTION AND PROTECTION
3.1 Design
3.2 Maintenance and Operation
FIGURES
1 FLAMMABILITY LIMITS AND SPONTANEOUS IGNITION REGION FOR MIXTURES OF LUBRICATING OIL VAPOR IN AIR.
ALL ABOUT NATURAL GAS : DEFINITION,FORMATION,PROPERTIES,COMPOSITION,PHASE BEHAVIOR ,CONDITIONING"DEHYDRATION ,SWETENING" AND FINAL PROCESSING TO END USER PRODUCTS
Fired Heaters-Key to Efficient Operation of Refineries and PetrochemicalsAshutosh Garg
Fired Heaters are a critical to successful operation of refineries and petrochemical plants. They are a major energy consumer as well as a major source of air pollution. There are also concerns about the run length of the heaters as well safety issues.
Common poisons include
Sulfur
Chlorides and other halides
Metals including arsenic, vanadium, mercury, alkali metals (including potassium)
Phosphates
Organo-metalics
This PowerPoint shows an introduction to positive displacement compressors. You will have a brief introduction about the operating principles of reciprocating compressors, the different types of rotary compressors, and techniques for controlling compressor output most important variables.You will learn as well the construction, principal parts, and operation of reciprocating compressors
In petroleum refining, the Crude Distillation Unit (CDU) (often referred to as the Atmospheric Distillation Unit) is usually the first processing equipment through which crude oil is fed. Once in the CDU, crude oil is distilled into various products, like naphtha, kerosene, and diesel, that then serve as feedstocks for all other processing units at the refinery.
Steam ejector working principle
An ejector is a device used to suck the gas or vapour from the desired vessel or system. An ejector is similar to an of vacuum pump or compressor. The major difference between the ejector and the vacuum pump or compressor is it had no moving parts. Hence it is relatively low-cost and easy to operate and maintenance free equipment.
Pressure Safety Valve Sizing - API 520/521/526Vijay Sarathy
No chemical process facility is immune to the risk of overpressure to avoid dictating the necessity for overpressure protection. For every situation that demands safe containment of process gas, it becomes an obligation for engineers to equally provide pressure relieving and flaring provisions wherever necessary. The levels of protection are hierarchical, starting with designing an inherently safe process to avoid overpressure followed by providing alarms for operators to intervene and Emergency Shutdown provisions through ESD and SIL rated instrumentation. Beyond these design and instrument based protection measures, the philosophy of containment and abatement steps such as pressure relieving devices, flares, physical dikes and Emergency Response Services is employed
Reciprocating Compressors - Protection against Crank Case ExplosionsGerard B. Hawkins
Reciprocating Compressors - Protection against Crank Case Explosions
1 SCOPE
2 OIL MIST/AIR MIXTURE EXPLOSIONS
3 PREVENTION AND PROTECTION
3.1 Design
3.2 Maintenance and Operation
FIGURES
1 FLAMMABILITY LIMITS AND SPONTANEOUS IGNITION REGION FOR MIXTURES OF LUBRICATING OIL VAPOR IN AIR.
ALL ABOUT NATURAL GAS : DEFINITION,FORMATION,PROPERTIES,COMPOSITION,PHASE BEHAVIOR ,CONDITIONING"DEHYDRATION ,SWETENING" AND FINAL PROCESSING TO END USER PRODUCTS
Fired Heaters-Key to Efficient Operation of Refineries and PetrochemicalsAshutosh Garg
Fired Heaters are a critical to successful operation of refineries and petrochemical plants. They are a major energy consumer as well as a major source of air pollution. There are also concerns about the run length of the heaters as well safety issues.
It is a free-piston engine coupled with a linear alternator.
It converts chemical energy from fuel into electric energy. Because of its versatility, low weight and good efficiency, it can be used in a wide range of applications, although it is of special interest to the mobility industry as range extenders for electric vehicles.
Gas Turbine Theory - Principle of Operation and ConstructionSahyog Shishodia
This presentation tells all about basic principle behind Gas Turbine, their working, operation and construction. How they came into existence and where are they used.
Turbine selection through Fuzzy Logic presentationDanish Shahzad
Wind turbine selection is a difficult and challenging task due to conflicting nature of decision variables. Therefore, a suitable solution would be the one providing the best balancing among all decision variables. This problem has been solved through Fuzzy Logic.
PPTs covers portion of Unit 2 of Power Plant Engineering of Subject code ME6701.
PPTs covers Diesel Power Generation Plants, components, working principles of various system, advantages and disadvantagesand Comparision of various factors w.r.to Steam power Palnt, Diesel Plant, Nuclear, Hydraulic Power Plants.
Gas turbines, its cycle, working principles.
Combined Cycle Power plants.
Discussion on Brayton cycle, improvisions factors affecting effiencies.
I have completed my summer training at BHEL power plant at Bawana. This plant is overhanded by BHEL northern region,It is design to produce the 1500 MW electricity for supply to the DELHI and DELHI -NCR.. plant is combined cycle gas power plant that is integrated to the heat power plant that is work on the Rankine cycle. i have train under experienced senior engineers.✌
Fans are used in wide range of industrial applications ranging from power plant boilers , chemical processing industries and HVAC (Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning) applications to move from one place to another. The fan size and power rating varies from few centimeter impeller diameter to several meters and power from few kW to MW depending on the application and air flow requirement. This presentation gives an introduction over view , types and applications of the Industrial Fans from the Fan Handbook Written by Frank.P.Bleier.
This Presentation gives an over view to the history of pumps the second most manufactured machine after the electric motor. This presentation covers various types of pumps, its performance characteristics, available ranges and application.
This presentation covers basics of different types of compressor, selection chart , basic terminology, performance curves , over view about associated system.
Introduction to stress corrosion cracking and nace material requirementsMahendra Prabhu S
Corrosion is one of the major areas of interest for Design / plant operator and maintenance personnel to keep the plant in good shape. The understanding of corrosion mechanism is important for the design engineers to tackle this problem by choosing right metallurgy / manufacturing methods and Inspection techniques. This presentation gives an overview about Sulfide stress corrosion in refining environment and the NACE MR0103 employed to control this phenomena.
This presentation gives an over view about the Steam turbine cycle and components, Classification and general architecture of API 611 and API 612 standards , the control system and other main accessories.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
2. Contents
• Introduction
• Application of Turbo Expanders
• Primary Sizing Calculations
• Expander /Compressor Performance curves
• Important Points from API 617 8th Edition, Chapter 4
• Materials
• Accessories
• References
3. Introduction
• Turbo Expanders are radial inflow expansion turbine used for
recover heat energy available in high pressure gas streams in
process plants and covert it to mechanical energy.
• This mechanical energy is used to drive compressor / generator or
dissipate in oil brake system
• The simplest example of expander compressor unit is turbocharger
in IC engines
• Centrifugal compressor connected on a single shaft
7. Application of Turbo Expanders in Oil and Gas
Industry
• Dew Point Control
• NGL Recovery
• Ethane Recovery
• LNG production
• LPG / Ethylene recovery
• MTBE and CO processing
8. Primary Sizing Calculation
• Parameters required for sizing of Expanders are
1. Gas Composition
2. Flow Rate
3. Inlet Pressure
4. Inlet Temperature
5. Outlet Temperature or Pressure
9. Cont.
• Enthalpy Drop Calculation • Isentropic Efficiency e=
Δℎ0
Δℎ 𝑠
• ho – Isentropic Enthalpy in kJ/kg or Btu/lb
• hs – Actual Enthalpy in kJ/kg or Btu/lb
• Power developed by the Expander (HP) = w x hs
x e in kW
• W – mass flow rate of gas in kg/sec or lb/sec
• Horse power Balance Equation
HPexpander = HPCompressor + HP Bearings
Courtesy: Fundamentals of Turbo Expanders “Basic Theory
and Design” by James Simms
10. Cont.
Compressor Discharge
Pressure Calculation
• Power required by Compressor (HP) =
Δhad×w
ηc
in
kW
• c - Compressor Efficiency
• w – mass flow rate in kg/s or lb/s
• had - Adiabatic head rise in kJ/kg
• Discharge Pressure is calculated using below
equation
Courtesy: Fundamentals of Turbo Expanders “Basic Theory
and Design” by James Simms
11. Cont.
• Turbo Expander Design Speed
• Expander Wheel Diameter
• Compressor Wheel Diameter
Courtesy: Fundamentals of Turbo Expanders “Basic Theory
and Design” by James Simms
12. Expander / Compressor Performance Curve
Fig : Performance of 2MTC 200/90
Courtesy: CRYO STAR
14. Important Points from API 617 8th Edition
Chapter -4
• Aluminum impellers shall be treated by anodized if Mercury traces
found in process gas
• MAWP of Expander shall be 1.1 times maximum expander inlet
pressure
• MAWP of Compressor shall be 1.25 times maximum compressor
discharge pressure
• Annex E – Magnetic Bearings
EN 55011, EN6100-6-2, ISO 14839 some standards to be complied
with Magnetic bearings
15. Materials
• Expander Housing – Stainless Steel – ASTM A351 Gr CF8
• Bearing Housing / Machine Center Section - Stainless Steel – ASTM
A351 Gr CF8
• Compressor Housing – Carbon Steel – ASTM A216 Gr WCB
• Wheel Material (Expander / Compressor) – Aluminum – ASTM B247
Type 7175 Temper T6 / Titanium ASTM B381
• Shaft – ASTM A564 or A705 Type 630
16. Accessories
• Auto Thrust Balancing System
• Journal / Bearing Lube Oil System
• Magnetic Bearing System
• Anti Surge Control System
• Shaft Sealing System
17. Auto Thrust Balancing
• Magnetic thrust bearing to operate near Zero load during
operation
• It is achieved by monitoring the balance pressure behind the
wheels
• The valve is actuated by an automatic controller that compensates
fore differentials in load between the active magnetic thrust
bearings
18. Auto Thrust Balancing Schematic
Courtesy: Fundamentals of Turbo Expanders “Basic Theory and
Design” by James Simms
19. Journal / Bearing Lube Oil System
Courtesy: Fundamentals of Turbo Expanders “Basic Theory
and Design” by James Simms
20. Magnetic Bearing System
• Active magnetic bearings
• Shaft is held in position using electromagnets arranged in close
proximity
• In AMB systems are controlled based on PID controller
• In AMB systems are classified as “Open loop Unstable” and cannot
be placed in “manual” mode
• SKF/ S2M is the manufacturer of AMB bearings
31. Shaft sealing and Dry gas Seal
• Labyrinth type using seal gas to prevent cold gas migration into
bearing housing and prevent oil leakage into the process stream
• The seal gas typically a warm process gas
• The supply pressure should be minimum 50 PSID above expander
wheel back pressure
32. References
• Fundamentals of Turbo Expanders “Basic Theory and Design” by
James Simms
• “Tutorial on Cryogenic Turboexpanders” by Jigger Jumonvile
• API 617 8th Edition
• CRYO STAR, Atlas COPCO and GE-NP manuals
